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Figure 3. Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 in Redescription of Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 (Copepoda: Caligidae) parasitic on two elasmobranch hosts off Okinawa-jima Island, Japan

Figure 3. Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943, adult female (A–C) and adult male (D–G). (A) Left leg 3, ventral; (B) left leg 4, ventral; (C) left leg 5, ventral; (D) habitus, dorsal; (E) right antenna, ventral; (F) left maxillule (MX1) and postoral process (POP), ventral; (G) left maxilliped (arrowhead indicates ornamentation on myxal area), posterior. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B = 100 µm; C, E–G = 50 µm; D = 400 µm.

Figure 1. Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 in Redescription of Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 (Copepoda: Caligidae) parasitic on two elasmobranch hosts off Okinawa-jima Island, Japan

Figure 1. Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943, adult female. (A) Habitus, dorsal; (B) junction of genital complex and abdomen (gp, gonopore; s, spermatophore; arrowhead, copulatory pore), ventral; (C) left caudal ramus, ventral; (D) right antennule, ventral; (E) right antenna, ventral; (F) right postantennal process, ventral; (G) right mandible, posterior; (H) right maxillule, ventral. Scale bars: A = 1.00 mm; B, D, E, H = 100 µm; C, F, G = 50 µm.

Figure 6. Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 in Redescription of Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 (Copepoda: Caligidae) parasitic on two elasmobranch hosts off Okinawa-jima Island, Japan

Figure 6. Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 infections on an Alfred manta Manta alfredi (Krefft, 1868) held in a sea pen off the western coastline of Okinawa-jima Island, Japan. (A) Clusters of L. acutus (indicated by arrowheads) around the mouth and on the left cephalic fin of M. alfredi (no. 22) on 15 November 2009; and (B) large lesion (indicated by arrowhead) on the dorsal body surface of M. alfredi (no. 22) caused by L. acutus on 15 November 2009.

Figure 4. Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 in Redescription of Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 (Copepoda: Caligidae) parasitic on two elasmobranch hosts off Okinawa-jima Island, Japan

Figure 4. Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943, adult male (A, B, E, F) and adult female (C, D). (A) Sternal furca, ventral; (B) right legs 5 and 6 with detail of distolateral corner of genital operculum, ventral; (C) endopod of right leg 1, anterior; (D) sternal furca, dorsal; (E) endopod of left leg 3, ventral; (F) distolateral corner of left genital operculum, ventral. Scale bars: A, B, E = 50 µm; C = 25 µm; D = 100 µm; F = 20 µm.

Figure 7. Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 in Redescription of Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 (Copepoda: Caligidae) parasitic on two elasmobranch hosts off Okinawa-jima Island, Japan

Figure 7. Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 infections on the whale shark Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828 held in sea pens off the western coastline of Okinawa-jima Island, Japan. (A) Two ovigerous females of L. acutus (indicated by arrowheads) on the right eye of R. typus (no. 27) on 28 April 2010; and (B) cluster of L. acutus (two individuals in this cluster indicated by arrowheads) associated with a lesion on the dorsal body surface of R. typus (no. 33) on 5 October 2009.

Figure 2. Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 in Redescription of Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 (Copepoda: Caligidae) parasitic on two elasmobranch hosts off Okinawa-jima Island, Japan

Figure 2. Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943, adult female. (A) Left maxilla, anterior; (B) left maxilliped, posterior; (C) sternal furca, ventral; (D) right leg 1 with detail of endopod tip and apical armature elements on second exopodal segment, anterior; (E) right leg 2, anterior. Scale bars: A–D = 100 µm; E = 200 µm.

Figure 35 in Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pectoral articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

Figure 35. Molecular hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships amongst extant elasmobranchs modified from Naylor et al. (2012a) with the distribution of the ten pectoral articular conditions proposed in the present paper (constructed using parsimony and unordered characters options in MESQUITE).

Figure 32 in Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pectoral articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

Figure 32. Pectoral girdle and fin of Hexanchus griseus (CAS uncatalogued, male, 1300 mm total length). A, right lateral oblique view of base of scapula depicting pectoral articular region. B, proximal surface of pectoral basals. C, left lateral view of pectoral girdle. D, rear view of pectoral girdle. E, frontal view of pectoral girdle. F, ventral view of pectoral girdle. G, ventral view of right pectoral fin. Illustrations not to scale. In A–C and G anterior to left; in F anterior to top. Anatomical abbreviations: cor, coracoid bar; df, diazonal foramen; dr, distal radial; fms, facet for mesopterygium; fmt, facet for metapterygium; fpr, facet for propterygium; mes, mesopterygium; mr, medial radial; mtp, metapterygium; pr, proximal radial; pro, propterygium; ptp, posterior triangular process of coracoid bar; scl, scapula; scp, scapular process.

