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Figure 3 in A global biodiversity estimate of a poorly known taxon: phylum Tardigrada

Figure 3. Number of distinct first-author surnames for taxonomic papers listed in the checklist for tardigrades as a function of year;, terrestrial;, marine.

FIGURE 6. A–B. Lithacrosiphon cristatus. A in Peanut worms of the phylum Sipuncula from the Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea) with a key to species

FIGURE 6. A–B. Lithacrosiphon cristatus. A) lateral view, introvert everted; B) hooks. C–D. Cloesiphon aspergillus. C) lateral view, introvert retracted; D) hook. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, 20 µm; C, 2 mm; D, 20 µm.

FIGURE 4. A in Peanut worms of the phylum Sipuncula from the Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea) with a key to species

FIGURE 4. A. Antillesoma antillarum, lateral view, introvert everted. B–D. Apionsoma misakianum. B) lateral view, introvert everted; C) lateral view, introvert retracted; D) hook. E–F. A. trichocephalus. E) head (white arrowhead - rudimental tentacle on dorsal arc.); F) hook. Scale bars: A–B, 5 mm; C, 2 mm; D, 20 µm; E, 100 µm; F, 20 µm.

FIGURE 2. A–B. Nephasoma pellucidum. A in Peanut worms of the phylum Sipuncula from the Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea) with a key to species

FIGURE 2. A–B. Nephasoma pellucidum. A) lateral view, introvert everted; B) hook. C) Thysanocardia catharinae, lateral view, introvert everted. D) Themiste cymodoceae, dorsal view, introvert everted. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, 100 µm; C–D, 2.5 mm.

FIGURE 1. A in Peanut worms of the phylum Sipuncula from the Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea) with a key to species

FIGURE 1. A. Sipunculus nudus, dorsal view, introvert everted. B–D. Siphonosoma australe. B) lateral view, introvert retracted; C) head with tentacular apparatus; D) hooks. Scale bars: A–B, 10 mm; C, 3 mm; D, 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 5. A–C. Aspidosiphon elegans. A in Peanut worms of the phylum Sipuncula from the Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea) with a key to species

FIGURE 5. A–C. Aspidosiphon elegans. A) lateral view, introvert everted; B) bidentate hook; C) conical hook. D–H. A. gracilis. D) lateral view, introvert half everted; E) anal shield; F) caudal shield (white arrowhead - caudal shield.); G) hooks; H) the base of hooks (black asterisk - bifurcated posterior edge of hooks). I–J. A. muelleri. I) lateral view, introvert everted; J) hooks. K–L. A. laevis. K) lateral view, introvert everted; L) hooks. M-Q. A. steenstrupii. M) lateral view, introvert everted; N) close-up view of the introvert with calcareous anal shield (white arrow, calcareous cap on anal shield); O) bidentate hook; P) bidentate hooks & papillae; Q) pyramidal hooks. R-S. A. tenuis. R) lateral view, introvert everted; S) hook. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, 20 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 5 mm; E–F, 1 mm; G–H, 50 µm; I, 5 mm; J, 20 µm; K, 5 mm; L, 20 µm; M–N, 5 mm; O, 50 µm; P, 25 µm; Q, 50 µm; R, 5 mm; S, 50 µm.

FIGURE 3. A–B. Phascolosoma arcuatum. A in Peanut worms of the phylum Sipuncula from the Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea) with a key to species

FIGURE 3. A–B. Phascolosoma arcuatum. A) lateral view, retracted introvert; B) hook. C–D. P. nigrescens. C) ventral view, introvert everted; D) hooks of P. nigrescens. E–F. P. s c o l o p s. E) lateral view, introvert everted; F) hook (black arrow – triangle of hook; black arrowhead-clear streak). G–I. P. stephensoni. G) lateral view, retracted introvert; H) hook; I) the row of hooks (black asterisk-basal warts). Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, 50 µm; C, 10 mm; D, 50 µm; E, 5 mm; F, 50 µm; G, 5 mm; H–I, 50 µm.

