Gender and age normalization and ventilation efficiency during exercise in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

<p>Raw data of the manuscript &quot;Gender and age normalization and ventilation efficiency during exercise in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.&quot;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Aims:&nbsp;</strong>Ventilation vs. carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO₂&nbsp;) is among the strongest cardiopulmonary exercise testing prognostic parameters in heart failure (HF). It is usually reported as an absolute value. The current definition of normal VE/VCO₂&nbsp;slope values is inadequate, since it was built from small groups of subjects with a particularly limited number of women and elderly. We aimed to define VE/VCO₂&nbsp;slope prediction formulas in a sizable population and to test whether the prognostic power of VE/VCO₂&nbsp;slope in HF was different if expressed as a percentage of the predicted value or as an absolute value.</p> <p><strong>Methods and results:&nbsp;</strong>We calculated the linear regressions between age and VE/VCO₂&nbsp;slope in 1136 healthy subjects (68% male, age 44.9 &plusmn; 14.5, range 13-83 years). We then applied age-adjusted and sex-adjusted formulas to predict VE/VCO₂&nbsp;slope to HF patients included in the metabolic exercise test data combined with cardiac and kidney indexes score database, which counts 6112 patients (82% male, age 61.4 &plusmn; 12.8, left ventricular ejection fraction 33.2 &plusmn; 10.5%, peakVO₂&nbsp;14.8 &plusmn; 4.9, mL/min/kg, VE/VCO₂&nbsp;slope 32.7 &plusmn; 7.7) from 24 HF centres. Finally, we evaluated whether the use of absolute values vs. percentages of predicted VE/VCO₂&nbsp;affected HF prognosis prediction (composite of cardiovascular mortality + urgent transplant or left ventricular assist device). We did so in the entire cardiac and kidney indexes score population and separately in HF patients with severe (peakVO₂&nbsp;&lt; 14 mL/min/kg, n = 2919, 61.1 events/1000 pts/year) or moderate (peakVO₂&nbsp;&ge; 14 mL/min/kg, n = 3183, 19.9 events/1000 pts/year) HF. In the healthy population, we obtained the following equations: female, VE/VCO₂&nbsp;= 0.052 &times; Age + 23.808 (r = 0.192); male, VE/VCO₂&nbsp;= 0.095 &times; Age + 20.227 (r = 0.371) (P = 0.007). We applied these formulas to calculate the percentages of predicted VE/VCO₂&nbsp;values. The 2-year survival prognostic power of VE/VCO₂&nbsp;slope was strong, and it was similar if expressed as absolute value or as a percentage of predicted value (AUCs 0.686 and 0.690, respectively). In contrast, in severe HF patients, AUCs significantly differed between absolute values (0.637) and percentages of predicted values (0.650, P = 0.0026). Moreover, VE/VCO₂&nbsp;slope expressed as a percentage of predicted value allowed to reclassify 6.6% of peakVO₂&nbsp;&lt; 14 mL/min/kg patients (net reclassification improvement = 0.066, P = 0.0015).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:&nbsp;</strong>The percentage of predicted VE/VCO₂&nbsp;slope value strengthens the prognostic power of VE/VCO₂&nbsp;in severe HF patients, and it should be preferred over the absolute value for HF prognostication. Furthermore, the widespread use of VE/VCO₂&nbsp;slope expressed as percentage of predicted value can improve our ability to identify HF patients at high risk, which is a goal of utmost clinical relevance.</p>