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425 results for “Forest fragment”
Data from: Successional status, seed dispersal mode and overstorey species influence tree regeneration in tropical rain-forest fragments in Western Ghats, India
The effects of fragmentation and overstorey tree diversity on tree regeneration were assessed in tropical rain forests of the Western Ghats, India. Ninety plots were sampled for saplings (1–5 cm diameter at breast height (dbh); 5×5-m plots) and overstorey trees (>9.55 cm dbh; 20×20-m plots) within two fragments (32 ha and 18 ha) and two continuous forests. We tested the hypotheses that fragmentation and expected seed-dispersal declines (1) reduce sapling densities and species richness of all species and old-growth species, and increase recruitment of early-successional species, (2) reduce the prevalence of dispersed recruits and (3) increase influence of local overstorey on sapling densities and richness. Continuous forests and fragments had similar sapling densities and species richness overall, but density and richness of old-growth species declined by 62% and 48%, respectively, in fragments. Fragments had 39% lower densities and 24% lower richness of immigrant saplings (presumed dispersed into sites as conspecific adults were absent nearby), and immigrant densities of old-growth bird-dispersed species declined by 79%. Sapling species richness (overall and old-growth) increased with overstorey species richness in fragments, but was unrelated to overstorey richness in continuous forests. Our results show that while forest fragments retain significant sapling diversity, losses of immigrant recruits and increased overstorey influence strengthen barriers to natural regeneration of old-growth tropical rain forests.
Data from: Does sex matter? Gender-specific responses to forest fragmentation in Neotropical bats
Understanding the consequences of habitat modification on wildlife communities is central to the development of conservation strategies. However, albeit male and female individuals of numerous species are known to exhibit differences in habitat use, sex-specific responses to habitat modification remain little explored. Here, we used a landscape-scale fragmentation experiment to assess, separately for males and females, the effects of fragmentation on the abundance of Carollia perspicillata and Rhinophylla pumilio, two widespread Neotropical frugivorous bats. We predicted that sex-specific responses would arise from higher energetic requirements from pregnancy and lactation in females. Analyses were conducted independently for each season, and we further investigated the joint responses to local and landscape-scale metrics of habitat quality, composition, and configuration. Although males and females responded similarly to a fragmentation gradient composed by continuous forest, fragment interiors, edges, and matrix habitats, we found marked differences between sexes in habitat use for at least one of the seasons. Whereas the sex ratio varied little in continuous forest and fragment interiors, females were found to be more abundant than males in edge and matrix habitats. This difference was more prominent in the dry season, the reproductive season of both species. For both species, abundance responses to local- and landscape-scale predictors differed between sexes and again, differences were more pronounced in the dry season. The results suggest considerable sex-mediated responses to forest disruption and degradation in tropical bats and complement our understanding of the impacts of fragmentation on tropical forest vertebrate communities.
Data from: Edge effects and beta diversity in ground and canopy beetle communities of fragmented subtropical forest
Clearing of dry forests globally creates edges between remnant forest and open anthropogenic habitats. We used flight intercept traps to evaluate how forest beetle communities are influenced by distance from such edges, together with vertical height, spatial location, and local vegetation structure, in an urbanising region (Brisbane, Australia). Species composition (but not total abundance or richness) differed greatly between ground and canopy. Species composition also varied strongly among sites at both ground and canopy levels, but almost all other significant effects occurred only at ground level, where: species richness declined from edge to interior; composition differed between positions near edges (<10 m) and interiors (> 50 m); high local canopy cover was associated with greater total abundance and richness and differing composition; and greater distances to the city centre were associated with increased total abundances and altered composition. Analyses of individual indicator species associated with this variation enabled further biological interpretations. A global literature synthesis showed that most spatially well-replicated studies of edge effects on ground-level beetles within forest fragments have likewise found that positions within tens of metres from edges with open anthropogenic habitats had increased species richness and different compositions from forest interior sites, with fewer effects on abundance. Accordingly, negative edge effects will not prevent relatively small compact fragments (if >10-20 ha) from supporting forest-like beetle communities, although indirect consequences of habitat degradation remain a threat. Retention of multiple spatially scattered forest areas will also be important in conserving forest-dependent beetles, given high levels of between-site diversity.
