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Fig. 3 in Echinoderes zacharyi sp. nov., a new kinorhynch in the E. coulli species group (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico

Fig. 3. Light microscopy of head and trunk morphology of Echinoderes zacharyi sp. nov. A. An overview of male holotype (NHMD-1174539), dorsal view. B. Segments 1 to 9 of female paratype (NHMD-1174541), dorsal view. Arrow, placids. C. Segments 5 to 11 of male holotype, dorsal view. Arrows, midlateral tubes on segment 5; arrowheads, midlateral tubes on segment 8. D. Segments 1 to 6 of female paratype (NHMD-1174540), ventral view. Arrow, midventral placid; arrowhead, lateroventral tube.

Fig. 6 in Two new species of mud dragons (Scalidophora: Kinorhyncha) inhabiting a human-impacted mangrove from Mayotte (Southwestern Indian Ocean)

Fig. 6. Light micrographs of male holotype MNHN-613 Ma (E), male paratypes MNHN-649 Ma (B–C) and MNHN-651 Ma (G), and female paratype MNHN-637 Ma (A, D, F, H) of Echinoderes parthenope sp. nov. showing trunk overviews and details on the head, neck, nephridiopore and lateral terminal spines. A: Dorsal trunk overview; B: Mouth cone; C: Introvert; D: Ventral neck view: E: lateral terminal spines; F: detail of nephridiopore in midlateral view; G: overview of nephridiopore in midlateral view; H: ingested diatoms. Abbreviations: aa (sp), anterior area of nephridiopore (sieve plate); bfs, basal fringed sheath; bs, basal sheath; ep, distal endpiece; epo, enlarged pore; lts, lateral terminal spines; mlne, midlateral nephridiopore; mvpl, midventral placid; oos, outer oral style; pa, posterior area of nephridiopore; phc, pharyngeal crown; psc, primary spinoscalid; rsc, regular-sized scalid; tsp, trichoscalid plate.

Fig. 1 in Two new species of mud dragons (Scalidophora: Kinorhyncha) inhabiting a human-impacted mangrove from Mayotte (Southwestern Indian Ocean)

Fig. 1. Map showing the location of the study site in the Indian Ocean (A), the Comoros Archipelago (B), the Mayotte Archipelago (C) and the Chirongui Bay (D). An illustration of the study site structure is represented in the horizontal profile (E). The mangrove cover was mapped by photo-interpretation and manual digitizing by D. Cepeda using the Adobe® Photoshop CS6 software.

Fig. 2 in Two new species of mud dragons (Scalidophora: Kinorhyncha) inhabiting a human-impacted mangrove from Mayotte (Southwestern Indian Ocean)

Fig. 2. Line art drawing of Echinoderes cyaneafictus sp. nov. A: Ventral male overview; B: Dorsal male overview; C: Dorsal female overview of segments 10–11. D: Ventral female overview of segments 1–3. E: Dorsal female overview of segments 1–3. Abbreviations: dpl; dorsal placid; epo, enlarged pore; lat, lateral accessory tube; ldrss, laterodorsal rounded sensory spot; ldt, laterodorsal tube; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvgco1, lateroventral type 1 glandular cell outlet; mddss, middorsal droplet-shaped sensory spot; mdgco1, middorsal type 1 glandular cell outlet; mds, middorsal spine; mldss, midlateral droplet-shaped sensory spot; mvpl, midventral placid; pddss, paradorsal droplet-shaped sensory spot; pdgco1, paradorsal type 1 glandular cell outlet; ppf, primary pectinate fringe; ps; penile spine (followed by number of corresponding pair); S, segment (followed by number of corresponding segment); sddss; subdorsal droplet-shaped sensory spot; sdrss, subdorsal rounded sensory spot; slne, sublateral nephridiopore; sls, sublateral spine; te, tergal extension; tp, trichoscalid plate; vldss, ventrolateral droplet-shaped sensory spot; vmdss, ventromedial droplet-shaped sensory spot; vmgco1, ventromedial type 1 glandular cell outlet; vmrss, ventromedial rounded sensory spot.

