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Figure 9 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 9. Reticulate phylogeny of adults and larvae of extant hemichordates and echinoderms, showing probable sequence of events. Time (horizontal) not to scale. Ord/Sil, Ordovician/Silurian boundary; pres, present; thick black lines, adults; thin black lines, larvae; grey arrows, larval transfers.

Figure 7. Two Cambrian trilobites. A–D in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 7. Two Cambrian trilobites. A–D, stages in the development of Sao hirsute: A, protaspis; B–D, early segmented stages. E, adult Agnostus pisiformis. Scale bar = ∼1 mm (A–D from Borradaile et al., 1935; E redrawn after Fortey, 2000.)

Figure 6 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 6. Stages in the development of the branchiopod crustacean Leptestheria syriaca, to different magnifications. (From Gurney, 1942; as Estheria.)

Figure 5. A in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 5. A, nauplius of Penaeus sp. (recent Crustacea: Penaeidae). B, C, Martinssonia elongata (upper Cambrian): B, paranauplius II (left first appendage omitted); C, oldest known stage. Scale bar = ∼0.1 mm (A after Gurney, 1942; B, C adapted from Müller & Walossek, 1986b.)

Figure 4 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 4. Enteropneust and pterobranch hemichordates and a planctosphere. A–E, enteropneusta: A, adult Dolichoglossus, B, tornaria larva; C–E, stages in metamorphosis; F, G, Pterobranchia: F, adult Rhabdopleara; G, pterobranch larva. H, Planctosphaeromorpha: adult Planctoshaera pelagica. Scale bar = ∼10 mm (A), ∼1 mm (B–E, G), ∼5 mm (F, H). (Adapted from Borradaile et al., 1935; Hyman, 1959.)

Figure 3. Bryozoan larvae and adult. A in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 3. Bryozoan larvae and adult. A, trochophore larva of Alcyonidium; B, cyphonautes larva of Membranipora; C, adult zooid of Electra. (After Williamson, 1992.)

Figure 2 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 2. Examples of overlapping metamorphosis. A, Luidia sarsi (Echinodermata): swimming bipinnaria larva and detached juvenile starfish; B, Polygordius sp. (Annelida): two stages showing segmented polychaete worm protruding from swimming trochophore larva; C, Cerebratulus sp. (Nemertea): juvenile nemertean worm within swimming pilidium larva; D, Doliolum mulleri (Urochordata): juvenile doliolid tunicate within cuticle of tadpole larva. Juvenile stippled in each case. (A, C adapted from Williamson, 1992; B, D adapted from Borradaile et al., 1935.)

Figure 1 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 1. Hydroid and medusae of Hebella (Hydrozoa: Thecata). A, gonophores of H. parasitica; B, male and female medusae of H. parasitica; C, medusa of H. furax. (A, B adapted from Boero, 1980; C adapted from Migotto & de Andrade, 2000.)

Figure 10. A in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 10. A phylogram of some metazoans, based on 18S rRNA. (From Williamson, 2002; after Michael Syvanen, unpubl. data)

Figure 8 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle

Figure 8. Larvae of an enteropneust hemichordate and echinoderms. A, tornaria larva of an acorn-worm (Enteropneusta); B, auricularia larva of a sea-cucumber (Holothuromorpha); C, bipinnaria larva of a starfish (Asteromorpha); D, echinopluteus larva of a sea-urchin (Echinomorpha); E, ophiopluteus larva of a brittle-star (Ophiuromorpha); F, doliolaria larva of a sea-lily (Crinomorpha). Scale bar = ∼1 mm (Adapted from Williamson, 1992, 2003.)

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2021View details →

Datasets and OpenLCA foreground data processes for the article: Understanding environmental trade-offs and resource demand of direct air capture technologies through comparative life-cycle assessment

<p>This data set contains the supplementary data sets (1-3) and exported foreground data processes from OpenLCA for the manuscript “Understanding environmental trade-offs and resource demand of direct air capture technologies through comparative life-cycle assessment”, submitted to Nature Energy.</p> <p>This repository contains:</p> <ul> <li>Supplementary data set 1: Ancillary calculations and numerical values for HT-Aq DAC</li> <li>Supplementary data set 2: Ancillary calculations and numerical values for TSA DAC</li> <li>Supplementary data set 3: Ancillary calculations and numerical values shown in plots and table 3</li> <li>Foreground data from OpenLCA. OpenLCA process model for different cases of HT-Aq DAC and TSA DAC. To re-run the LCA calculations, OpenLCA (freeware) and the Ecoinvent 3.5 database (license required) need to be installed on a standard desktop computer or laptop with at least 8 GB RAM.</li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2018View details →