Data from: Forest fragmentation genetics in a formerly widespread island endemic tree: Vateriopsis seychellarum (Dipterocarpaceae)
Habitat fragmentation and changed land use have seriously reduced population size in many tropical forest tree species. Formerly widespread species with limited gene flow may be particularly vulnerable to the negative genetic effects of forest fragmentation and small population size. Vateriopsis seychellarum (Dipterocarpaceae) is a formerly widespread canopy tree of the Seychelles, but is now reduced to 132 adult individuals distributed in eleven sites. Using ten microsatellite loci, a genetic inventory of all adult trees and a sample of 317 progeny, we demonstrate that despite its restricted range, overall genetic diversity was relatively high (HE: 0.56). The juvenile cohort, however, had significantly lower allelic richness (adults RS: 3.91; juveniles RS: 2.83) and observed heterozygosity than adult trees (adults HO: 0.62; juveniles HO: 0.48). Rare alleles were fewer and kinship between individuals was stronger in juveniles. Significant fine-scale spatial genetic structure was observed in remnant adults, and parentage analysis indicated that more than 90% of sampled progeny disperse <25 m and pollen dispersed <50 m. The molecular data confirmed that two populations were derived entirely from self-fertilized offspring from a single surviving mother tree. These populations produce viable offspring. Despite this extreme genetic bottleneck, self-compatibility may provide V. seychellarum with some resistance to the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation, at least in the short term. We discuss our findings in the context of other rare and threatened dipterocarp species which are vulnerable to mis-management of genetic resources and population fragmentation.
Data from: Genetic signature of population fragmentation varies with mobility in seven bird species of a fragmented Kenyan cloud forest
Habitat fragmentation can restrict geneflow, reduce neighbourhood effective population size, and increase genetic drift and inbreeding in small, isolated habitat remnants. The extent to which habitat fragmentation leads to population fragmentation, however, differs among landscapes and taxa. Commonly, researchers use information on the current status of a species to predict population effects of habitat fragmentation. Such methods, however, do not convey information on species-specific responses to fragmentation. Here we compare levels of past population differentiation, estimated from microsatellite genotypes, with contemporary dispersal rates, estimated from multi-strata capture-recapture models, to infer changes in mobility over time in seven sympatric, forest-dependent bird species of a Kenyan cloud forest archipelago. Overall, populations of sedentary species were more strongly differentiated and clustered compared to those of vagile ones, while geographic patterning suggested an important role of landscape structure in shaping genetic variation. However, five of seven species with broadly similar levels of genetic differentiation nevertheless differed substantially in their current dispersal rates. We conclude that post-fragmentation levels of vagility, without reference to past population connectivity, may not be the best predictor of how forest fragmentation affects the life-history of forest-dependent species. As effective conservation strategies often hinge on accurate prediction of shifts in ecological and genetic relationships among populations, conservation practices based solely upon current population abundances or movements may, in the long term, prove to be inadequate.
Data from: Mating patterns and pollinator mobility are critical traits in forest fragmentation genetics
Most woody plants are animal-pollinated, but the global problem of habitat fragmentation is changing the pollination dynamics. Consequently, the genetic diversity and fitness of the progeny of animal-pollinated woody plants sired in fragmented landscapes tend to decline due to shifts in plant-mating patterns (for example, reduced outcrossing rate, pollen diversity). However, the magnitude of this mating-pattern shift should theoretically be a function of pollinator mobility. We first test this hypothesis by exploring the mating patterns of three ecologically divergent eucalypts sampled across a habitat fragmentation gradient in southern Australia. We demonstrate increased selfing and decreased pollen diversity with increased fragmentation for two small-insect-pollinated eucalypts, but no such relationship for the mobile-bird-pollinated eucalypt. In a meta-analysis, we then show that fragmentation generally does increase selfing rates and decrease pollen diversity, and that more mobile pollinators tended to dampen these mating-pattern shifts. Together, our findings support the premise that variation in pollinator form contributes to the diversity of mating-pattern responses to habitat fragmentation.
