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Figure 5 in The axial biomechanics of Trigonosaurus pricei (Neosauropoda: Titanosauria) and the importance of the cervical-dorsal region to sauropod high-browser feeding strategy
Figure 5. Three-dimensional (3D) models of the reconstructed vertebrae (in grey) and 3D models of the original vertebrae (brown), in dorsal view. The assemblage of cervical and dorsal vertebrae (Cv9–D10) belongs to the Trigonosaurus haplotype (MCT 1488-R). The assemblage of caudal vertebrae corresponds to the paratype of Trigonosaurus (MCT 1719-R). The red circles indicate the structures reconstructed through bilateral symmetry. The vertebrae Cv13–D1, D2–D3, D4–D5, D6–D7–D8, and D9–D10, connected by sediment (brown), were reconstructed in the zygapophyseal surface and the anterior and/or posterior portion of vertebral centra (grey). No scale.
Data from: Biomechanical diversity of mating structures among harvestmen species is consistent with a spectrum of precopulatory strategies
Diversity in reproductive structures is frequently explained by selection acting at individual to generational timescales, but interspecific differences predicted by such models (e.g., female choice or sexual conflict) are often untestable in a phylogenetic framework. An alternative approach focuses on clade- or function-specific hypotheses that predict evolutionary patterns in terms neutral to specific modes of sexual selection. Here we test a hypothesis that diversity of reproductive structures in leiobunine harvestmen (daddy longlegs) of eastern North America reflects two sexually coevolved but non-overlapping precopulatory strategies, a primitive solicitous strategy (females enticed by penis-associated nuptial gifts), and a multiply derived antagonistic strategy (penis exerts mechanical force against armature of the female pregenital opening). Predictions of sexual coevolution and fidelity to precopulatory categories were tested using 10 continuously varying functional traits from 28 species. Multivariate analyses corroborated sexual coevolution but failed to partition species by precopulatory strategy, with multiple methods placing species along a spectrum of mechanical antagonistic potential. These findings suggest that precopulatory features within species reflect different co-occurring levels of solicitation and antagonism, and that gradualistic evolutionary pathways exist between extreme strategies. The ability to quantify antagonistic potential of precopulatory structures invites comparison with ecological variables that may promote evolutionary shifts in precopulatory strategies.
Data from: Causes of ecological gradients in leaf margin entirety: Evaluating the roles of biomechanics, hydraulics, vein geometry, and bud packing
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: A recent commentary by Edwards et al. (Am. J. Bot. 103: 975–978) proposed that constraints imposed by the packing of young leaves in buds could explain the positive association between non-entire leaf margins and latitude but did not thoroughly consider alternative explanations. METHODS: We review the logic and evidence underlying six major hypotheses for the functional significance of marginal teeth, involving putative effects on (1) leaf cooling, (2) optimal support and supply of the areas served by major veins, (3) enhanced leaf-margin photosynthesis, (4) hydathodal function, (5) defense against herbivores, and (6) bud packing. KEY RESULTS: Theoretical and empirical problems undermine all hypotheses except the support–supply hypothesis, which implies that thinner leaves should have non-entire margins. Phylogenetically structured analyses across angiosperms, the El Yunque flora, and the genus Viburnum all demonstrate that non-entire margins are indeed more common in thinner leaves. Across angiosperms, the association of leaf thickness with non-entire leaf margins is stronger than that of latitude. CONCLUSION: We outline a synthetic model showing how biomechanics, hydraulics, vein geometry, rates of leaf expansion, and length of development within resting buds, all tied to leaf thickness, drive patterns in the distribution of entire vs. non-entire leaf margins. Our model accounts for dominance of entire margins in the tropics, Mediterranean scrub, and tundra, non-entire margins in cold temperate deciduous forests and tropical vines and early-successional trees, and entire leaf margins in monocots. Spinose-toothed leaves should be favored in short-statured evergreen trees and shrubs, primarily in Mediterranean scrub and related semiarid habitats.
Figure 9 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Figure 9. Transverse histological sections through the proboscis of three caenogastropod taxa. (A) Cabestana spengleri (Ranellidae) everted proboscis and branching ventral odontophoral retractor muscles; (B) C. spengleri proboscis base, ventrolateral and dorsolateral retractor muscles; (C) C. spengleri proboscis wall; (D) Semicassis pyrum (Cassidae) everted proboscis and ventral odontophoral retractor muscles; (E) S. pyrum proboscis wall; (F) Ficus subintermedia (Ficidae) introverted proboscis; (G) F. subintermedia proboscis wall. Scale bars: (A, B, D, F) 1 mm; (C, E, G) 200 µm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.
