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Fig. 3 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 3. General shell morphology of bouchardiid brachiopods. A–C. Bouchardia rosea (Mawe, 1823) from modern accumulations from the Ubatuba coast, State of São Paulo, Brazil. A. Specimen DZP−18669. B. Specimen DZP−18670. C. Specimen DZP−18671. D–F. Bouchardia transplatina Ihering, 1907 from the Cerro Bautista locality, the Camacho Formation, Late Miocene, Uruguay. D. Specimen FCDP−2305E. E. Specimen FCDP−2305G. F. Specimen FCDP−2305K. G–I. Bouchardia zitteli Ihering, 1897 from the Manantial Salado locality, the San Julian Formation, Late Oligocene, Argentina. G. Specimen IGC−DPE−855D. H. Specimen IGC−DPE−865H. I. Specimen IGC−DPE−865N. Scale bars 5 mm.

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Fig. 14 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids

Fig. 14. Productoid brachiopod Argentiproductus margaritaceus (Phillips, 1836) from the Muhua Formation. A. Small ventral valve, PKUM02−0278, in exterior (A1), interior (A2), lateral (A3), and posterior (A4) views. B. Shell, PKUM02−0279, in ventral (B1), dorsal (B2), lateral (B3), posterior (B4) views. C–F. Incomplete ventral valves, PKUM02−0280 (C), PKUM02−0281 (D), PKUM02−0282 (E), and PKUM02−0283 (F), in exterior (C1, D1, E1, F1) and interior (C2, D2, E2, F2) views showing well developed ear baffles. G. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0284, in exterior (G1) and interior (G2) views. H. Large, almost complete shell, PKUM02−0285, in dorsal (H1), ventral (H2), lateral (H3), and posterior (H4) views; the ribbing in the middle of the ventral valve resembles ornamentation of Productina. Samples GB–GT.

Fig. 5 in A new genus of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian pentameride brachiopods and its phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 5. Transverse serial sections of two paratype specimens of Parastrophina portentosa (Nikitin and Popov in Nikitin et al. 1996), Upper Ordovician, Dulankara Regional Stage, sample F−1014, Sortan−Manai, northern Betpak−Dala desert, Central Kazakhstan. A. NMW 98.28G.383, juvenile specimen. B. NMW 98.28G.377. Numbers indicate distances from apex.

Fig. 3 in A new genus of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian pentameride brachiopods and its phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 3. Sketches of selected serial sections of Protanastrophia repanda gen. et sp. nov. ROM 57738, paratype, Attawapiskat Formation, locality AK2c, Akimiski Island, Nunavut, Canada. Numbers denote distance from apex.

Fig. 6 in A new genus of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian pentameride brachiopods and its phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 6. Stratigraphic ranges and inferred phylogenetic relationships of 19 parastrophinid species and other selected syntrophiidine species based on one of six equally parsimonious cladograms (A) and emended topography of the Parastrophina cluster shown in strict consensus tree (B). Numbered nodes are supported by the character states listed in Appendix 3.

Fig. 2 in A new genus of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian pentameride brachiopods and its phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 2. Shell measurements of Protanastrophia repanda gen. et sp. nov. Sample AK2c, Attawapiskat Formation, Akimiski Island, Hudson Bay region, Nunavut, Canada.

Fig. 4 in A new genus of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian pentameride brachiopods and its phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 4. Pentameride brachiopod Parastrophina portentosa (Nikitin and Popov in Nikitin et al. 1996), Upper Ordovician, Dulankara Regional Stage, sample F−1014, Sortan−Manai, northern Betpak−Dala desert, Central Kazakhstan. A. NMW 98.28G.351, paratype, dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), anterior (A3), and lateral (A4) views of asymmetrical shell. B. NMW 98.28G.352, paratype, dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), and anterior (B4) views. C. NMW 98.28G.353, paratype, lateral (C1) and anterior (C2) views of smooth, asymmetrical shell. D. NMW 98.28G.354, paratype, dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), and anterior (D4) views of asymmetrical, juvenile shell.

Fig. 1 in A new genus of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian pentameride brachiopods and its phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 1. Pentameride brachiopod Protanastrophia repanda gen. et sp. nov.; Attawapiskat Formation, uppermost Telychian, Akimiski Island, Hudson Bay region, Nunavut, Canada. A. ROM 57734, holotype, dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), lateral (A3), posterior (A4), and anterior (A5) views. B. ROM 57735, paratype, dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), posterior (B4), and anterior (B5) views of strongly asymmetrical, anteriorly costate shell. C. ROM 57736, paratype, dorsal (C1), ventral (C2), lateral (C3), posterior (C4), and anterior (C5) views of asymmetrical shell without costae. D. ROM 57737, paratype, dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), posterior (D4), and anterior (D5) views of relatively small, largely symmetrical shell. E. ROM 57738, paratype, micrograph of transverse serial section, showing low ventral median septum, broad V−shaped spondylium, smooth alate plates, and discrete inner hinge plates, 0.7 mm from apex (refer to Fig. 3).