Figure 29 in Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pectoral articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

Figure 29. Pectoral girdle and fin of Carcharhinus galapagensis (CAS uncatalogued, female, 545 mm total length). A, proximal surface of pectoral basals. B, right lateral view of base of scapula depicting pectoral articular region. C, right lateral view of pectoral girdle. D, right posterior view of base of scapula showing pectoral articular region. E, ventral view of pectoral girdle. F, ventral view of right pectoral fin. Illustrations not to scale. In A–C anterior to right; in E and F anterior to top. Anatomical abbreviations: cor, coracoid bar; df, diazonal foramen; dr, distal radial; fms, facet for mesopterygium; fmt, facet for metapterygium; fpr, facet for propterygium; mes, mesopterygium; mr, medial radial; mtp, metapterygium; pr, proximal radial; pro, propterygium; scl, scapula; scp, scapular process.

Figure 30 in Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pectoral articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

Figure 30. Pectoral girdle and fin of Mustelus canis (ANSP 178683, female, 500 mm total length). A, proximal surface of pectoral basals. B, left lateral view of base of scapula depicting pectoral articular region. C, left lateral view of pectoral girdle. D, left lateral view of scapula. E, ventral view of pectoral girdle. F, ventral view of left pectoral fin. Illustrations not to scale. In A–D anterior to left; in E and F anterior to top. Anatomical abbreviations: cor, coracoid bar; df, diazonal foramen; dr, distal radial; fms, facet for mesopterygium; fmt, facet for metapterygium; fpr, facet for propterygium; mes, mesopterygium; mr, medial radial; mtp, metapterygium; pr, proximal radial; pro, propterygium; scl, scapula; scp, scapular process.

Figure 34 in Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pectoral articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

Figure 34. Morphological hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships amongst extant elasmobranchs modified from Shirai (1996) with the distribution of the ten pectoral articular conditions proposed in the present paper (constructed using parsimony and unordered characters options in MESQUITE).

Figure 28 in Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pectoral articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

Figure 28. Pectoral girdle and fin of Isurus oxyrinchus (USNM 201733, female, 745 mm total length). A, left lateral view of base of scapula depicting pectoral articular region. B, proximal surface of pectoral basals. C, ventral view of coracoid bar. D, left lateral view of pectoral girdle. E, ventral view of left pectoral fin. Illustrations not to scale. In A, B, D, and E anterior to left; in C anterior to top. Anatomical abbreviations: cor, coracoid bar; df, diazonal foramen; dr, distal radial; fms+fmt, facet for mesopterygium and metapterygium; fpr, facet for propterygium; mes, mesopterygium; mr, medial radial; mtp, metapterygium; pr, proximal radial; pro, propterygium; scl, scapula; scp, scapular process.

Figure 26 in Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pectoral articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

Figure 26. Pectoral fin and girdle of Chlamydoselachus anguineus (MZUSP 110974, male, 1345 mm total length). A, left rear view of base of scapula depicting pectoral articular region. B, proximal surface of pectoral basals. C, left lateral view of pectoral girdle. D, rear view of pectoral girdle. E, frontal view of pectoral girdle. F, ventral view of pectoral girdle. G, ventral view of left pectoral fin. Illustrations not to scale. In A–C and G anterior to left; in F anterior to top. Anatomical abbreviations: cor, coracoid bar; df, diazonal foramen; dr, distal radial; fpr, facet for propterygium; mes, mesopterygium; mr, medial radial; msc+mtc, condyle for mesopterygium and metapterygium; mtp, metapterygium; pr, proximal radial; pro, propterygium; ptp, posterior triangular process of coracoid bar; scl, scapula; scp, scapular process.

Figure 31 in Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pectoral articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

Figure 31. Pectoral girdle and fin of Notorynchus cepedianus (CAS 12653, male, 620 mm total length). A, proximal surface of pectoral basals. B, right lateral oblique view of base of scapula depicting pectoral articular region. C, right lateral view of pectoral girdle. D, right posterior view of scapula showing pectoral articular region. E, ventral view of pectoral girdle. F, ventral view of left pectoral fin. Illustrations not to scale. In A–D anterior to right; in E anterior to top; in F anterior to left. Anatomical abbreviations: cor, coracoid bar; df, diazonal foramen; dr, distal radial; fms, facet for mesopterygium; fmt, facet for metapterygium; fpr, facet for propterygium; mes, mesopterygium; mr, medial radial; mtp, metapterygium; pr, proximal radial; pro, propterygium; ptp, posterior triangular process of coracoid bar; scl, scapula; scp, scapular process; stn, sternum.

Figure 25 in Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pectoral articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

Figure 25. Pectoral girdle and fin of Squalus megalops (MZUSP 110973, female, 512 mm total length). A, right rear view of base of scapula depicting pectoral articular region. B, proximal surface of pectoral basals. C, right lateral view of pectoral girdle. D, frontal view of pectoral girdle. E, rear view of pectoral girdle. F, ventral view of pectoral girdle. G, ventral view of left pectoral fin. Illustrations not to scale. In B anterior to left; in C anterior to right; in F and G anterior to top. Anatomical abbreviations: cor, coracoid bar; df, diazonal foramen; dr, distal radial; fpr, facet for propterygium; mes, mesopterygium; mr, medial radial; msc+mtc, condyle for mesopterygium and metapterygium; mtp, metapterygium; pr, proximal radial; pro, propterygium; ptp, posterior triangular process of coracoid bar; scl, scapula; scp, scapular process.