FIGURES 9–13. Amathia chimonidesi n in The amathiiform Ctenostomata (phylum Bryozoa) of New Zealand — including four new species, two of them of probable alien origin

FIGURES 9–13. Amathia chimonidesi n. sp. 9, holotype colony from western Waitemata Harbour, Auckland; 10, close-up of branches with long open spirals of autozooids; 11, same, magnified; 12, 13, branch bifurcations, with a rhizoid pore arrowed in 13.

FIGURES 14–18. Amathia biseriata Krauss, 1837. 14 in The amathiiform Ctenostomata (phylum Bryozoa) of New Zealand — including four new species, two of them of probable alien origin

FIGURES 14–18. Amathia biseriata Krauss, 1837. 14, slide of a specimen from New Zealand in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London; 15, close-up of same showing straight clusters of autozoids on the stolon segments; 16, same, showing the frontal distal curvature of stolon segments; 17, specimen A.88.95 labelled Beania swainsoni, Otago Museum, Dunedin. 18, close-up of autozooids showing semicircular, distal cuticularised thickening of rims in the lectotype (NMNZ Pz. 14) of A. swainsoni in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

FIGURES 1–3. Amathia gracei n in The amathiiform Ctenostomata (phylum Bryozoa) of New Zealand — including four new species, two of them of probable alien origin

FIGURES 1–3. Amathia gracei n. sp. 1, holotype colony from ENE of East Cape, North Island; 2, part of colony showing zigzagged clusters of autozooids; 3, branch bifurcation with a rhizoid pore arrowed.

FIGURES 24–27 in The amathiiform Ctenostomata (phylum Bryozoa) of New Zealand — including four new species, two of them of probable alien origin

FIGURES 24–27, Amathia wilsoni Kirkpatrick, 1888. 24, general appearance of colony, from NIWA Stn Z9689, 34.324° S, 172.826° E, 63 m depth, Three Kings Islands, North Island; 25, close-up of specimen 99.7.4345 (on slide), Busk Collection, Natural History Museum, London, from Lyall Bay, Wellington, showing disposition of autozooidal clusters and terminal kenozooidal stolon segments. 26, 27, Bowerbankia citrina (Hincks, 1877) sensu lato, from Porirua Harbour, North Island.

FIGURES 4–8. Amathia similis n in The amathiiform Ctenostomata (phylum Bryozoa) of New Zealand — including four new species, two of them of probable alien origin

FIGURES 4–8. Amathia similis n. sp. 4, holotype colony from Opua marina, Bay of Islands, North Islands; 5, close-up of branches with tightly spiralled clusters of autozooids; 6, autozooid clusters on stolons; 7, branch bifurcation; 8, autozooid cluster, with position of stolon septum arrowed.

FIGURES 19–23. Amathia zealandica n in The amathiiform Ctenostomata (phylum Bryozoa) of New Zealand — including four new species, two of them of probable alien origin

FIGURES 19–23. Amathia zealandica n. sp. 19, colony from NIWA Stn TAN1108/213, E of East Cape, North Island; 20, close-up of same showing straight clusters of autozoids on the stolon segments; 21, same, branch bifurcations and autozooidal clusters. 22, 23, Amathia bicornis (Tenison-Woods, 1877) from Makara Beach, west coast, Wellington region, North Island, showing autozooidal spirals with cuticularisation of autozooids and distal 'horns'.

FIGURE 7 in Two centuries of sponges (phylum Porifera) taxonomic studies in Indonesia (1820-2021): checklist and bibliography

FIGURE 7. Non-Multi-Dimensional Scaling (n-MDS) with overlay cluster of Porifera species composition between marine ecoregions. Resemblance matrix of Bray-Curtis similarity analysis according to the distribution of species.