Fig. 4 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 4. The lingulid brachiopod Tunisiglossa almalensis Popov and Mambetov, sp. nov. from the Almaly Formation, Caradocian (Upper Ordovician) of Kyrgystan. Schematic representation of ventral (A) and dorsal (B) valve interior showing position of muscle scars, mantle canals and a pedicle nerve impression.

Fig. 7 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 7. The holopeid gastropod Ptychonema agyris Ebbestad, sp. nov. from the Almaly Formation, Caradocian (Upper Ordovician) of Kyrgystan. A. Reconstruction of the shell in dorsal view. B. Reconstruction of the shell in lateral view. C. Reconstruction of the shell in presumed life position with the apertural plane horizontal and with slight regulatory detorsion to balance the shell. Note how the emargination is not in an anterior position. D. Reconstruction of the shell in presumed life position with the apertural plane horizontal, but without regulatory detorsion, so that the emargination is in an anterior position.

Fig. 6 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 6. The holopeid gastropod Ptychonema agyris Ebbestad, sp. nov. from the Almaly Formation, Caradocian (Upper Ordovician) of Kyrgyz Range. A. NMW 98.66G.950, specimen with partially preserved aperture. B. NMW 98.66G.951, base of a specimen with shell preserved. C. NMW 98.66G.952, partial last whorl with shell intact. D. NMW 98.66G.953, cross section of large specimen. E. NMW 98.66G.954, cross section of initial whorls of small specimen. Scale bars 2.5 mm.

Fig. 8 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 8. Palaeogeographic reconstruction for the Late Ordovician (early Caradocian) showing geographical destribution of shallow water (BA1) lingulid−mollusc associations on Kazakh terranes. The reversed position of the North China plate in low northern latitudes and position of Tarim plate at 36.5°S are mainly after Zhao et al. (1996). Relative positions of Gondwana, Armorica, Baltica, Avalonia, and Laurentia are mainly after Torsvik (1998). Kazakhstan in the Ordovician was not a single plate but an assemblage of island arcs and microplates (Apollonov 2000; Webby et al. 2000). Some Kazakh terranes (Chingiz−Tarbagatai) are remnants of several Early Palaeozoic intra−oceanic island arcs, in a part possibly representing the Cambrian eastern active margin of Baltica detached sometime within the Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician. Another group of Kazakh terranes (North Tien Shan, Chu−Ili, Balkhash−Dzhungaria, Ulutau−Karatau−Naryn) are microplates presumably of a peri−Gondwanan origin. Position of North Tien−Shan at low southern latitudes after Bazhenov et al. (2003).

Fig. 1 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 1. Geological map of the western part of Kyrgyz Range (after Farid Kh. Apayarov and Matvei M. Gutermakher, unpublished) showing position of the measured sections and fossil localities. This mountainous area is a central part of the North Tien Shan mountain system, which is a series of parallel south−southwest to east−northeast ranges stretching for about 2500 km from Turkestan in the west to northern China in the east. Black arrows indicate direction of water flow in tributaries and rivers; 509 and 510 are fossil localities.

Fig. 3 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 3. The lingulid brachiopod Tunisiglossa almalensis Popov and Mambetov, sp. nov. from the Almaly Formation, Caradocian (Upper Ordovician) of Kyrgyz Range. A. NMW 98.66G.869, ventral internal mould. B. NMW 98.66G.871, ventral valve, exterior. C. NMW 98.66G.865, dorsal valve exterior. D. NMW 98.66G.866, dorsal valve, exterior. E. NMW 98.66G.860–862, cluster of three disarticulated valves on a bedding surface. F. NMW 98.66G.872, dorsal valve, interior, latex cast. G. NMW 98.66G.870, holotype, dorsal valve, interior, latex cast showing position of muscle scars (tm., transmedian; o.l., outside latreral; a.l., middle lateral; c.m., central; anterior lateral) and proximal parts of dorsal vascular media (v.m.). H. NMW 98.66G.873, ventral valve, exterior, latex cast (H1) and ventral internal mould showing umbonal muscle scars (u.m.) (H2). I. NMW 98.66G.867, ventral valve, interiors showing position of pedicle nerve impression (p.n.) and NMW 98.66G.868, dorsal valve interior. Scale bars 2.5 mm.

Fig. 14 in The Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) brachiopod fauna of the East Baltic: Taxonomy of the key species

Fig. 14. Trigonorhynchiid brachiopod Plectothyrella crassicostis (Dalman, 1828) from the Kuldiga Formation of the Porkuni Regional Stage, Hirnantian ( Upper Ordovician), East Baltic, western Latvia. A. Ventral valve, LDM G 328-15, Blīdene-5, depth 816.6 m, exterior view (A1), interior view (A2) and the detail of the posterior part of the same (A3). B. Incomplete dorsal valve, GIT 542-16, Riekstini-15, 854.8 m, dorsal interior (B1), posterior (B2), and posteriorly tilted (B3) views of cruralium. C. Ventral valve, LDM G 328-149, Mežmali-16, depth 914.9 m, view of pedicle opening. D. Shell, LDM G 328-135, Ēdole-61, 848.1 m, lateral (D1) and dorsal (D2) views. E. Shells, GIT 542-3/1–3, Adze-6, 838.5 m, posterior views of shells in live position and →