Figure 8 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Figure 8. Transverse histological sections through the proboscis of two epitoniid taxa. (A) Janthina janthina (Epitoniidae) proboscis and aortic muscles; (B) J. janthina proboscis wall; (C) Opalia ballinensis (Epitoniidae) introverted proboscis and accessory proboscis retractor muscles (D) O. ballinensis aortic muscles; (E) O. ballinensis proboscis wall. Scale bars: (A, C) 1 mm; (B, E) 100 µm; (D) 500 µm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.
Figure 7 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Figure 7. Transverse histological sections through the proboscis of three "ptenoglossan" taxa. (A) Mesophora fusca (Triphoridae) introverted proboscis and ventral odontophoral retractor muscles; (B) M. fusca proboscis wall; (C) Ataxocerithium sp. (Cerithiopsidae) introverted proboscis and aortic muscles; (D) Ataxocerithium sp. proboscis wall (E) Apicalia cf. brazieri (Eulimidae) partially everted proboscis; (F) Apicalia cf. brazieri introverted proboscis and aortic muscles (G) Apicalia cf. brazieri proboscis wall. Scale bars: (A, C, E, F) 200 µm; (B, D, G) 50 µm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.
Figure 12 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Figure 12. Snout and proboscis evolution in Caenogastropoda, illustrated on a phylogeny of Caenogastropoda based on the strict consensus tree generated by Ponder et al. (2008) (Figure 13.16) using maximum parsimony analysis of a morphological dataset. Taxa originally included in their analysis which were not examined in this study have been pruned; Columbellidae, Vanikoridae and Turbinellidae were not included by Ponder et al. (2008) and are not
Figure 2 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Figure 2. Transverse histological sections through the snout of four non-caenogastropod taxa. (A) Montfortula rugosa (Fissurellidae) snout; (B) M. rugosa snout wall; (C) Austrocochlea porcata (Trochidae) snout; (D) A. porcata snout wall; (E) Nerita atramentosa (Neritidae) snout; (F) N. atramentosa snout wall; (G) Pyrgulina pascoei (Pyramidellidae) introverted proboscis (H) P. pascoei proboscis wall. Scale bars: (A, C, E) 1 mm; (B, D, F–H) 100 µm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.
Figure 4 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Figure 4. Transverse histological sections through the snout of three caenogastropod taxa. (A) Serpulorbis sp. (Vermetidae) snout; (B) Serpulorbis sp. snout wall; (C) Bembicium nanum (Littorinidae) snout; (D) B. nanum fused aortic muscles; (E) B. nanum snout wall; (F) Carinaria cristata (Carinariidae) snout; (G) C. cristata accessory retractor muscles; (H) C. cristata snout wall. Scale bars: (A, C, D, F, G) 1 mm; (B, E, H) 100 µm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.
Figure 1 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Figure 1. Schematic classification of proboscis and snout morphology, with retractor muscles shown in grey. (A) Snout; (B) acrembolic proboscis everted; (C) acrembolic proboscis introverted; (D) pleurembolic proboscis everted; (E) pleurembolic proboscis introverted; (F) intraembolic proboscis extended; (G) intraembolic proboscis retracted; (H) polyembolic proboscis everted; (I) polyembolic proboscis introverted; (J) "argobucciniform" proboscis extended; (K) "argobucciniform" proboscis retracted. A–E modified from Fretter and Graham (1994, Figure 88); F–I modified from Miller (1989, Figure 3); J–K modified from Day (1969, Figure 1).
Figure 3 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Figure 3. Transverse histological sections through the snout of four caenogastropod taxa. (A) Pomacea bridgesii (Ampullariidae) snout (A); P. bridgesii snout wall; (C) Pupina robusta (Pupinidae) snout; (D) P. robusta snout wall; (E) Batillaria australis (Batillariidae) snout; (F) B. australis snout wall; (G) Cerithium columna (Cerithiidae) snout; (H) C. columna aortic muscles; (I) C. columna snout wall. Scale bars: (A, C, E, G, H) 1 mm; (B, D, E, I) 100 µm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.
Figure 5 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Figure 5. Transverse histological sections through the snout of four caenogastropod taxa. (A) Rissoina crassa (Rissoidae) snout; (B) R. crassa circumoesophageal nerve ring and aortic muscles (C) R. crassa snout wall; (D) Edgbastonia alanwillsi (Hydrobiidae) snout; (E) E. alanwillsi snout wall; (F) Vanikoro cancellata (Vanikoridae) snout; (G) V. cancellata snout wall; (H) Bostrycapulus pritzkeri (Calyptraeidae) snout; (I) B. pritzkeri snout wall. Scale bars: (A, B, D, H) 200 µm; (C, E, G, I) 50 µm; (F) 1 mm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.