FIGURE 5 in Two centuries of sponges (phylum Porifera) taxonomic studies in Indonesia (1820-2021): checklist and bibliography

FIGURE 5. Selected sponges from marine lakes, deep water (mesophotic), and freshwater environment in Indonesia. a. Cinachyrella porosa (Lendenfeld, 1888) from Haji Buang Lake (anchialine lake), East Kalimantan, Palawan/North Borneo, b. Suberites diversicolor Becking & Lim, 2019 from Mansuar Island (anchialine lake), Raja Ampat, Papua, c. Amphimedon denhartogi de Voogd, 2003 from Tulamben beach, Bali (40 m depth), and d. Rosulaspongilla alba (Carter, 1849) from Batur Lake (freshwater lake), Bali, Lesser Sunda. Image sources (Becking & Lim 2009; Santodomingo & Becking 2018; Sokolova et al. 2021; de Voogd 2003).

FIGURE 4 in Two centuries of sponges (phylum Porifera) taxonomic studies in Indonesia (1820-2021): checklist and bibliography

FIGURE 4. Cliona patera (Hardwicke, 1820) collection in Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden. Photo by S.A. Putra.

FIGURE 3 in Two centuries of sponges (phylum Porifera) taxonomic studies in Indonesia (1820-2021): checklist and bibliography

FIGURE 3. Marine ecoregions-level mapping of the Porifera species richness, with heat map representing the number of species based on the current study. Symbols indicate the presence of each class (i.e., Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, Homoscleromorpha). Marine ecoregions of Indonesia (MEOI): 1. Western Sumatra, 2. Sunda Shelf/Java Sea, 3. Malacca Strait, 4. Southern Java, 5. Palawan/North Borneo, 6. Sulawesi Sea/Makassar Strait, 7. Halmahera, 8. Papua, 9. Banda Sea, 10. Lesser Sunda, 11. Northeast Sulawesi, 12. Arafura Sea. Map Source: QGIS.

FIGURE 2 in Two centuries of sponges (phylum Porifera) taxonomic studies in Indonesia (1820-2021): checklist and bibliography

FIGURE 2. Number of sponge species descriptions and cumulative increase of publications and species descriptions between 1820 – 2021 from Marine Ecoregions of Indonesia (MEOI) and Indonesia freshwater environments (Borneo, Bali, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra). Source: World Porifera Database (available: https://www.marinespecies.org/porifera, accessed October 20, 2022).

FIGURE 1. a in Two centuries of sponges (phylum Porifera) taxonomic studies in Indonesia (1820-2021): checklist and bibliography

FIGURE 1. a) Map of Marine Ecoregions of the World (MEOW) showing marine realms, b) Twelve Marine Ecoregions of Indonesia/MEOI based on MEOW (Spalding et al. 2007); 1. Western Sumatra, 2. Sunda Shelf/Java Sea, 3. Malacca Strait, 4. Southern Java, 5. Palawan/North Borneo, 6. Sulawesi Sea/Makassar Strait, 7. Halmahera, 8. Papua, 9. Banda Sea, 10. Lesser Sunda, 11. Northeast Sulawesi, 12. Arafura Sea. Map Source: QGIS.

FIGURE 6 in Two centuries of sponges (phylum Porifera) taxonomic studies in Indonesia (1820-2021): checklist and bibliography

FIGURE 6. Selected cosmopolitan marine sponges (Demospongiae) from marine ecoregions of Indonesia, a. Habitus of Axinella aruensis (Hentschel, 1912) from Ternate, b. Holotype of Clathria (Thalysias) reinwardti Vosmaer, 1880, c. Close up of Mycale (Zygomycale) parishii (Bowerbank, 1875), d. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867 from SW Sulawesi, e. Xestospongia testudinaria (Lamarck, 1815), in situ at Wakatobi National Park, Banda Sea, f. Stylissa massa (Carter, 1887), in situ at SW Sulawesi. Image sources a–d: (Alvarez et al. 2016; van Soest et al. 2021; de Voogd et al. 2022), Images e & f by S.A. Putra.