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Figure 3 in Integrative insect taxonomy based on morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and hyperspectral reflectance profiling

Figure 3. Male: A–H, Bundera pellucida Li & Wang, 2001; I–P, Bundera sp. 4; Q–X, Bundera sp. 3. A, I, Q, habitus, dorsal view; B, J, R, habitus, lateral view; C, K, S, head, dorsal view; D, L, T, face; E, M, U, pygofer, lateral view; F, N, V, aedeagal, lateral view; G, O, W, aedeagal, ventral view; H, P, X, connective and style, ventral view.

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Figure 1 in Integrative insect taxonomy based on morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and hyperspectral reflectance profiling

Figure 1. Average reflectance profiles and dorsal habitus of the seven species included in this study.

Figures 7–10 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figures 7–10. Global distribution of material examined (grey spots) and successfully sequenced (black spots) for Bombus personatus, and for the species of the melanurus group. The inset scatter plots show activity by phenology (x-axis: day of the year, letters refer to months) and elevation (y-axis: metres).

Figure 103 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 103. Distribution of the principal colour patterns of Bombus subterraneus. White spots show specimens with bands of white hair on the thoracic dorsum (Figs 39, 40, 84; dlabolai); grey spots show specimens with bands of yellow hair on the thoracic dorsum (Figs 41–45, 85–88; latreillellus); black spots show female specimens with no obvious bands of pale hair on the thoracic dorsum (Figs 46, 47; subterraneus s.s.; males from this region have yellow bands). Introductions to New Zealand are not shown.

Figure 3 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 3. Estimate of phylogeny for all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of a single consensus CO1 barcode sequence for each species (derived from the sequences in Figure 2), from a consensus of 18 002 sample trees after burn-in. The out-group (Bombus haemorrhoidalis, not shown) was chosen using the results of Cameron et al. (2007). Values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities (see Fig. 2). The scale bar represents 0.02 expected substitutions per nucleotide site.

Figure 106 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 106. Estimate of the phylogeny for all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of the total evidence of 658 CO1 nucleotides, reduced to consensus sequences for each species, and of 27 morphological characters for the species (Fig. 4), but with morphological character-state changes (Appendix 1) optimized with WINCLADA (ASADO v.1.7; http://www.cladistics.com, accessed 2009): numbers above the branches are the character numbers; numbers below the branches are the character-state changes; solid squares show unique character-state changes; open squares show parallel or reverse character-state changes.

Figure 6 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 6. Global distribution of sample sites indicated as coloured spots, with the colours showing the elevation (scale at left). Cartesian orthonormal projection (as for the following maps): north at the top of the map.

Figures 11–13 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figures 11–13. Global distribution of material examined (grey spots) and successfully sequenced (black spots) for the species of the fragrans group. The inset scatter plots show activity by phenology (x-axis: day of the year, letters refer to months) and elevation (y-axis: metres).

Figure 4 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 4. Estimate of phylogeny for all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of 27 morphological characters (excluding autapomorphies, data in Appendix 1) from a consensus of 18 002 sample trees after burn-in. The out-group (Bombus haemorrhoidalis, not shown) was chosen using the results of Cameron et al. (2007). Values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities (see Fig. 2). The scale bar represents 0.06 expected state changes per character.

Figure 99. A biogeographic scenario for all 11 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 99. A biogeographic scenario for all 11 species of Subterraneobombus by dispersal–vicariance analysis with DIVA using the tree from Figure 5 as an estimate of the phylogeny. Shaded branches above show simplified reconstructions of the ancestral distributions for each of the nodes that they precede (where area reconstructions are ambiguous, the more inclusive/widespread solution is accepted). See the text for details of the area units.

Figure 5 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 5. Estimate of phylogeny for all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of the total evidence of 658 CO1 nucleotides (Fig. 2), reduced to a single consensus sequence for each species, in combination with the 27 morphological characters for the species (Fig. 4), from a consensus of 18 002 sample trees after burn-in. The out-group (Bombus haemorrhoidalis, not shown) was chosen using the results of Cameron et al. (2007). Values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities (see Fig. 2). The scale bar represents 0.02 expected changes per nucleotide site or character.

