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2,817 results for “Fats”
Feeding foliar nano-selenium biofortified Panax notoginseng could reduce the occurrence of glycolipid metabolism disorder in mice caused by high-fat diets
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Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis prevents high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in mice by gut-liver axis modulating properties
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Data of multiple different high-fat diets
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Data from: Experimental increase in fecundity causes upregulation of fecundity and body maintenance genes in the fat body of ant queens
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Data from: Higher fat stores contribute to persistence of little brown bat populations with white-nose syndrome
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Dietary fat supplements influence weight gain and egg production but not offspring sex ratios in Japanese quail
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Type I fiber decrease and ectopic fat accumulation in skeletal muscle from women with PCOS
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High-fat and high-sugar diets induce rapid adaptations of fat storage in the house fly Musca domestica L
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Untargeted LC–MS metabolomics reveals an adverse effect of high-fat diet on hepatic metabolism of Oreochromis niloticus
<p>Hepatic steatosis commonly occurs in intensively farmed tilapia. This disease is harmful to fish growth and health, but knowledge of the metabolic changes in tilapia with fatty liver is limited. In the present study, we compared genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, <em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>) fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with those fed a normal-fat diet (NFD) for 8 weeks using LC-MS-based hepatic metabolomic assays and traditional nutritional assessments. Juvenile GIFT fed a HFD displayed higher fat disposition in the liver than did those fed a NFD. The metabolomic analyses revealed 61 differentially accumulated metabolites between the groups, and these metabolites were involved in 37 signaling pathways. Our results illustrate the development of metabolic disorders related to various hepatic biological processes, including protein metabolism, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism in HFD-fed GIFT. These physiological changes may be related to the lower growth rate of GIFT. Overall, our study reveals the metabolic disorders in GIFT fed HFD, and enhance our knowledge of the mechanism of fatty liver formation in GIFT.</p>
Data from: Transcriptome analysis reveals nutrition‐ and age‐related patterns of gene expression in the fat body of pre‐overwintering bumble bee queens
<p>Many diapausing insects undergo a nutrient storage period prior to their entry into diapause. Bumble bee queens diapause as adults in the winter preceding their spring nest initiation period. Before diapause, they sequester glycogen and lipids, which they metabolize during the overwintering period. We used RNA sequencing to examine how age and nectar diet (specifically, the concentration of sucrose in nectar) impact gene expression in the pre-overwintering bumble bee queen fat body, the "liver-like" organ in insects with broad functions related to nutrient storage and metabolism. We found that diet on its own, and in combination with age, impacts the expression of genes involved in detoxification. Age was also a strong driver of gene expression, especially at earlier ages (up to 3 days). In addition to these molecular correlates of diet and age, we also found a putative molecular signature of diapause entry or preparation in adult queens in the oldest age group (12 days) fed the most sucrose-rich diet, based on comparisons between our data set and another transcriptome data set from bumble bee queens. This transcriptomic pattern suggests that preparation for (or entry into) diapause might be in part mediated by nutritional state in bumble bee queens. Collectively, these findings show that there are molecular processes in the fat body that are responsive to sucrose levels in the diet and/or associated with age-related maturational changes. A better understanding of these processes may shed light on important aspects of bumble bee biology, such as queen responses to nutritional and other forms of stress, and the factors that regulate their entrance into diapause.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary relationship of fat body endoreduplication and queen fecundity in termites
Endoreduplication or nuclear genome replication without cell division is widely observed in the metabolically active tissues of plants and animals. The fat body cells of adult female insects produce abundant yolk proteins and become polyploid, which is assumed to accelerate egg production. Recently, it was reported that in termites, endopolyploidy in the fat body occurs only in queens but not in the other females; however, the relationship between the fecundity and ploidy level in the fat body remains unclear. Termite queens exhibit a huge variation in their egg producing capacity among different species; queens in the species with a foraging lifestyle, in which workers leave the nest to forage outside, are much more fecund than those in the species living in a single piece of wood. In this study, we conducted ploidy analyses on three foraging and three wood-dwelling termites via flow cytometry. In all the species, the fat body of queens contained significantly more polyploid cells than that of other nonreproductive females, considering their body size effect. However, the male fat body, which is not involved in yolk production, did not show consistency in polyploid cell numbers among the species studied. Moreover, highly fecund queens in foraging termites exhibit higher levels of endopolyploidy in their fat body than those with less fecundity in wood-dwelling termites. These results suggest that endopolyploidy in the fat body of termite queens can boost their egg production, and the level of endopolyploidy in their fat body is linked to their fecundity. Our study provides a novel insight into the evolutionary relationship between endoreduplication and caste specialization in social insects.