Fig. 3 in Dracophyes cepedai gen. et sp. nov., a new Dracoderidae genus and species (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida) from the Peru Basin

Fig. 3. Light micrographs of female holotype of Dracophyes cepedai gen. et sp. nov. showing trunk overviews and details of trunk characters. (A) Dorsal overview. (B) Dorsal view of segment 1. (C) Ventral view of segments 8–10. (D) Ventral view of segments 5–7. (E) Ventral overview. (F) Dorsal view of segments 10–11. Abbreviations: gcoII, type 2 glandular cell outlet; las, lateral accessory spine; latu, lateral accessory tube; lts, lateral terminal spine, lvs, lateroventral spine; mds; middorsal spine, ne, nephridiopore; sds, subdorsal spine. Numbers after abbreviations indicate the corresponding trunk segment. Sensory spots marked as dashed circles; type 1 glandular cell outlets marked as continuous circles.

Fig. 5 in Echinoderes zacharyi sp. nov., a new kinorhynch in the E. coulli species group (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico

Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs showing overviews and details in head and trunk morphology of Echinoderes zacharyi sp. nov. A. Midlateral overview. B. The oral cone and introvert region. Arrow, outer oral style; arrowhead, primary spinoscalid. C. Segments 1 to 4, laterodorsal overview. Arrowheads, sensory spots. D. Segments 2 to 6, midlateral overview. Arrow, midlateral tube on segment 5; arrowheads, lateroventral tubes on segment 5.

Fig. 3 in Two new species of mud dragons (Scalidophora: Kinorhyncha) inhabiting a human-impacted mangrove from Mayotte (Southwestern Indian Ocean)

Fig. 3. Light micrographs of male holotype MNHN-623 Ma (A-B, D), and female paratype MNHN-602 Ma (C, E-F) of Echinoderes cyaneafictus sp. nov., showing trunk overview and details on the head, neck, and segments 1–8. A: Ventral trunk overview; B: Dorsal view on segments 1–4; C: Midlateral to ventrolateral view on left side of cuticular plates of segments 5–8; D: Ventral view on segments 1–4; E: Detail of elongated micropapillae sensory spot on segment 1; F: Mouth cone and introvert. Abbreviations: ba, bacteria; bs, basal sheath; dpl, dorsal placid; ep, distal end-piece; lat, lateral accessory tube; ldess, laterodorsal elongated micropapillae sensory spot; lvt, lateroventral tube; mds, middorsal spine; mvpl, midventral placid; oos, outer oral style; phc, pharyngeal crown; ppf, primary pectinate fringe; psc, primary spinoscalid; rsc, regular-sized scalid; sdess, subdorsal elongated micropapillae sensory spot; sls, sublateral spine; tsp, trichoscalid plate; vmess, ventromedial elongated micropapillae sensory spot; numbers after abbreviations indicates corresponding segment; glandular cell outlets are marked as continuous circles, and sensory spots as dashed circles/droplet-shaped figures.

Fig. 10 in Taxonomy, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of the Antarctic mud dragon, Polacanthoderes (Kinorhyncha: Echinorhagata: Echinoderidae)

Fig. 10. Maximum-likelihood tree of Kinorhyncha based on 18S (1353 bp) + 28S (2750 bp) dataset. Numbers near nodes are the maximum-likelihood bootstrap (BS) and Bayesian posterior probability (PP) values, respectively; asterisks indicate the node with the full support values (BS = 100% and PP = 1.00); BS values lower than 50% indicate as polytomy; PP values lower than 0.95 are indicated by dashes. The scale bar indicates branch length in substitutions per site.

