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611 results for “Body mass”
Chipmunk body mass variations and life-histories in a pulsed resource ecosystem
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Leveraging functional morphology to increase accuracy of body mass estimation: A study using canids
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Effects of intraspecific competition and body mass on diet specialisation in a mammalian scavenger
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Data from: Climate drives body mass changes in a mountain ungulate: Shorter winters lead to heavier Alpine ibex
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Data and R code for: Handling- or digestion-limited predator: the role of body masses and habitat complexity in predator-prey feeding interaction
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Why do parents produce small broods of offspring that have lower body mass, survival, and lifetime reproductive success? A case study in a long-lived bird
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Dataset for: On the estimation of body mass in temnospondyls: A case study using the large-bodied Eryops and Paracyclotosaurus
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Relationship between active and passive environmental factors and the body mass index of residents in Geneva - Dataset
<p>Dataset used for the long paper in the "Exploratory Data Analysis and Geovisualization" course at EPFL. The paper is titled "Relationship between active and passive environmental factors and the body mass index of residents in Geneva"</p>
Data for the evaluatino of the influence of active transportation on body mass index
<p>The dataset is centered on the canton of Geneva Switzerland and is divided into four different folders, available in a shapefile format;</p> <p>Cycle lane : This folder contains the cycle lane available in the State of Geneva.</p> <p>Parking : This folder contains the public and private parking of the State of Geneva.</p> <p>Public transport : This folder contains the public transport servicing quality data in the State of Geneva.</p> <p>Road : This folder contains the road used by the car in the State of Geneva.</p>
Figure 5. Muscle mass reconstruction method for M in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 5. Muscle mass reconstruction method for M. caudofemoralis longus (see Methods); Carnegie specimen depicted. Dorsal and right lateral views are shown on topı and in the bottom row are caudal views of the right femur and then caudal vertebrae (8th and 17th). Red shaded volumes are the M. caudofemoralis longus reconstruction. Note a small space for M. caudofemoralis brevis (not reconstructed) is left around the ilium/sacrum and lateral to the CFL insertion. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g005
The impacts of body mass on immune cell concentrations in birds
<p>Body mass affects many biological traits, but its impacts on immune defenses are fairly unknown. Recent research on mammals found that neutrophil concentrations disproportionately increased (scaled hypermetrically) with body mass, a result not predicted by any existing theory. Although the scaling relationship for mammals might predict how leukocyte concentrations scale with body mass in other vertebrates, vertebrate classes are distinct in many ways that might affect their current and historic interactions with parasites and hence the evolution of their immune systems. Subsequently, here, we asked which existing scaling hypothesis best-predicts relationships between body mass and lymphocyte, eosinophil, and heterophil concentrations—the avian functional equivalent of neutrophils—among >100 species of birds. We then examined the predictive power of body mass relative to life-history variation, as an extensive literature indicates that the timing of key life events has influenced immune system variation among species. Finally, we ask whether avian scaling patterns differ from the patterns we observed in mammals. We found that an intercept-only model best-explained lymphocyte and eosinophil concentrations among birds, indicating that the concentrations of these cell types were both independent of body mass. For heterophils, however, body mass explained 31% of the variation in concentrations among species, much more than life-history variation (4%). As with mammalian neutrophils, avian heterophils scaled hypermetrically (<i>b=</i>0.19 +/- 0.05), but more steeply than mammals (~1.5x; 0.11+/- 0.03). As such, we discuss why birds might require more broadly-protective cells compared to mammals of the same body size. Overall, body mass appears to have strong influences on the architecture of immune systems.</p>
Relationships of mass properties and body proportions to locomotor habit in terrestrial Archosauria