The association of lactation duration with visceral and pericardial fat volumes in parous women: 25-year follow-up in the CARDIA study
<p><strong>Background</strong>: Lactation is associated with lower risks for diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. Organ-related adiposity, which plays a significant role in the development of cardiometabolic diseases, could help explain this observation. Therefore, we evaluated the longitudinal association of lactation duration with visceral and pericardial fat volumes in women.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Data were obtained from 910 women enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (1985-86) without diabetes prior to pregnancy who had ≥1 birth during 25 years of follow-up and had visceral (VAT) and pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) measured from computed tomographic scans in 2010-2011. Cumulative lactation duration across all births since baseline was calculated from self-reports collected at periodic exams.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: At baseline, the average age of women (48% black, 52% white) was 24 ± 3.7 years. After controlling for baseline age, race, smoking status, body mass index, fasting glucose, family history of diabetes, fat intake, total cholesterol, physical activity and follow-up covariates (parity, gestational diabetes), the mean fat volumes across categories of lactation (none (n=221), 1 to 5 months (n=306), 6 to 11 months (n=210), and ≥12 months (n=173)) were 122.0, 113.7 105.0, and 110.1 cm3 for VAT and 52.2, 46.7, 44.5 and 43.4 cm3 for PAT, respectively. No race differences were detected. Changes in body weight from the first post-baseline birth to the end of follow-up mediated 21% and 18% of the associations of lactation with VAT and PAT, respectively.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: In this prospective study, longer cumulative lactation duration was associated with lower VAT and PAT volumes, with weight gain partially mediating these associations.</p>
Experimental increase in fecundity causes upregulation of fecundity and body maintenance genes in the fat body of ant queens
<p>In most organisms, fecundity and longevity are negatively associated and the molecular regulation of these two life history traits is highly interconnected. In addition, nutrient intake often has opposing effects on lifespan and reproduction. In contrast to solitary insects, the main reproductive individual of social hymenopterans, the queen, is also the most long-lived. During development, queen larvae are well-nourished, but we are only beginning to understand the impact of nutrition on the queens' adult life and the molecular regulation and connectivity of fecundity and longevity. Here, we used two experimental manipulations to alter queen fecundity in the ant <i>Temnothorax rugatulus</i> and investigated associated changes in fat body gene expression. Egg removal triggered a fecundity increase, leading to expression changes in genes with functions in fecundity such as oogenesis and body maintenance. Dietary restriction lowered the egg production of queens and altered the expression of genes linked to autophagy, Toll signalling, cellular homeostasis, and immunity. Our study reveals that an experimental increase in fecundity causes the co-activation of reproduction and body maintenance mechanisms, shedding light on the molecular regulation of the link between longevity and fecundity in social insects.</p>
Data from: Rapid mobilization of abdominal fat in migrating eared grebes
Eared grebes Podiceps nigricollis, like shorebirds and other long-distance migrants, lay down large amounts of fat to power their journeys. To investigate the pattern of how fat and soft tissue might be mobilized, we used grebes killed in migration and applied computed tomography to reconstruct how stores in the chest, thorax, and abdomen were reduced as body weight decreased. Fat and soft tissue were each mobilized at a constant rate through the entire migration. Fat stores in birds embarking on migration were greater in the abdomen than thorax than chest. In contrast to previous studies indicating that abdominal fat was mobilized first, we found that fat from all areas was mobilized concurrently, but that abdominal fat was catabolized at a greater rate. We suggest why this pattern might be advantageous, consider whether inter-depot differences in fat composition might be involved, and note possible energetic consequences. Whether our findings pertain to other obese or long distance migrants remains to be determined.
Data from: Fat in the leg: function of the expanded hind leg in gasteruptiid wasps (Hymenoptera: Gasteruptiidae)
Among some of the most unusual traits of the gasteruptiid wasps is their unique hovering flight and the expansion of their hind tibiae. Tibial expansions in female parasitoid hymenopterans often involve an enlarged sensory structure for vibration detection, the subgenual organ, thus enabling refined substrate-borne detection of concealed hosts. In the present paper, we utilize a combination of microscopy, chemical analysis, gene expression, and behavior to explore the function of the expanded hind tibia of gasteruptiid wasps. We find that the expanded hind tibia of gasteruptiids is filled largely with fat body, a cell cluster thought not typically to occur in insect legs. Based on its position relative to flexible tibial structures and the subgenual organ, the gasteruptiid tibial fat body may function to amplify vibrational signals. We show the tibial fat body to be filled with both trophocytes and, depending on gasteruptiid lineage, oenocytes. Transcriptomics reveals enrichment for fat-related genes more than expected in an insect leg and raises several additional possibilities for functions of fat in the leg including detoxification. Finally, our flight observations support the hypothesis that this structure may also function in balance and maneuvering in the unusual leg-dangling flight behavior of this wasp.
