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FIGURES 10–14. Parabomis martini Lessert, 1919. 10 in Revision of the Afrotropical crab-spider genus Parabomis Kulczyński, 1901 (Araneae: Thomisidae)

FIGURES 10–14. Parabomis martini Lessert, 1919. 10 Male habitus, dorsal view; 11 Female habitus, dorsal view; 12 Left male palp, ventral view; 13 Epigyne, ventral view; 14 Epigyne, dorsal view. Scales: 1 mm.

FIGURES 4–9 in Revision of the Afrotropical crab-spider genus Parabomis Kulczyński, 1901 (Araneae: Thomisidae)

FIGURES 4–9. Parabomis elsae sp. nov. (4–8) and Parabomis levanderi Kulczyński, 1901 (9). 4 Male habitus, dorsal view; 5 Female habitus, dorsal view; 6, 9 Left male palp, ventral view; 7 Epigyne, ventral view; 8 Epigyne, dorsal view. Scales: 1 mm.

FIGURES 15–20 in Revision of the Afrotropical crab-spider genus Parabomis Kulczyński, 1901 (Araneae: Thomisidae)

FIGURES 15–20. Parabomis megae sp. nov. 15 Male habitus, dorsal view; 16 Female habitus, dorsal view; 17 Female habitus, dorsal view; 18 Left palp, ventral view; 19 Epigyne, ventral view; 20 Epigyne, dorsal view. Scales: 1 mm.

FIGURES 1–3 in Revision of the Afrotropical crab-spider genus Parabomis Kulczyński, 1901 (Araneae: Thomisidae)

FIGURES 1–3. Habitus of live Parabomis spp. 1–2 P. pilosus sp. nov., female; 3 P. martini Lessert, 1919, female. 1–2 courtesy of J. Wilkinson; 3 courtesy of L. Wiese.

FIGURE 3 A–E in Distributional and taxonomic notes on the crab spider genus Talaus Simon, 1886 with description of a new species (Araneae: Thomisidae)

FIGURE 3 A–E. Scanning electron micrographs of Talaus nanus from Indonesia, Kalimantan (RMNH.ARA.17839). A left male palp, ventral/retrolateral view; B cymbium modification of unknown function; C RTA, ventral; D tibial apophyses, ventral; E epigynum, ventral. Scale bars = 20 μm (B–E), 100 μm (A).

FIGURE 5 A, B in Distributional and taxonomic notes on the crab spider genus Talaus Simon, 1886 with description of a new species (Araneae: Thomisidae)

FIGURE 5 A, B. Talaus oblitus from Sri Lanka (OUMNH b1242 t.8). A left palp, ventral; B same, retrolateral. Scale lines = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 4 A–E. A–D in Distributional and taxonomic notes on the crab spider genus Talaus Simon, 1886 with description of a new species (Araneae: Thomisidae)

FIGURE 4 A–E. A–D Talaus nanus from Indonesia, Kalimantan (RMNH.ARA.17839); E T. triangulifer from Indonesia, Kalimantan (RMNH.ARA.17832). A left palp, ventral; B same, retrolateral; C, E epigynum, ventral; D vulva, ventral. Scale lines = 0.2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–E).

FIGURE 1 A–F in Distributional and taxonomic notes on the crab spider genus Talaus Simon, 1886 with description of a new species (Araneae: Thomisidae)

FIGURE 1 A–F. Talaus beccarii sp. nov. A–C male (RMNH.ARA.17837); D–F female (RMNH.ARA.17836) from Malaysia, Borneo, Kinabalu NP. A palp, ventral; B same, retrolateral; C holotype, habitus dorsal; D epigynum, ventral; E vulva, ventral; F female, habitus dorsal. Scale lines = 0.1 mm (C, E), 0.2 mm (A, B), 1.0 mm (C, F).

FIGURE 7 A, B in Distributional and taxonomic notes on the crab spider genus Talaus Simon, 1886 with description of a new species (Araneae: Thomisidae)

FIGURE 7 A, B. Talaus triangulifer (RMNH.ARA.17832). A right palp (flipped horizontally), ventral; B same, retrolateral. Scale lines = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 6 A–D in Distributional and taxonomic notes on the crab spider genus Talaus Simon, 1886 with description of a new species (Araneae: Thomisidae)

FIGURE 6 A–D. Talaus opportunus syntype from Sri Lanka (OUMNH b1239). A left palp, ventral; B same, retrolateral; C epigynum, ventral; D) vulva, ventral view. Scale lines = 0.2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D).

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Data from: Female-limited colour polymorphism in the crab spider Synema globosum (Araneae: Thomisidae)

Conspicuous colour variation, caused by the influence of the environment on phenotype or by genetic differences among individuals, is frequently observed in nature. If genetic in origin, colour variation can facilitate the study of mechanisms that contribute to the maintenance of true polymorphisms. Here we describe, for the first time, the female-limited colour polymorphism in the crab spider, Synema globosum. We looked for associations between life-history traits and female colour morph, and identified potential agents of selection that could influence the maintenance of the polymorphism. Our results showed that the polymorphism is discrete and heritable, and that differences in colour among morphs are likely to be detectable by honeybees, birds, and conspecifics. We found limited evidence of differences among morphs in morphology and ecology, and found no differences in components of reproduction. Based on the lines of evidence obtained in this study, we suggest that selection exerted by prey, predators, and/or mates is likely to influence the maintenance of the polymorphism observed in S. globosum.