Fig. 9 in Taxonomy, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of the Antarctic mud dragon, Polacanthoderes (Kinorhyncha: Echinorhagata: Echinoderidae)

Fig. 9. Polacanthoderes shiraseae sp. nov., scanning electron micrographs of females (A, C–E) and a male (B and F). A, segments 5–7, ventral view; B, segments 6–8, ventral view; C, segments 7–9, lateral view; D, close-up of sieve plate on segment 9; E, segments 8–11, laterodorsal view; F, segments 9–11, ventral view. Black arrows and black arrowhead indicate sensory spot and type-2 glandular cell outlet, respectively. Abbreviations (ac), acicular spine; LA, lateral accessory; LD, laterodorsal; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts lateral terminal spine; LV, lateroventral; MD, middorsal; pa, papilla; pe, penile spine; (sac), small acicular spine; SD, subdorsal; se, seta; si, sieve plate; SL, sublateral; (tu), tube; VL, ventrolateral; VM, ventromedial. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number.

Fig. 7 in Taxonomy, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of the Antarctic mud dragon, Polacanthoderes (Kinorhyncha: Echinorhagata: Echinoderidae)

Fig. 7. Polacanthoderes shiraseae sp. nov., scanning electron micrographs of females (A–E) and a male (F). A, overview from lateroventral side; B, head (right side); C, segments 1–4, lateral view; D, segments 1–5, ventral view; E, segments 4–7, lateral view; F, segments 4–6, laterodorsal view. Black arrows and black arrowhead indicate sensory spot and type-2 glandular cell outlet, respectively. Abbreviations (ac), acicular spine; LA, lateral accessory; LD, laterodorsal; LV, lateroventral; MD, middorsal; ML, midlateral; oos, outer oral style; phc, pharynx crown; psps, primary spinoscalid; (sac), small acicular spine; SD, subdorsal; sec, sector number; SL, sublateral; sps, spinoscalid followed by the corresponding ring number (tu), tube; VM, ventromedial. Digits after abbreviations (except for sec and sps) indicate the corresponding segment number.

Fig. 4 in Two new species of mud dragons (Scalidophora: Kinorhyncha) inhabiting a human-impacted mangrove from Mayotte (Southwestern Indian Ocean)

Fig. 4. Light micrographs of male holotype MNHN-623 Ma (B–C, E), male paratype MNHN-599 Ma (A), and female paratypes MNHN-602 Ma (D) and MNHN-616 Ma (F) of Echinoderes cyaneafictus sp. nov., showing trunk overview and details on the nephridiopore and segments 5–11. A: Ventral trunk overview; B: Dorsal view on segments 5–8; C; Dorsal view on segments 8–10; D: Lateral terminal and lateral accessory terminal spines; E: Ventral view on segments 10–11; F: Overview of nephridiopore in midlateral view. Abbreviations: epo, enlarged pore; f, female condition of sexually dimorphic character; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spines; lts, lateral terminal spines; m, male condition of sexually dimorphic character; mlne, midlateral nephridiopore; ppf, primary pectinate fringe; ps, penile spine; te, tergal extension; glandular cell outlets are marked as continuous circles, and sensory spots as dashed circles/droplet-shaped figures.

Fig. 2 in Echinoderes zacharyi sp. nov., a new kinorhynch in the E. coulli species group (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico

Fig. 2. Line art illustrations of Echinoderes zacharyi sp. nov. A. Male, dorsal view. B. Male, ventral view. C. Segments 9 to 11 in female, dorsal view. D. Segments 9 to 11 in female, ventral view. Abbreviations: lat, lateral accessory tube; ldss, laterodorsal sensory spot; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvgco1, lateroventral glandular cell outlet type 1; lvt, lateroventral tube; mdgco1, middorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; mlt, midlateral tube; pe, penile spines; s10, segment 10; sdss, subdorsal sensory spot; si, sieve plate; slss, sublateral sensory spot; vlss, ventrolateral sensory spot; vmss, ventromedial sensory spot.