Data from: A functional regulatory variant of MYH3 influences muscle fiber-type composition and intramuscular fat content in pigs
Muscle development and lipid accumulation in muscle critically affect meat quality in livestock. Yet, the underlying genetic factors for myofiber-type specification and intramuscular fat (IMF) accumulation remain to be elucidated. Using two independent intercrosses between Western breeds and Korean native pigs (KNPs) and a joint linkage-linkage disequilibrium analysis, we here identified a 488.1-kb region on porcine chromosome 12 that affects both reddish meat color (a*) and IMF. In this critical region, only the MYH3 gene, encoding myosin heavy chain 3, was found to be preferentially overexpressed in the skeletal muscle in KNPs. Subsequently, MYH3-transgenic mice demonstrated that this gene controls both myofiber-type specification and adipogenesis in skeletal muscle. We discovered a structural variant in the promotor/regulatory region of MYH3 for which Q allele carriers exhibited significantly higher values of a* and IMF than q allele carriers. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation and co-transfection assays showed the structural variant in the 5'-UTR of MYH3 abrogated binding of the myogenic regulatory factors (MYF5, MYOD, MYOG, and MRF4). The allele distribution of the MYH3 among worldwide pig populations indicated that the MYH3 Q allele is of Asian origin and likely predates domestication. In conclusion, we identified a functional regulatory sequence variant in the porcine MYH3 that provides novel insights into the genetic basis of the regulation of myofiber type ratios and associated changes in IMF in pigs. The MYH3 variant can play an important role to improve pork quality in current breeding programs.
Data from: Fat and happy in the city: eastern chipmunks in urban environments
Cities are rapidly expanding, and wildlife may experience different selection pressures in urban environments when compared to natural habitats. Phenotypic differences between urban and natural populations may occur because of the altered urban environment. Behavior, the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and body condition can be expected to differ between urban and natural habitats. We used the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) to test for differences in behavior assayed from an open field test, hair and fecal cortisol concentrations, and body condition (size-corrected body mass), predicting that urban chipmunks would exhibit more exploratory behavior, higher cortisol concentrations, and higher body condition, than their counterparts from natural habitats. We sampled eastern chipmunks in 2 urban areas paired with natural habitats and subjected adult chipmunks to an open field test, collected hair and fecal samples for the determination of cortisol concentrations, and measured body size and body mass to estimate body condition. Eastern chipmunks in urban habitats had significantly different behavior, tending toward reduced locomotion and grooming, and greater latency, than their counterparts from natural habitats. Urban chipmunks also had lower fecal cortisol concentrations than those from natural habitats, and female chipmunks were in better body condition when captured in urban habitats. These results suggest that urban habitats may be relatively benign for urban chipmunks, perhaps because of reduced need for exploration and the availability of anthropogenic food subsidies associated with urban environments.
FIGURE 2. A in Phyllodistomum centropomi sp. n. (Digenea: Gorgoderidae), a parasite of the fat snook, Centropomus parallelus (Osteichthyes: Centropomidae), in the Papaloapan River at Tlacotalpan, Veracruz State, Mexico
FIGURE 2. A) Scanning Electron Microscopy of the of the forebody of P. centropomi, showing genital pore. B) Oral sucker showing the stylet scar. C) Ventral sucker showing 2 internal domelike papillae. D) Higher magnification of body surface showing a domelike papillae.
FIGURE 1. Phyllodistomum centropomi n in Phyllodistomum centropomi sp. n. (Digenea: Gorgoderidae), a parasite of the fat snook, Centropomus parallelus (Osteichthyes: Centropomidae), in the Papaloapan River at Tlacotalpan, Veracruz State, Mexico
FIGURE 1. Phyllodistomum centropomi n. sp. A) Holotype, ventral view, scalebar: 100 µm. B) Paratype, detail of the terminal ends of the reproductive tracts, scalebar: 10 µm. C = Ceca, MI = muscular indentations, O = Ovary, OS = Oral sucker, SV = Seminal Vesicle, T = Testes, UN = Undulations, U = Uterus, VG = Vitelline glands, VS = Ventral sucker
Genetic regulatory effects in response to a high cholesterol, high fat diet in baboons
<p>Disease-associated loci discovered through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are primarily located in non-coding regions with putative regulatory effects on gene expression. Steady-state, standard expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) explain only a limited portion of GWAS signals, while eQTLs involved in gene-by-environment (GxE) interactions have rarely been characterized in humans due to experimental challenges. Here, we characterized gene-by-diet effects in a baboon model system. By analyzing three tissue types obtained from 99 captive baboons, we identify hundreds of diet-responsive eQTLs with high tissue specificity. Diet-responsive eQTLs exhibit genomic localization and genic features that are distinct from steady-state eQTLs. Furthermore, the human orthologs of genes associated with diet-responsive eQTLs are enriched for GWAS genes associated with human metabolic traits, suggesting that context-responsive eQTLs with more complex regulatory effects are likely to explain GWAS hits that do not seem to overlap with standard eQTLs. Our results highlight the dynamic complexity of genetic regulatory effects and the potential of eQTLs with disease-relevant GxE interactions in enhancing the understanding of GWAS signals for human complex disease using the baboon model.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.