Data from: Continental divide: predicting climate-mediated fragmentation and biodiversity loss in the boreal forest
Climate change threatens natural landscapes through shifting distribution and abundance of species and attendant change in the structure and function of ecosystems. However, it remains unclear how climate-mediated variation in species' environmental niche space may lead to large-scale fragmentation of species distributions, altered meta-population dynamics and gene flow, and disrupted ecosystem integrity. Such change may be especially relevant when species distributions are restricted either spatially or to a narrow environmental niche, or when environments are rapidly changing. Here, we use range-wide environmental niche models to posit that climate-mediated range fragmentation aggravates the direct effects of climate change on species in the boreal forest of North America. We show that climate change will directly alter environmental niche suitability for boreal-obligate species of trees, birds and mammals (n=12), with most species ranges becoming smaller and shifting northward through time. Importantly, species distributions will become increasingly fragmented, as characterized by smaller mean size and greater isolation of environmentally-suitable landscape patches. This loss is especially pronounced along the Ontario-Québec border, where the boreal forest is narrowest and roughly 78% of suitable niche space could disappear by 2080. Despite the diversity of taxa surveyed, patterns of range fragmentation are remarkably consistent, with our models predicting that spruce grouse (Dendragapus canadensis), boreal chickadee (Poecile hudsonicus), moose (Alces americanus) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) could have entirely disjunct east-west population segments in North America. These findings reveal potentially dire consequences of climate change on population continuity and species diversity in the boreal forest, highlighting the need to better understand: 1) extent and primary drivers of anticipated climate-mediated range loss and fragmentation; 2) diversity of species to be affected by such change; 3) potential for rapid adaptation in the most strongly-affected areas; and 4) potential for invasion by replacement species.
Data from: Time-lag in responses of birds to Atlantic Forest fragmentation: restoration opportunity and urgency
There are few opportunities to evaluate the relative importance of landscape structure and dynamics upon biodiversity, especially in highly fragmented tropical landscapes. Conservation strategies and species risk evaluations often rely exclusively on current aspects of landscape structure, although such limited assumptions are known to be misleading when time-lag responses occur. By relating bird functional-group richness to forest patch size and isolation in ten-year intervals (1956, 1965, 1978, 1984, 1993 and 2003), we revealed that birds with different sensitivity to fragmentation display contrasting responses to landscape dynamics in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. For non-sensitive groups, there was no time-lag in response: the recent degree of isolation best explains their variation in richness, which likely relates to these species' flexibility to adapt to changes in landscape structure. However, for sensitive bird groups, the 1978 patch area was the best explanatory variable, providing evidence for a 25-year time-lag in response to habitat reduction. Time-lag was more likely in landscapes that encompass large patches, which can support temporarily the presence of some sensitive species, even when habitat cover is relatively low. These landscapes potentially support the most threatened populations and should be priorities for restoration efforts to avoid further species loss. Although time-lags provide an opportunity to counteract the negative consequences of fragmentation, it also reinforces the urgency of restoration actions. Fragmented landscapes will be depleted of biodiversity if landscape structure is only maintained, and not improved. The urgency of restoration action may be even higher in landscapes where habitat loss and fragmentation history is older and where no large fragment remained to act temporarily as a refuge.
FIGURE 7. a in A new brevicipitid species (Brevicipitidae: Callulina) from the fragmented forests of the Taita Hills, Kenya
FIGURE 7. a) Maximum likelihood tree showing branch lengths. (-ln likelihood = 5576.01891). Nucleotide frequencies A= 0.3306 C= 0.2645 G= 0.1413 T= 0.2636, Nst=6, Rmat= 1.0000 2.2193 1.0000 1.0000 and 4.7793, Rates=gamma, Shape= 0.7896, Pinvar= 0.3855. Numbers below branches refer to bootstrap support. b) Maximum Parsimony exhaustive tree showing branch lengths. Numbers below branches refer to bootstrap support.
FIGURE 1 in A new brevicipitid species (Brevicipitidae: Callulina) from the fragmented forests of the Taita Hills, Kenya
FIGURE 1. Map of the Taita Hills. White squares show localities of (black lowercase) named towns, filled polygons are principle remaining indigenous (black uppercase) named forests, and filled circles collection localities for specimens of Callulina dawida, holotype collection locality is shown with a star.
FIGURE 3. a in A new brevicipitid species (Brevicipitidae: Callulina) from the fragmented forests of the Taita Hills, Kenya
FIGURE 3. a) Urostyle elements of Callulina dawida (A3535), Abbreviations, uro= Urostyle, sa= Sacrum, att= ilialurostyle muscle attachment, il= ilium. b) Pectoral elements of Callulina dawida (A3535). Abbreviations, omo= Omosternum, clav= Clavicle, cor= Coracoid, procor= Procorocoid, ster= Sternum.
