Introduction Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited autosomal dominant neuropathological disease caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene (htt). Preclinical animal models are necessary

Introduction 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a selective striatal neurotoxin used in rodents to mimic pathological features of Huntington’s disease. 3-Nitropropionic acid interrupts with the mitochondrial

Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common brain injuries caused by an external impact or pressure, such as rapid acceleration or

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurological disorder that is characterized by debilitating motor abnormalities, including muscle rigidity, resting tumor, stiffer voluntary movements, and

Introduction The use of animal models for studying traumatic brain injury (TBI) has several advantages, including low breeding cost, easy maintenance, and innovative techniques to

Introduction A craniotomy is a surgical procedure used to temporarily open a part of the skull to expose the brain for experimental manipulations. Research developments

Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is referred to as alteration or dysfunctionality in brain function, or brain pathology resulted by external trauma or force. TBI