Figure 13 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Figure 13. Diagrams of snout and proboscis wall structure. (A) Pomacea bridgesii (Ampullariidae); (B) Cerithium columna (Cerithiidae); (C) Opalia ballinensis (Epitoniidae); (D) Carinaria cristata (Carinariidae); (E) Mitra carbonaria (Mitridae); (F) Strombus gibberulus (Strombidae); (G) Monetaria annulus (Cypraeidae); (H) Vasum turbinellum (Turbinellidae); (I) Cabestana spengleri (Ranellidae); (J) Semicassis pyrum (Tonnidae); (K) Ficus subintermedia (Ficidae).
Figure 10 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Figure 10. Transverse histological sections through the proboscis of three neogastropods. (A) Euplica scripta (Columbellidae) introverted proboscis; (B) E. scripta ventrolateral proboscis retractor muscles; (C) E. scripta proboscis wall; (D) Conus papilliferus (Conidae) retracted proboscis; (E) C. papilliferus ventrolateral proboscis retractor muscles; (F) C. papilliferus proboscis wall; (G) Cymbiola pulchra (Volutidae) everted proboscis; (H) C. pulchra proboscis wall. Scale bars: (A, B, G, H) 500 µm; (D, E) 1 mm; (C, F) 50 µm, for abbreviations see Appendix 2.
Figure 11 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Figure 11. Transverse histological sections through the proboscis of four muricoidean neogastropods. (A) Vasum turbinellum (Turbinellidae) introverted proboscis and ventrolateral proboscis retractor muscles; (B) V. turbinellum accessory retractor muscles; (C) V. turbinellum proboscis wall (D) Mitra carbonaria (Mitridae) proboscis and epiproboscis; (E) M. carbonaria proboscis wall; (F) Mesoginella translucida (Marginellidae) introverted proboscis and ventrolateral proboscis retractor muscles; (G) M. translucida aortic muscles; (H) M. translucida proboscis wall; (I) Morula marginalba (Muricidae) introverted proboscis and aortic muscles (J) M. marginalba circumoesophageal nerve ring and ventral odontophoral retractor muscles; (K) M. marginalba proboscis wall. Scale bars: (A, B, D, I) 1 mm; (C, E, F, J) 200 µm; (G, H, K) 50 µm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.
The effects of cholesterol accumulation on Achilles tendon biomechanics: A cross-sectional study DATASET
<p>Data set for "The effects of cholesterol accumulation on Achilles tendon biomechanics: A cross-sectional study"</p>
Figure 16 in The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (mesoeucrocodylia, thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biomechanics
Figure 16. Principle coordinates morphospace subdivided into four time bins: (A) Middle Jurassic (Bajocian–Callovian); (B) Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian; (C) Tithonian; (D) Early Cretaceous (Berriasian–Valanginian). The black ellipse contains the metriorhynchine taxa, whereas the grey ellipse contains the Geosaurinae.
Figure 7 in The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (mesoeucrocodylia, thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biomechanics
Figure 7. Metriorhynchoidea phylogeny, with dental characters mapped. The thin branches refer to smooth carinated crowns, whereas the bold black lines refer to denticulate carinae. The bold grey indicates crowns lacking carinae. The symbols refer to tooth morphology guilds from Massare (1987) and Ciampaglio et al. (2005).
Figure 4. Comparative metriorhynchid cranial morphology. A in The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (mesoeucrocodylia, thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biomechanics
Figure 4. Comparative metriorhynchid cranial morphology. A, Eoneustes gaudryi comb. nov., holotype, NHM R.3353. B, Geosaurus araucanensis, holotype, MLP 72-IV-7-1. C, Cricosaurus suevicus, lectotype, SMNS 9808. D, Enaliosuchus schroederi, holotype, MMGLV#. E, Suchodus durobrivensis, referred specimen, NHM R.2618. F, Metriorhynchus superciliosus, referred specimen, MNHN 1908-6. G, Geosaurus giganteus, referred specimen, NHM 37020. H, Dakosaurus maximus, neotype, SMNS 8203. Scale bars: 20 mm. We thank N. Knötschke for photograph (D), and P. Hurst and P.M. Barrett for photograph (G).
Figure 3 in The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (mesoeucrocodylia, thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biomechanics
Figure 3. Metriorhynchoidea phylogeny, with character complexes relating to marine adaptation mapped by shading. The light-grey shading indicates taxa demonstrating the 'typical' adaptations of metriorhynchids, i.e. hypocercal tails, no osteoderms, and no external mandibular fenestrae. The mid-grey shading refers to taxa with dorsally inclined paroccipital processes and verticalized squamosals; whereas the dark-grey shading highlights taxa with streamlined crania (lateral processes of the frontal reoriented caudally, creating an acute angle between the medial and lateral processes of the frontal) and more flattened humeri.
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