Fig. 2 in Dracophyes cepedai gen. et sp. nov., a new Dracoderidae genus and species (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida) from the Peru Basin

Fig. 2. Line art illustrations of adults of Dracophyes cepedai gen. et sp. nov. (A) Female, ventral view. (B) Female, dorsal view. (C) Male, ventral view of segments 10–11. (D) Male, dorsal view of segments 10–11. (E) Dorsal overview showing the LTS. Abbreviations: dpl, dorsal placid; las, lateral accessory spine; lass, lateral accessory sensory spot; latu, lateral accessory tube; ldss, laterodorsal sensory spot; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvgcoII, lateroventral type 2 glandular cell outlet; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvtu, lateroventral tube; mds, middorsal spine; mlss, midlateral sensory spot; mvpls, midventral placid; pdgcoI, paradorsal type 1 glandular cell outlet; pds, paradorsal spine; ppf, primary pectinate fringe; ps, penile spines; pvgcoI, paraventral type 1 glandular cell outlet; sdgcoI, subdorsal type 1 glandular cell outlet; sds, subdorsal spine; sdss, subdorsal sensory spot; te, tergal extensions; vls, ventrolateral spine; vlss, ventrolateral sensory spot; vmgcoI, ventromedial type 1 glandular cell outlet; vmss, ventromedial sensory spot.

Fig. 5 in Taxonomy, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of the Antarctic mud dragon, Polacanthoderes (Kinorhyncha: Echinorhagata: Echinoderidae)

Fig. 5. Polacanthoderes shiraseae sp. nov., camera lucida drawings. A, B, holotype female (ICHUM 8348), segments 1–11, dorsal view (A) and ventral view (B); C, D, paratype male (ICHUM 8371), segments 10 and 11, dorsal view (C) and ventral view (D). Abbreviations (ac), acicular spine; gco1/2, type- 1/2 glandular cell outlet; LA, lateral accessory; LD, laterodorsal; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; LV, lateroventral; MD, middorsal; mdp, middorsal placid; ML, midlateral; mvp, midventral placid; pa, papilla; pe, penile spine; (sac), small acicular spine; SD, subdorsal; se, seta; si, sieve plate; SL, sublateral; ss, sensory spots (tu), tube; VL, ventrolateral; VM, ventromedial. Digits in the abbreviations (except for gco1/2) indicate the corresponding segment number.

Fig. 4 in Taxonomy, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of the Antarctic mud dragon, Polacanthoderes (Kinorhyncha: Echinorhagata: Echinoderidae)

Fig. 4. Polacanthoderes martinezi, scanning electron micrographs of females. A, segments 2–5, lateroventral view; B, segments 5–7, lateral view; C, segments 6–8, lateroventral view; D, segment 7, lateroventral view. Black arrows and a black arrowhead indicate sensory spot and type-2 glandular cell outlet, respectively. Abbreviations (ac), acicular spine; LA, lateral accessory; LD, laterodorsal; LV, lateroventral; ML, midlateral; pa, papilla; (sac), small acicular spine; SD, subdorsal; (tu), tube; VM, ventromedial; VL, ventrolateral. Digits in abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number.

Fig. 6 in Taxonomy, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of the Antarctic mud dragon, Polacanthoderes (Kinorhyncha: Echinorhagata: Echinoderidae)

Fig. 6. Polacanthoderes shiraseae sp. nov., DIC photomicrographs. A–F, the holotypic female (ICHUM 8348), neck and segments 1–6, dorsal view (A) and ventral view (B), segments 7–11, dorsal view (C) and ventral view (D), segments 6 and 7, ventral view, focused at cuticle surface (E) and focused at deeper layer (F); G and H, paratype male (ICHUM 8371), segments 6–8, ventral view (G), segments 10 and 11, dorsal view (H). Black arrows, white arrowheads, and black arrowheads indicate sensory spot, type-1 glandular cell outlet, and type-2 glandular cell outlet, respectively. Abbreviations (ac), acicular spine; LA, lateral accessory; LD, laterodorsal; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; LV, lateroventral; MD, middorsal; ML, midlateral; pa, papilla; pe, penile spine; (sac), small acicular spine; SD, subdorsal; si, sieve plate; SL, sublateral; (tu), tube; VL, ventrolateral; VM, ventromedial. Digits in the abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number.