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Data from: Dissecting the variation of a visual trait: the proximate basis of UV-Visible reflectance in crab spiders (Thomisidae)

1. The astounding diversity of animal colouration is indicative of a wide variety of selection pressures. Despite great interest in adaptive function, detailed understanding of the constituent elements of colour traits is lacking for many systems. Such information is important in allowing more accurate appraisals of colour variation and its potential production costs. 2. In this study, we 'dissect' the dorsal colour of crab spiders (Thomisidae) to examine the mechanistic basis of a polyphenic colour trait. These spiders possess the ability to alter reflectance in the ultraviolet (UV), violet and blue wavelengths, changing their colour within days. We investigate and compare the proximate mechanistic basis of colour production in multiple phenotypes of three species using histology and spectrophotometry. 3. Our analyses indicate that the spider cuticle is not equivalently transparent to light across the spectrum (300-700 nm) – as previously argued – and contributes to colour variation. UV light is reflected from guanine crystals, present in storage cells ventral to the hypodermis. The crystals are exposed through a partially UV-transmitting hypodermis and cuticle. Variation from white to yellow is likely mediated through pigments/crystals present in different oxidative stages in the hypodermal cells. 4. Simple mechanistic changes are therefore necessary to produce the observed variation, and likely underlie the evolutionary and ontogenetic lability of this trait. Our findings imply that either a UV-reflective abdomen was the ancestral state for crab spiders, or, if pre-dated by UV-absorbent hypodermal pigments, the evolution of UV-reflection has only involved the exposure of underlying guanine crystals through an otherwise clear hypodermis.

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FIGURE 1. Neorhynchoplax yaeyamaensis, new species. a in Neorhynchoplax yaeyamaensis, a new false spider crab (Decapoda: Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae) from the Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

FIGURE 1. Neorhynchoplax yaeyamaensis, new species. a, dorsal view; b, colour in life; c, dorsal view of ovigerous female; d, ventral view of ovigerous female; e, eggs within internal abdominal brood cavity, dorsal view. a, RUMFZC132 (paratype, male, CW 2.3 mm); b, NSMTCr. 15954 (paratype, female, CW 2.7 mm); c–e, RUMFZC134, (paratype, female, CW 3.6 mm).

FIGURE 2. Neorhynchoplax yaeyamaensis, new species. a in Neorhynchoplax yaeyamaensis, a new false spider crab (Decapoda: Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae) from the Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

FIGURE 2. Neorhynchoplax yaeyamaensis, new species. a, carapace; b, chela, right; c, dactylus of second ambulatory leg, left; d, third maxilliped, left; e, male abdomen; f, G1, left. a, b, RUMFZC 132 (paratype, male, CW 2.3 mm); c, RUMFZC24 (holotype, male, CW 3.5 mm); d–f, RUMF ZC133 (paratype, male, CW 2.1 mm). Scales, a–e, 0.5 mm; f, 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Pleistacantha stilipes, a new species of spider crab from the South China Sea (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majidae).

FIGURE 2. Pleistacantha stilipes sp. nov., male holotype (18.1 mm/11.8 mm), Nansha Islands (IOCASSSBV254). A, cephalic region, ventral. B, cephalic region, dorsal. C, interantennular spine, anterior. D, right third maxilliped. E, right chela. F, abdomen. G, left P4 dactylus. H, right P5 dactylus. I, right first gonopod, abdominal view. J, apex of right first gonopod, sternal view. Scale A–G = 2 mm, H–J = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Pleistacantha stilipes, a new species of spider crab from the South China Sea (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majidae).

FIGURE 1. Pleistacantha stilipes sp. nov., male holotype (18.1 mm/11.8 mm), Nansha Islands (IOCASSSBV254). A, dorsal view. B, right lateral view. C, dorsal carapace. D, anterior ventral view.

FIGURES 6–12 in Redescription of Australian crab spider Diaea pulleinei Rainbow, 1915 (Araneae: Thomisidae)

FIGURES 6–12. Female of Diaea pulleinei. 6, prosoma, frontal view; 7, prosoma, lateral view; 8, prosoma, ventral view (sternum, labium, maxillae); 9, epigynum (arrow indicates copulatory opening); 10, vulval structures; 11, habitus, dorsal view; 12, optional opisthosoma pattern. Scale bar of Figs 6–8, 11–12 = 1 mm, scale bar of Figs 9–10 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 1–5 in Redescription of Australian crab spider Diaea pulleinei Rainbow, 1915 (Araneae: Thomisidae)

FIGURES 1–5. Male of Diaea pulleinei. 1, habitus, dorsal view; 2, optional opisthosoma pattern; 3, left leg I; 4, left palpus, ventral view; 5, left palpus, lateral view. Scale bar of Figs 1–3 = 1 mm, scale bar of Figs 4–5 = 100 µm.

FIGURE 5. Left G1s. B, C in On a new genus and new species of deep-water spider crab from the Philippines (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Majidae)

FIGURE 5. Left G1s. B, C, Kasagia arbastoi, new species, male paratype (12.6 x 9.2 mm) (ZRC); A Eurynome aspera, male (12.4 x 11.5 mm) (ZRC 1988.665). Scales = 5.0 mm.

FIGURE 4. A, B in On a new genus and new species of deep-water spider crab from the Philippines (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Majidae)

FIGURE 4. A, B, buccal cavern and face; C, D, outer view of chela. A, C, Kasagia arbastoi, new species, male paratype (12.6 x 9.2 mm) (ZRC); B, D, Eurynome aspera, male (12.4 x 11.5 mm) (ZRC 1988.665).