<p>Throughout their 250 Myr history, archosaurian reptiles have exhibited a wide array of body sizes, shapes and locomotor habits, especially in regard to terrestriality. These features make Archosauria a useful clade with which to study the interplay between body size, shape and locomotor behaviour, and how this interplay may have influenced locomotor evolution. Here, digital volumetric models of 80 taxa are used to explore how mass properties and body proportions relate to each other and locomotor posture in archosaurs. One-way, non-parametric, multivariate analysis of variance, based on the results of principal components analysis, shows that bipedal and quadrupedal archosaurs are largely distinguished from each other on the basis of just four anatomical parameters (<em>P</em> < 0.001): mass, centre of mass position and relative forelimb and hindlimb lengths. This facilitates the development of a quantitative predictive framework that can help assess gross locomotor posture in understudied or controversial taxa, such as the crocodile-line <em>Batrachotomus </em>(predicted quadruped) and <em>Postosuchus </em>(predicted biped). Compared to quadrupedal archosaurs, bipedal species tend to have relatively longer hindlimbs and a more caudally positioned whole-body centre of mass, and collectively exhibit greater variance in forelimb lengths. These patterns are interpreted to reflect differing biomechanical constraints acting on the archosaurian bauplan in bipedal <em>versus </em>quadrupedal groups, which may have shaped the evolutionary histories of their respective members.</p>
Data from: Estimating body mass of free-living whales using aerial photogrammetry and 3D volumetrics
1. Body mass is a key life history trait in animals. Despite being the largest animals on the planet, no method currently exists to estimate body mass of free-living whales. 2. We combined aerial photographs and historical catch records to estimate the body mass of free-living right whales (Eubalaena sp.). First, aerial photogrammetry from unmanned aerial vehicles was used to measure the body length, width (lateral distance) and height (dorso-ventral distance) of free-living southern right whales (E. australis; 48 calves, 7 juveniles and 31 lactating females). From these data, body volume was estimated by modelling the whales as a series of infinitely small ellipses. The body girth of the whales was next calculated at three measurement sites (across the pectoral fin, the umbilicus and the anus) and a linear model was developed to predict body volume from the body girth and length data. To obtain a volume-to-mass conversion factor, this model was then used to estimate the body volume of eight lethally caught North Pacific right whales (E. japonica), for which body mass was measured. This conversion factor was consequently used to predict the body mass of the free-living whales. 3. The cross-sectional body shape (height-width ratio) of the whales was slightly flattened dorso-ventrally at the anterior end of the body, almost circular in the mid region, and significantly flattened in the lateral plane across the posterior half of the body. Compared to a circular cross-sectional model, our body mass model incorporating body length, width and height improved mass estimates by up to 23.6% (mean=6.1%, SD=5.27). Our model had a mean error of only 1.6% (SD=0.012), compared to 9.5% (SD=7.68) for a simpler body length-to-mass model. The volume-to-mass conversion factor was estimated at 754.63kg m-3 (SD=50.03). Predicted body mass estimates were within a close range of existing body mass measurements. 4. We provide a non-invasive method to accurately estimate body mass of free-living whales while accounting for both their structural size (body length) and relative body condition (body width). Our approach can be directly applied to other marine mammals by adjusting the model parameters (body mass model script provided).
Data for Body mass-related changes in mammal community assembly patterns during the late Quaternary of North America
<p>The late Quaternary of North America was marked by prominent ecological changes, including the end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinction, the spread of human settlements, and the rise of agriculture. Here we examine the mechanistic reasons for temporal changes in mammal species association and body size during this time period. Building upon the co-occurrence results from Lyons et al. (2016) – wherein each species pair was classified as spatially aggregated, segregated, or random – we examined body mass differences (BMD) between each species pair for each association type and time period (Late Pleistocene: 40,000 14C - 11,700 14C ybp, Holocene: 11,700 14C - 50 ybp, and Modern: 50 - 0 yrs). In the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, the BMD of both aggregated and segregated species pairs was significantly smaller than the BMD of random pairs. These results are consistent with environmental filtering and competition as important drivers of community structure in both time periods. Modern assemblages showed a breakdown between BMD and co-occurrence patterns: the average BMD of aggregated, segregated, and random species pairs did not differ from each other. Collectively, these results indicate that the late Quaternary mammalian extinctions not only eliminated many large- bodied species but were followed by a re-organization of communities that altered patterns of species coexistence and associated differences in body size.</p>