Figure 23 in Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pectoral articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

Figure 23. Pectoral girdle and fin of Urolophus halleri (CAS 17327, female, 190 m disc width). A, left lateral oblique view of scapula depicting anterior pectoral articular region. B, proximal surface of pectoral basals. C, left lateral view of scapula showing pectoral articular region. D, dorsal view of pectoral girdle. E, ventral view of pectoral girdle. F, ventral view of left pectoral fin. Illustrations not to scale. In A–C and F anterior to left; in D and E anterior to top. Anatomical abbreviations: adf, anterodorsal fenestra; avf, anteroventral fenestra; cor, coracoid bar; dr, distal radial; fct, additional supporting facet for propterygium; mes, mesopterygium; mr, medial radial; msc, mesocondyle; mtc, metacondyle; mtp, metapterygium; pc, procondyle; pfs, pectoral fossa of scapular process; pr, proximal radial; pro, propterygium; pvf, posteroventral fenestra; scp, scapular process.

Figure 22 in Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pectoral articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

Figure 22. Pectoral girdle and fin of Cruriraja rugosa (USNM 222270, female, 225 mm disc width). A, right lateral view of scapula. B, right lateral view of scapula in closer view depicting pectoral articular region. C, proximal surface of pectoral basals. D, dorsal view of pectoral girdle. E, ventral view of pectoral girdle. F, ventral view of left pectoral fin. Illustrations not to scale. In A and B anterior to right; in C and F anterior to left; in D and E anterior to top. Anatomical abbreviations: adf, anterodorsal fenestra; cor, coracoid bar; dr, distal radial; mes, mesopterygium; mr, medial radial; msc, mesocondyle; mtc, metacondyle; mtp, metapterygium; pc, procondyle; pdf, posterodorsal fenestra; pr, proximal radial; pro, propterygium; pvf, posteroventral fenestra; scp, scapular process.

Figure 20 in Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pectoral articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

Figure 20. Pectoral girdle and fin of Sympterygia acuta (MZUSP uncatalogued, female, 256 mm disc width). A, right lateral view of scapula. B, right lateral oblique view of scapula depicting pectoral articular region. C, proximal surface of pectoral basals. D, ventral view of pectoral girdle. E, dorsal view of pectoral girdle. F, ventral view of right pectoral fin. Illustrations not to scale. In A–C and F anterior to right; in D and E anterior to top. Anatomical abbreviations: adf, anterodorsal fenestra; avf, anteroventral fenestra; cor, coracoid bar; dr, distal radial; mes, mesopterygium; mr, medial radial; msc, mesocondyle; mtc, metacondyle; mtp, metapterygium; pc, procondyle; pfm, pectoral foramina; pr, proximal radial; pro, propterygium; pvf, posteroventral fenestra; scp, scapular process; ssc, suprascapula.

Figure 33 in Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pectoral articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

Figure 33. Pectoral girdle and fin of Squalus acanthias (HUMZ 30291, male, 575 mm total length). A, left lateral view of base of scapula depicting pectoral articular region. B, proximal surface of pectoral basals. C, rear view of pectoral girdle. D, ventral view of left pectoral fin. Illustrations not to scale. In A anterior to left; in B anterior to right; in D anterior to top. Anatomical abbreviations: cor, coracoid bar; df, diazonal foramen; dr, distal radial; fpr, facet for propterygium; mes, mesopterygium; mr, medial radial; msc, mesocondyle; mtp, metapterygium; pr, proximal radial; pro, propterygium; ptp, posterior triangular process of coracoid bar; scl, scapula; scp, scapular process.

Figure 18 in Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the pectoral articular region in elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

Figure 18. Pectoral girdle and fin of Rhinobatos horkelii (MZUSP uncatalogued, female, 468 mm total length). A, left lateral view of scapula depicting pectoral articular region. B, proximal surface of pectoral basals. C, left lateral view of entire scapula. D, frontal view of pectoral girdle. E, rear view of pectoral girdle. F, dorsal view of pectoral girdle. G, ventral view of pectoral girdle. H, ventral view of left pectoral fin. Illustrations not to scale. In A–C and H anterior to left; in F and G anterior to top. Anatomical abbreviations: adf, anterodorsal fenestra; avf, anteroventral fenestra; cor, coracoid bar; dr, distal radial; mes, mesopterygium; mr, medial radial; msc, mesocondyle; mtc, metacondyle; mtp, metapterygium; pc, procondyle; pdf, posterodorsal fenestra; pr, proximal radial; pro, propterygium; pvf, posteroventral fenestra; scp, scapular process; ssc, suprascapula.