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311 results for “Anopheles”
Data from: Tracing the origin of the early wet-season Anopheles coluzzii in the Sahel
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Data from: Seasonality and locality affect the diversity of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii midgut microbiota from Ghana.
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Data from: Positional cloning of rp2 QTL associates the P450 genes CYP6Z1, CYP6Z3 and CYP6M7 with pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus
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Data from: Experimental swap of Anopheles gambiae's assortative mating preferences demonstrates key role of X-chromosome divergence island in incipient sympatric speciation.
Although many theoretical models of sympatric speciation propose that genes responsible for assortative mating amongst incipient species should be associated with genomic regions protected from recombination, there are few data to support this theory. The malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, is known for its sympatric cryptic species maintained by pre-mating reproductive isolation and its putative genomic islands of speciation, and is therefore an ideal model system for studying the genomic signature associated with incipient sympatric speciation. Here we selectively introgressed the island of divergence located in the pericentric region of the X chromosome of An. gambiae s.s. into its sister taxon An. coluzzii through 5 generations of backcrossing followed by two generations of crosses within the introgressed strains that resulted in An. coluzzii-like recombinant strains fixed for the M and S marker in the X chromosome island. The mating preference of recombinant strains was then tested by giving virgin recombinant individuals a choice of mates with X-islands matching and non-matching their own island type. We show through genetic analyses of transferred sperm that recombinant females consistently mated with matching island-type males thereby associating assortative mating genes with the X-island of divergence. Furthermore, full-genome sequencing confirmed that protein-coding differences between recombinant strains were limited to the experimentally swapped pericentromeric region. Finally, targeted-genome comparisons showed that a number of these unique differences were conserved in sympatric field populations, thereby revealing candidate speciation genes. The functional demonstration of a close association between speciation genes and the X-island of differentiation lends unprecedented support to island-of-speciation models of sympatric speciation facilitated by pericentric recombination suppression.
Data from: Chromosomal inversions and ecotypic differentiation in Anopheles gambiae: the perspective from whole-genome sequencing
The molecular mechanisms and genetic architecture that facilitate adaptive radiation of lineages remain elusive. Polymorphic chromosomal inversions, due to their recombination-reducing effect, are proposed instruments of ecotypic differentiation. Here we study an ecologically diversifying lineage of An. gambiae, known as the Bamako chromosomal form based on its unique complement of three chromosomal inversions, to explore the impact of these inversions on ecotypic differentiation. We used pooled and individual genome sequencing of Bamako, typical (non-Bamako) An. gambiae, and the sister species An. coluzzii to investigate evolutionary relationships and genome-wide patterns of nucleotide diversity and differentiation among lineages. Despite extensive shared polymorphism and limited differentiation from the other taxa, Bamako clusters apart from the other taxa, and forms a maximally supported clade in neighbor-joining trees based on whole genome data (including inversions) or solely on collinear regions. Nevertheless, FST outlier analysis reveals that the majority of differentiated regions between Bamako and typical An. gambiae are located inside chromosomal inversions, consistent with their role in the ecological isolation of Bamako. Exceptionally differentiated genomic regions were enriched for genes implicated in nervous system development and signaling. Candidate genes associated with a selective sweep unique to Bamako contain substitutions not observed in sympatric samples of the other taxa, and several insecticide resistance gene alleles shared between Bamako and other taxa segregate at sharply different frequencies in these samples. Bamako represents a useful window into the initial stages of ecological and genomic differentiation from sympatric populations in this important group of malaria vectors.
Data from: Asymmetric introgression between the M and S molecular forms of the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, maintains divergence despite extensive hybridisation.
The suggestion that genetic divergence can arise and/or be maintained in the face of gene flow, has been contentious since first proposed. Partially reproductively isolated taxa have been highlighted as offering unique opportunities for identifying the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of divergence with gene flow. The African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s., is widely regarded as consisting of two sympatric forms, thought by many to represent incipient species, the M and S molecular forms. However, there has been much debate about the extent of reproductive isolation between M and S, with one view positing that divergence may have arisen and is being maintained in the presence of gene flow, and the other proposing a more advanced speciation process with little realized gene flow due to low fitness of hybrids. These hypotheses have been difficult to address because hybrids are typically very rare (<1%). Here, we assess samples from an area of high hybridisation and demonstrate that hybrids are fit and responsible for extensive introgression. Nonetheless, we show that strong divergent selection at a subset of loci combined with highly asymmetric introgression has enabled M and S to remain genetically differentiated despite extensive gene flow. We propose that the extent of reproductive isolation between M and S varies across West Africa resulting in a "geographic mosaic of reproductive isolation"; a finding which adds further complexity to our understanding of divergence in this taxon and which has considerable implications for transgenic control strategies.