Fig. 15 in The Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) brachiopod fauna of the East Baltic: Taxonomy of the key species

Fig. 15. Meristellid brachiopods of the genus Hindella from Porkuni Regional Stage, East Baltic, Kuldiga Formation, western Latvia (A–C, E, F) and Ärina Formation, northern Estonia (D). A, E, F. Hindella cf. crassa incipiens (Williams, 1951). A. Ventral valve, GIT 542-273, Aispute-41, depth 991.0 m, exterior (A 1), lateral (A 2), posterior (A 3), and anterior (A 4) views. E. Incomplete dorsal valve, GIT 542-278, Aispute-41, 991.0 m, interior view. F. Incomplete ventral valve, GIT 542-35, Stirnas-18, 907.5 m, interior view. B, C. Hindella sp. B. Ventral valve, GIT 542-34, Stirnas-18, 908.2 m, lateral (B 1) and exterior B 2) views. C. The bedding plane with brachiopods, including Hindella sp., GIT 542-4 (figured in Kaljo et al. 2008), Aispute-41, 998.25 m. D. Hindella cf. cassidea (Dalman, 1828), shell, GIT 542-267, erratics from the Kõnnu village, dorsal (D ) and posterior (D ) views. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 12 in The Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) brachiopod fauna of the East Baltic: Taxonomy of the key species

Fig. 12. Heterorthid brachiopod Heterorthina? sp. from the Kuldiga Formation of the Porkuni Regional Stage, Hirnantian (Upper Ordovician), East Baltic, western Latvia. Shell, LDM 328-75, Blīdene-5, depth 819.3 m, ventral (A), anterior (B), posterior (C), dorsal (D), and lateral (F) views, and detail of external ornament (E) of the ventral valve showing the growth lines and aditicules. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 13 in The Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) brachiopod fauna of the East Baltic: Taxonomy of the key species

Fig. 13. Draboviid brachiopods of the genus Kinnella from the East Baltic, Upper Ordovician. A, C. Kinnella cf. kielanae (Temple, 1965) from Kuldiga Formation, Porkuni Regional Stage, western Latvia. A. Shell, GIT 542-229, Riekstini-15, depth 859.9 m, ventral (A1), dorsal (A2), lateral (A3), and posterior (A4) views. C. Ventral valve, GIT 542-226, Aispute-41, 1001.15 m, lateral (C1) and ventral (C2) views. B, D. Kinnella sp. B. Shell with shifted valves, LDM 328-43, Kuili Formation, Pirgu Regional Stage, western Latvia, Blīdene-5, 822.6 m, view of dorsal exterior and ventral interarea (B1) and ventral exterior (B2). D. Shell, GIT 509-71, Tudulinna? Formation, Vormsi Regional Stage (Katian), central Estonia, Lelle (102), 147.96–148.0 m, ventral D1) and lateral (D2) views. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 8 in The Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) brachiopod fauna of the East Baltic: Taxonomy of the key species

Fig. 8. Plectambonitoid brachiopods from the Kuldiga Formation of the Porkuni Regional Stage, Hirnantian (Upper Ordovician), East Baltic, western Latvia. A. Leangella sp., shell, GIT 542-222, Riekstini-15, depth 859.3 m, ventral (A1), dorsal (A2), and lateral (A3) views. B. Eoplectodonta sp., incomplete ventral valve, GIT 542-21, Stirnas-18, 911.9 m, ventral view.

Fig. 6 in The Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) brachiopod fauna of the East Baltic: Taxonomy of the key species

Fig. 6. Leptostrophiid brachiopods from the Kuldiga Formation of the Porkuni Regional Stage, Hirnantian (Upper Ordovician), East Baltic, western Latvia A–E, G) and southwestern Estonia (F). A. Eostropheodonta hirnantensis (M`Coy, 1851), Taagepera, depth 413.9 m, moulds of ventral valves, GIT 542-337/1 A1) and GIT 542-337/2 (A2), exterior views. B, E. Eostropheodonta cf. parvicostellata Rong, 1984. B. Shell, GIT 542-381, Vilcini-19, 906.4 m, exterior view of dorsal valve (B1) and view on interarea (B2). E. Mould of dorsal valve, LDM G328-12, Priekule-33, 1395.6 m, exterior view. C, D, F, G. Coolinia sp. C. Mould of ventral valve, LDM G328-26, Dižrungi-17, 984.5 m, exterior view. D. Ventral valve, LDM G328-26, Dizrungi-17, 984.5 m, exterior view. F. Fragment of dorsal valve, GIT 542-364, Ruhnu-500, depth 612.9 m, view of cardinalia (F1) and exterior view (F2). G. Incomplete ventral valve, GIT 542 48-2, Stirnas-18, 899.0 m, interior view. Scale bars 2 mm.