Fig. 5 in Dracophyes cepedai gen. et sp. nov., a new Dracoderidae genus and species (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida) from the Peru Basin

Fig. 5. Light micrographs of male additional material of Dracophyes cepedai gen. et sp. nov. showing trunk overviews and details of trunk characters. (A) Dorsal overview. (B) Ventral overview including the whole lateral terminal spines. (C) Ventral view of segments 1–2. (D) Ventral view of segments 5–6. (E) Detail of a dorsal spine on segment 8. (F) Ventral overview. (G) Ventral view of segments 7–8. (H) Dorsal view of segment 11. Abbreviations: las, lateral accessory spine; latu, lateral accessory tube; lts, lateral terminal spines; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvtu, lateroventral tube; ps, penile spines; sds, subdorsal spine; te, tergal extensions; vls, ventrolateral spine. Numbers after abbreviations indicate the corresponding trunk segment. Sensory spots marked as dashed circles; type 1 glandular cell outlets marked as continuous circles.

Fig. 8 in Two new species of mud dragons (Scalidophora: Kinorhyncha) inhabiting a human-impacted mangrove from Mayotte (Southwestern Indian Ocean)

Fig. 8. Light micrographs of male holotype MNHN-613 Ma (A–D), male paratype MNHN-642 Ma (E) and female paratype MNHN-637 Ma (F–G) of Echinoderes parthenope sp. nov. showing cuticular details of segments 8–11. A: Dorsal view of segments 8–9; B: Ventral view of segments 9–10; C: penile spines; D: dorsal view of segment 11; E: dorsal view of segments 10–11; F: ventral view of segments 10–11; G: ventral view of segments 10–11. Abbreviations: ce, cuticular extension; f; female condition of sexually dimorphic character; gco2, type 2 glandular cell outlet; go, gonopore; ldt, laterodorsal tube; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; m, male condition of sexually dimorphic character; ppf, primary pectinate fringe; pr, protuberance; ps, penile spine (followed by number of corresponding pair); se, sternal extension; te, tergal extension; glandular cell outlets are marked as continuous circles, and sensory spots as dashed circles/dropletshaped figures.

Fig. 3. Polacanthoderes martinezi, DIC photomicrographs. A, B, D, E in Taxonomy, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of the Antarctic mud dragon, Polacanthoderes (Kinorhyncha: Echinorhagata: Echinoderidae)

Fig. 3. Polacanthoderes martinezi, DIC photomicrographs. A, B, D, E, the holotypic female (ZMB 11237), head, neck, and segments 1–5, dorsal view (A) and ventral view (B), segments 6–11, dorsal view (D) and ventral view (E); C, the allotype male (ZMB 11238a), neck and segments 1–6, dorsal view; F, paratype male (ZMB 11238d), segments 7–11, ventral view. Black arrows, white arrowheads, and black arrowheads indicate sensory spot, type-1 glandular cell outlet, and type-2 glandular cell outlet, respectively. Abbreviations (ac), acicular spine; LA, lateral accessory; LD, laterodorsal; LV, lateroventral; MD, middorsal; ML, midlateral; pa, papilla; pe, penile spine; (sac), small acicular spine; SD, subdorsal; (tu), tube; VL, ventrolateral; VM, ventromedial. Digits in the abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomy, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of the Antarctic mud dragon, Polacanthoderes (Kinorhyncha: Echinorhagata: Echinoderidae)

Fig. 1. Map of Antarctica indicating the type localities of P. martinezi and the sampling stations of P. shiraseae sp. nov. in Lützow-Holm Bay, off Cape Darnley, and off Totten Glacier.