FIGURE 4 in A new brevicipitid species (Brevicipitidae: Callulina) from the fragmented forests of the Taita Hills, Kenya
FIGURE 4. Ventral close up of hands (1mm scale) (a) Callulina dawida (NMK A/4267) (b) C. kreffti (2000.196) (c) C. kisiwamsitu (BM 2002.45).
FIGURES 8–12 in Phytoseiidae (Acari) in forest fragments in the State of São Paulo, Brazil
FIGURES 8–12. Amblyseius novagranadensis sp. nov., female. 8. Dorsal shield, 9. Ventral idiosoma, 10. Chelicera, 11. Spermatheca, 12. Leg IV, genu, tibia and tarsus.
FIGURES 1–7 in Phytoseiidae (Acari) in forest fragments in the State of São Paulo, Brazil
FIGURES 1–7. Amblyseius biotafapesp sp. nov. 1–5. Female. 1. Female, dorsal shield, 2. Female, ventral idiosoma, 3. Female, chelicera, 4. Female, spermatheca, 5. Female, leg IV, genu, tibia and tarsus. 6. Male, ventri-anal shield, 7. Male, spermadactyl.
Data for "Misestimation of forest soil carbon and nitrogen stocks due to rock fragments: A case study of large number samples in a boreal forest watershed ecosystem of northeast China"
<p>Here are the data for "<span>Misestimation of forest soil carbon and nitrogen stocks due to rock fragments: A case study of large number samples in a boreal forest watershed ecosystem of northeast China</span>", using the format of"excel".</p>
Distribution. NW Madagascar, from the Anjiamangirana region and forest fragments near Anjajavy and between Antsohihy and Analalava, N of the Sofia River and S of the Maevarano River; the range also includes the Bongolava Massif. in Lepilemuridae
Distribution. NW Madagascar, from the Anjiamangirana region and forest fragments near Anjajavy and between Antsohihy and Analalava, N of the Sofia River and S of the Maevarano River; the range also includes the Bongolava Massif.
Distribution. CW Madagascar, known from the type locality, Andramasay, two larger forest fragments N and E of Andramasay, as well as Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park and the adjacent Strict Nature Reserve; it probably occurs throughout the entire area between the Tsiribihina River in the S and the Manambolo Riverin the N, although more research is needed to confirm the limits of its distribution. in Lepilemuridae
Distribution. CW Madagascar, known from the type locality, Andramasay, two larger forest fragments N and E of Andramasay, as well as Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park and the adjacent Strict Nature Reserve; it probably occurs throughout the entire area between the Tsiribihina River in the S and the Manambolo Riverin the N, although more research is needed to confirm the limits of its distribution.
Distribution. EC Madagascar, known only from the type locality of Ambositra, north of Fianarantsoa; its continuing survival in the forest fragments of that region remains to be confirmed. Reports from the Bongolava Massif to the NW appear to be erroneous. in Cheirogaleidae
Distribution. EC Madagascar, known only from the type locality of Ambositra, north of Fianarantsoa; its continuing survival in the forest fragments of that region remains to be confirmed. Reports from the Bongolava Massif to the NW appear to be erroneous.
Distribution. CE Madagascar, known only from its type locality, the Sahafina Forest (29-230 m above sea level), a lowland rainforest fragment of 15-6 km2, and its surrounding "savoka" (fallow farmland with cultivated trees), about 58 km E of Andasibe-Mantadia National Park and 18 km W of the Indian Ocean. The geographic range is presumably limited to the lowland areas (below 700 m) between the Mangoro River to the S and the Rianila River to the N, an area of about 7600 km?2. in Cheirogaleidae
Distribution. CE Madagascar, known only from its type locality, the Sahafina Forest (29-230 m above sea level), a lowland rainforest fragment of 15-6 km2, and its surrounding "savoka" (fallow farmland with cultivated trees), about 58 km E of Andasibe-Mantadia National Park and 18 km W of the Indian Ocean. The geographic range is presumably limited to the lowland areas (below 700 m) between the Mangoro River to the S and the Rianila River to the N, an area of about 7600 km?2.
Distribution. NW Madagascar, known only from ten forest fragments between the Sofia and Maevarano rivers. in Cheirogaleidae
Distribution. NW Madagascar, known only from ten forest fragments between the Sofia and Maevarano rivers.
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