Figure 2 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 2. Estimate of phylogeny for 212 samples of all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of CO1 barcode data (frame length 658 nucleotides, sequence data available from BOLD, specimen data available from the DB#) from a consensus of 36 002 sample trees after burn-in. The out-group (Bombus haemorrhoidalis) was chosen using the results of Cameron et al. (2007). The codes following the taxon names are the four-figure specimen identifiers (DB#), or longer IDs from BOLD, with country abbreviations: BUL, Bulgaria; CAN, Canada; CHN, China; FRA, France; IND, India; IRN, Iran; KAZ, Kazakhstan; KYR, Kyrgyzstan; MON, Mongolia; NEP, Nepal; NZL, New Zealand; POL, Poland; RUS, Russia; SWE, Sweden; SYR, Syria; THA, Thailand; TUR, Turkey; UKB, Britain; USA, United States of America. Values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities for groups (groups with values of less than 0.9 are considered unreliable); values of less than 0.5 within species have been removed. Asterisks mark individuals from sites closest to the type localities of the primary types for each of the species names, which were regarded as informal proxies for types when applying names within this analysis. The scale bar represents 0.3 expected substitutions per nucleotide site.

Figure 1 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 1. Estimate of phylogeny for eight of the 11 Subterraneobombus species (vouchers identified by PW) by Bayesian analysis of five genes (opsin, EF-1a, arginine kinase, PEPCK, and 16S) from Cameron et al. (2007), with divergence times estimated by Hines (2008) (the time scale is in millions of years before the present; values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities/parsimony bootstrap values). Redrawn from Hines (2008).

Figure 7 in Integrating DNA and morphological taxonomy to describe diversity in poorly studied microscopic animals: new species of the genus Abrochtha Bryce, 1910 (Rotifera: Bdelloidea: Philodinavidae)

Figure 7. Scanning electron microscopy picture of trophi of Abrochtha sonneborni sp. nov. in caudal view. Scale bar = 10 Mm.

Figure 6 in Integrating DNA and morphological taxonomy to describe diversity in poorly studied microscopic animals: new species of the genus Abrochtha Bryce, 1910 (Rotifera: Bdelloidea: Philodinavidae)

Figure 6. Abrochtha kingi sp. nov.: scanning electron microscopy pictures of details of body morphology. A, head, ventrolateral view; B, antenna; C, foot; D, rostrum; E, epidermis. Scale bars = 10 Mm (A), 5 Mm (B–D), 2 Mm (E).

Figure 5. A in Integrating DNA and morphological taxonomy to describe diversity in poorly studied microscopic animals: new species of the genus Abrochtha Bryce, 1910 (Rotifera: Bdelloidea: Philodinavidae)

Figure 5. A, Abrochtha kingi sp. nov.: habitus in dorsal view. B, Abrochtha sonneborni sp. nov.: habitus in dorsal view. Scale bar = 50 Mm.

Figure 4 in Integrating DNA and morphological taxonomy to describe diversity in poorly studied microscopic animals: new species of the genus Abrochtha Bryce, 1910 (Rotifera: Bdelloidea: Philodinavidae)

Figure 4. Scanning electron microscopy pictures of trophi of Abrochtha meselsoni sp. nov. (A, B) and Abrochtha kingi sp. nov. (C, D). A, C, caudal view; B, D, cephalic view. Scale bar = 5 Mm.

Figure 2 in Integrating DNA and morphological taxonomy to describe diversity in poorly studied microscopic animals: new species of the genus Abrochtha Bryce, 1910 (Rotifera: Bdelloidea: Philodinavidae)

Figure 2. Abrochtha meselsoni sp. nov. A, habitus in dorsal view; B, lateral view. Scale bar = 50 Mm.

Figure 1. Best selected tree from a maximum likelihood reconstruction for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I in Integrating DNA and morphological taxonomy to describe diversity in poorly studied microscopic animals: new species of the genus Abrochtha Bryce, 1910 (Rotifera: Bdelloidea: Philodinavidae)

Figure 1. Best selected tree from a maximum likelihood reconstruction for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I data set under the general time reversible model with gamma distribution, displaying all compatible groupings and with average branch lengths proportional to numbers of substitutions per site, indicated by the scale bar. Bootstrap support values above 80% are shown below each branch; posterior probabilities above 0.8 from 36 000 sampled trees from the Bayesian analysis are shown above each branch. Support values for within-species relationships are not shown. Filled circles indicate clades (and singlets) identified by the 4¥ rule; open diamonds indicate clades (and singlets) identified by the generalized mixed yule coalescent model. Names refer to the species and the clonal populations.

Figure 3 in Integrating DNA and morphological taxonomy to describe diversity in poorly studied microscopic animals: new species of the genus Abrochtha Bryce, 1910 (Rotifera: Bdelloidea: Philodinavidae)

Figure 3. Abrochtha meselsoni sp. nov. Scanning electron microscopy pictures of details of body morphology. A, habitus, lateral view; B, head; C, foot; D, antenna; E, rostrum; F, epidermis. Scale bars = 25 Mm (A), 10 Mm (B, E), 5 Mm (C, D), 2 Mm (F).