Relations between access to sport and green spaces and Body Mass Index in the canton of Geneva
<p>README.txt</p> <p>-------------------------------------------------<br> Science et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (SIE)<br> Bâtiment GR<br> EPFL ENAC SSIE-GE<br> CH-1015 Lausanne<br> *<br> *<br> ------------------------------------------------.<br> *<br> *<br> "Envdata.csv" contains the data used in the study entitled:<br> "Relations between access to sport and green spaces and Body Mass Index in the canton of Geneva", <br> (C. El Khoury,Y. Frischholz, B. Heutte, V. Remy, M. Schornoz, 2020)<br> *<br> *<br> -------------------------------------------------<br> *<br> *<br> Variables : Description [unit]<br> *<br> ID : Bus Santé participant's ID [-]<br> x_lv03, y_lv03 : Coordinates of participants residence (LV03) [m]<br> year_survey : Bus Santé participation year [-]<br> #SPORT10min : Density of sport infrastructures within a buffer of 10 minutes walk around residences [-]<br> dist_1SPORT : Direct distance to first sport infrastructure from residences [m]<br> meanNDVI10min : Mean NDVI within a buffer of 10 minutes walk (to remove biases due to large water bodies, the lake area was removed from the 10 minutes buffer) [m]<br> BMI_randorder : Values of BMI used in a randomized order for confidentiality reasons [kg/m2]<br> *<br> *<br> -------------------------------------------------</p>
Data from: On the interplay among ambient temperature, basal metabolic rate and body mass
One of the most generalized conclusions arising from studies analyzing the ecological variation of energy metabolism in endotherms is the apparent negative correlation between ambient temperature and mass-independent basal metabolic rate (residual BMR). As a consequence, ambient temperature has been considered the most important external factor driving the evolution of residual BMR. It is not clear, however, if this relationship is size dependent, and artifacts such as the biased sampling of body masses in physiological data sets could cause us to overstate the ubiquity of the relationship. Accordingly, here we used published data on body mass (mb), BMR, and annual mean temperature (Tmean) for 458 mammal species (and/or subspecies) to examine the size-dependence of the relationship between temperature and BMR. We found a significant interaction between mb and Tmean, such that the effect of Tmean on residual BMR decreases as a function of mb. In line with this, the amount of residual variance in BMR explained by Tmean decreased with mb, from 20 - 30% at body sizes < 100 g to almost zero at body size > 1,000 g. These data suggest that our current understanding of the importance of broad-scale variation in ambient temperature as a driver of metabolic evolution in endotherms probably is affected by the large number of small species in both nature and physiological datasets.
Data from: Disentangling plastic and genetic changes in body mass of Siberian jays
Spatial and temporal phenotypic differentiation in mean body size is of commonplace occurrence, but the underlying causes remain often unclear: both genetic differentiation in response to selection (or drift) and environmentally induced plasticity can create similar phenotypic patterns. Studying changes in body mass in Siberian jays (Perisoreus infaustus) over three decades, we discovered that mean body mass declined drastically (ca. 10%) over the first two decades, but increased markedly thereafter back to almost the initial level. Quantitative genetic analyses revealed that although body mass was heritable (h2 = 0.46), the pronounced temporal decrease in body mass was mainly a product of phenotypic plasticity. However, a concomitant and statistically significant decrease in predicted breeding values suggests a genetic component to this change. The subsequent increase in mean body mass was indicated to be entirely due to plasticity. Selection on body mass was estimated to be too weak to fully account for the observed genetic decline in body mass, but bias in selection differential estimates due to environmental covariance between body mass and fitness is possible. Hence, the observed body mass changes appear to be driven mainly by phenotypic plasticity. Although we were not able to identify the ecological driver of the observed plastic changes, the results highlight the utility of quantitative genetic approaches in disentangling genetic and phenotypic changes in natural populations.