Fig. 1 in A swimming medusoid gonophore in the life cycle of Ventromma halecioides (Alder, 1859) (Hydrozoa: Leptothecata: Kirchenpaueriidae)

Fig. 1. (A) Portion of colony showing the cauline apophysis and its associated nematotheca, and proximal part of a cladium with first hydrothecate internode and its thecae. (B) Expanded hydranth, showing colors in life. (C) Gonotheca with female gonophore. (D) Whole young male gonophore extracted from its gonotheca. (E-F) Newly-liberated female medusoid (E) and close-up showing polygonal oocytes (F). (G) Squashed female medusoid showing Y-shaped spadix. (H-I) Stained (H) and cross-section (I) through female medusoid showing the spadix encircled by single layer of oocytes. (J-K) Female medusoid escaping from its protective membrane (J) and newly-liberated individual (K). (L) Male medusoid enveloped in membrane. Scale bars: 50 μm (B), 100 μm (A, F), 200 μm (C, G-I, L), 400 μm (D, E, J, K).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Fig. 1. L. quintus GUSENLEITNER, 1991 female, a in The description of Leptochilus quintus GUSENLEITNER, 1991, female, with further notes on its distribution and life cycle (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)

Fig. 1. L. quintus GUSENLEITNER, 1991 female, a) habitus, lateral, b) head, c) habitus, dorsal, d) antenna, dorsal.

Fig. 3 in Life-cycle of the Afrotropical snail-killing fly Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps Becker, 1923

Fig. 3. General distribution of Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps. Dots – known locations, stars – occurrence of the fly in a country is ubiquitous. Data from Verbeke (1950, 1961, 1962, 1963), Knutson et al. (1967), and our own collections as well as those of colleagues in some African countries.

Fig. 1 in Life-cycle of the Afrotropical snail-killing fly Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps Becker, 1923

Fig. 1. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, male: (A) Habitus, right hind leg is broken; (B) head, dorsal view. (Photos: A. Mantilleri)

Fig. 8 in Life-cycle of the Afrotropical snail-killing fly Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps Becker, 1923

Fig. 8. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of immature stages: (A–H, J–O) cephalopharyngeal skeleton:(A, B) first instar larva; (C–H) second instar larva; (J–O) third instar larva. (I, P) anterior spiracle of second and third instar larva, respectively. (Q, R) puparium: dorsal (Q) and lateral (R) views. Abbreviations: ant – anterior end, At – accessory teeth, (Dc) dorsal cornua, ES – epistomal sclerite, HS – hypostomal sclerite, LS – lingual sclerite, MH – mouth hook, pa – papilla, PB – parastomal bar, post – posterior end, PS – pharyngeal sclerite, Ss – spiracular scar, VA – ventral arch, Vc – ventral cornua. Scale bars in mm.

Fig. 5 in Life-cycle of the Afrotropical snail-killing fly Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps Becker, 1923

Fig. 5. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, span of life cycle and development of immature stages, in days.

Fig. 4 in Life-cycle of the Afrotropical snail-killing fly Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps Becker, 1923

Fig. 4. Examples of annual population evolution of Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, based on adults collected in freshwater habitats: (A) Agnavo, typical temporary freshwater habitat; (B) Cotonou, typical permanent freshwater habitat. Histogram, rainfall; curve, number of flies.

Fig. 2 in Life-cycle of the Afrotropical snail-killing fly Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps Becker, 1923

Fig. 2. Surstylus and aedeagus: (A, B) Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps; (C, D) S. (P.) senegalensis. Arrows show main differences. (Modified from Verbeke (1950), © Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique)

Fig. 7 in Life-cycle of the Afrotropical snail-killing fly Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps Becker, 1923

Fig. 7. Sepedon (Parasepedon) ruficeps, details of larval abdominal segments: (A) disposition of ventral tubercles; (B) disposition of lateral tubercles and sensilla nos 5 to 11; (C) enlargement of lateral tubercles showing their sensillum types; (D), dorsolateral no. 9 and dorsal 10a sensilla, and dorsal swimming tuft; (E) coeloconicum sensillum type showing basal seta-like expansions; (F–H) last abdominal segment: (F) first instar larva, ventral view; (G) first instar larva, posterior spiracular disc; (H) third instar larva, posterior spiracular disc. Abbreviations: An – anal plate, arabic numbers (including 10a) – sensilla, DL – dorsal lobe, DLL – dorsolateral lobe, IP – interspiracular processes, LL – lateral lobe, Lt1–Lt3 – lateral tubercles, Sp – spiracular plate, Ss – spiracular scar, VL – ventral lobe, VLL – ventrolateral lobe, Vt1–Vt3 – ventral tubercles, Wt – swimming tuft. Scale bar in μm.