Data from: Large fluctuations in the effective population size of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. during vector control cycle
On Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, indoor residual spraying (IRS) has been part of the Bioko Island Malaria Control Project since early 2004. Despite success in reducing childhood infections, areas of high transmission remained on the island. We therefore examined fluctuations in the effective population size (N_e) of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae in an area of persistent high transmission over two spray rounds. We analyzed data for 13 microsatellite loci from 791 An. gambiae specimens collected at 6 time points in 2009 and 2010 and reconstructed the demographic history of the population during this period using Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC). Our analysis shows that IRS rounds have a big impact on N_e, reducing it by 65% to 92% from pre-spray round N_e. More importantly our analysis shows that after 3-5 months, the An. gambiae population rebounded by 2,818% compared to shortly following the spray round. Our study underscores the importance of adequate spray round frequency to provide continuous suppression of mosquito populations, and that increased spray round frequency should substantially improve the efficacy of IRS campaigns. It also demonstrates the ability of ABC to reconstruct a detailed demographic history across only a few tens of generations in a large population.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Anopheles (Anopheles) Hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of South Korea
FIGURE 1. Anopheles belenrae, adult. (A) Female, habitus. (B) Male head, side view.
FIGURE 4 in Formal taxonomy of species C of the Anopheles minimus sibling species complex (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 4. Alignment of the COI sequences (524 bp) of Anopheles minimus and An. harrisoni.
FIGURE 6 in Formal taxonomy of species C of the Anopheles minimus sibling species complex (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 6. Alignment of the Cyt-b sequences (711 bp) of Anopheles minimus and An. harrisoni.
FIGURE 7 in Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 7. Anopheles paludis: a, wing; b, hindleg (from Gillies & de Meillon 1968).
FIGURE 10 in Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 10. Anopheles ziemanni: a, wing; b, hindleg (from Gillies & de Meillon 1968).
FIGURE 9 in Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 9. Anopheles tenebrosus: a, wing; b, hindleg (from Gillies & de Meillon 1968).
FIGURE 5 in Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 5. Anopheles namibiensis: wing (from Coetzee 1984).
FIGURE 8 in Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 8. Anopheles symesi: a, wing; b, hindleg (from Gillies & de Meillon 1968).
Figure 8 in Blood-feeding behavior of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) in the district of Ilha de Santana, state of Amapá, eastern Brazilian Amazon
Figure 8 Density of Anopheles species, parity rate, and number of malaria cases by month, during 24 months in the district of Ilha de Santana, municipality of Santana, state of Amapá. A and B) Anopheles albitarsis s.l.; C and D) Anopheles braziliensis; E and F) Anopheles darlingi; G and H) Anopheles nuneztovari s.l. The Spearman correlation between density and parity rate was significant for A. albitarsis s.l. (rs = 0.61; p = 0.03), A. braziliensis (rs = 0.80; p = 0.01), A. darlingi (rs = 0.72; p = 0.01) and A. nuneztovari s.l. (rs = 0.74; p = 0.01). Graph with standard deviation bars.
Figure 7 in Blood-feeding behavior of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) in the district of Ilha de Santana, state of Amapá, eastern Brazilian Amazon
Figure 7 Human biting rate (HBR) of the most abundant species captured in the 12-hour collections in the district of Ilha de Santana, municipality of Santana, state of Amapá. Graph with standard deviation bars.
Figure 6 in Diversity and spatio-temporal variation of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) before and after the construction of the Jirau hydroelectric plant, state of Rondônia, Brazil
Figure 6 Cases of malaria and density of Anopheles darlingi in the area covered by the Jirau hydroelectric plant, in Rondônia, Brazil in the pre and post-construction phases. Source: SVS / SIVEP - Malaria.
Figure 4 in Diversity and spatio-temporal variation of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) before and after the construction of the Jirau hydroelectric plant, state of Rondônia, Brazil
Figure 4 Hematophagic activity patterns of anophelines in the pre (a) and post-construction (b) phases of the Jirau hydroelectric plant, in Rondônia, Brazil.
Figure 3 in Blood-feeding behavior of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) in the district of Ilha de Santana, state of Amapá, eastern Brazilian Amazon
Figure 3 Species of Anopheles collected indoors (intradomiciliary) and outdoors (peridomiciliary) by collection time, during 24 months in the district of Ilha de Santana, municipality of Santana, state of Amapá. A) Anopheles albitarsis s.l.; B) Anopheles braziliensis; C) Anopheles darlingi; D) Anopheles nuneztovari s.l. Significant difference between indoor and outdoor environments was found for A. albitarsis s.l. and A. braziliensis (Student's t test [3] = -3.44; p = 0.01, Student's t test [3] = -2.49; p = 0.04; respectively). Graph with standard deviation bars.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.