Data from: Applying generalised allometric regressions to predict live body mass of tropical and temperate arthropods
1. The ecological implications of body size extend from the biology of individual organisms to ecosystem–level processes. Measuring body mass for high numbers of invertebrates can be logistically challenging, making length-mass regressions useful for predicting body mass with minimal effort. However, standardised sets of scaling relationships covering a large range in body length, taxonomic groups, and multiple geographical regions are scarce. 2. We collected 6212 arthropods from 19 higher-level taxa in both temperate and tropical locations to compile a comprehensive set of linear models relating live body mass to a range of predictor variables. We measured live weight (hereafter, body mass), body length and width of each individual and conducted linear regressions to predict body mass using body length, body width, taxonomic group and geographic region. Additionally, we quantified prediction discrepancy when using parameters from arthropods of a different geographic region. 3. Incorporating body width into taxon- and region-specific length-mass regressions yielded the highest prediction accuracy for body mass. Using regression parameters from a different geographic region increased prediction discrepancy, causing over- or underestimation of body mass depending on geographical origin and whether body width was included. 4. We present a comprehensive range of parameters for predicting arthropod body mass and provide guidance for selecting optimal scaling relationships. Given the importance of body mass for functional invertebrate ecology and the paucity of adequate regressions to predict arthropod body mass from different geographical regions, our study provides a long-needed resource for quantifying live body mass in invertebrate ecology research.
Data from: Maternal winter body mass and not spring phenology determine annual calf production in an Arctic herbivore
Warming of the Arctic has resulted in earlier snowmelt and green-up of plants in spring, potentially disrupting the synchrony between plant phenology and breeding phenology in herbivores. A negative relationship between offspring survival in West-Greenland caribou and the timing of vegetation emergence was the first finding of such a mismatch in Arctic mammals. However, other studies indicate that the energy for foetal growth and early lactation is predominantly drawn from stored energy reserves typical of 'capital' breeders, suggesting that conditions well before spring influence calf production more than the timing of spring onset. Here we use 20 years of observations of marked Svalbard reindeer to evaluate determinants of annual recruitment, as measured by the presence of a calf at foot in mid-summer. Spring temperatures and the Enhanced Vegetation Index were used as proxies for spring onset, while data on body mass and pregnancy rates in late winter allowed us to determine maternal condition and the reproductive status before spring. Pregnancy rate, offspring survival and annual recruitment were all strongly correlated with average late winter adult female body mass (r = 0.87; r = 0.83; r = 0.92, respectively). Contrary to the findings in West Greenland, neither early calf survival nor annual recruitment were correlated with the two measures of annual variation in spring phenology (r= – 0.07, p = 0.8 and r = – 0.15, p = 0.6, respectively). We also revisit the Greenland data and reveal that the pattern of covariance between early and late measures of fecundity, as well as between early measures of fecundity and offspring survival, correspond with the results from Svalbard. Our results emphasize that conditions affecting maternal body mass during winter explain close to all the variation in recruitment, questioning the importance of the role of a mismatch between plant phenology and calving date.
Data from: Berry production drives bottom-up effects on body mass and reproductive success in an omnivore
Obligate herbivores dominate studies of the effects of climate change on mammals, however there is limited empirical evidence for how changes in the abundance or quality of plant food affect mammalian omnivores. Omnivores can exploit a range of different food resources over the course of a year, but they often rely on seasonally restricted highly nutritious fruiting bodies during critical life stages. Brown bears Ursus arctos in Sweden are dependent on berries for fattening before entering hibernation. We used a ten-year time series to evaluate the effect of temperature and snow on annual variation in berry abundance and how this variation affected bears. We found marked interannual variation in berry production of bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus and lingonberry V. vitis-idaea, that we could attribute in part to temperature during plant dormancy and flowering and precipitation during fruit ripening. Both, autumn weights of female bears and spring weights of yearling bears increased linearly with bilberry abundance. When bilberry abundance was low, lightweight female bears had a lower reproductive success than females in better condition. This effect vanished when food abundance was above average, indicating that lightweight females could compensate for their initial weight during good bilberry years. Our study highlights the importance of considering individuals' dynamic responses to variation in food availability, which leave some more vulnerable to food shortage than others. Individual life-history heterogeneity in response to resource variation likely affects long-term population recruitment. Our findings emphasize that Scandinavian bears can be dependent on a single food resource during a critical period of the year and are therefore less resilient to environmental change than expected for an omnivore. Future climate scenarios predict ambiguous trends for weather covariates that affected crucial stages of berry phenology, preventing a clear prognosis of how climate change may affect long-term bilberry production.
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