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FIGURES 6A−E in New species of Mouse Spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae: Missulena) from the Pilbara region, Western Australia

FIGURES 6A−E. Missulena faulderi sp. nov., holotype male (WAM T97017): A, sternum, ventral view; B, labium and chelicerae, ventral view; C, spinnerets, ventral view (paratype WAM T91911); D, labium, ventral view; E, right maxilla, ventral view.

FIGURES 12A−F in New species of Mouse Spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae: Missulena) from the Pilbara region, Western Australia

FIGURES 12A−F. Male bulb and embolus of Missulena faulderi sp. nov., holotype male (WAM T97017) and Missulena langlandsi sp. nov., holotype male (WAM T115948). Missulena faulderi sp. nov.: A, prolateral view; B, same, ventral view (slightly twisted retrolaterally); C, same, dorsal view. Missulena langlandsi sp. nov.: D, ventral view; E, same, dorsal view (slightly twisted retrolaterally); F, same, prolateral view.

FIGURES 10A−G in New species of Mouse Spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae: Missulena) from the Pilbara region, Western Australia

FIGURES 10A−G. Missulena langlandsi sp. nov., holotype male (WAM T115948): A, fangs, frontoventral view; B, chelicerae, frontal view; C, tip of chelicerae, white rectangle indicates that rastellum is poorly developed; D, eye group, dorsal view; E−F, right cheliceral groove, depicting inner and outer row of teeth; G, abdomen, dorsal view.

FIGURES 5A−G in New species of Mouse Spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae: Missulena) from the Pilbara region, Western Australia

FIGURES 5A−G. Missulena faulderi sp. nov., holotype male (WAM T97017): A, tip of chelicerae, white rectangle indicates rastellum; B, chelicerae and eye group, frontodorsal view; C, rastellum, ventral view; D, eye group, dorsal view; E chelicerae, frontal view; F, detail of right cheliceral groove, inner row of teeth; G, same, depicting inner, medial and outer row of teeth.

FIGURES 9A−E in New species of Mouse Spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae: Missulena) from the Pilbara region, Western Australia

FIGURES 9A−E. Missulena langlandsi sp. nov., holotype male (WAM T115948): A, sternum, ventral view; B, labium and chelicerae, ventral view; C, spinnerets, ventral view; D, labium, ventral view; E, right maxilla, ventral view.

FIGURES 2A–B in New species of Mouse Spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae: Missulena) from the Pilbara region, Western Australia

FIGURES 2A–B. Distribution records of Missulena spp. in Western Australia: A, records of Missulena compiled from the WA Museum database (grey circles) and locality data for specimens included in molecular analyses (red circles). The biogeographic (IBRA) regions (Thackway & Cresswell 1995) are displayed in yellow. Bioregions from which specimens were sequenced are shaded darker. B, close-up of the Pilbara bioregion in Western Australia, highlighting the distribution of Missulena faulderi sp. nov. (green squares) and M. langlandsi sp. nov. (blue triangles).

FIGURES 4A−G in New species of Mouse Spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae: Missulena) from the Pilbara region, Western Australia

FIGURES 4A−G. Missulena faulderi sp. nov., holotype male (WAM T97017): A, habitus, dorsal view; B, carapace, dorsal view; C, same, lateral view; D, abdomen, dorsal view; E, patella III, dorsal view; F, patella II, dorsal view; G, fovea, dorsal view.

FIGURES 1A−B. A in New species of Mouse Spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae: Missulena) from the Pilbara region, Western Australia

FIGURES 1A−B. A, Missulena langlandsi sp. nov., holotype male (WAM T115948); B, floodplain of Weeli Wolli Creek in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, type locality of M. langlandsi sp. nov.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

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Rock pools as a source of environmental DNA for the detection of the threatened Pilbara olive python (Liasis olivaceus barroni)

<p>Environmental DNA (eDNA) research is transforming biomonitoring at a global scale, but applicability to reptiles has been restricted because of their presumed low shedding rate. Consequently, eDNA may have considerable limitations as a biomonitoring tool in Australia where 40% of the terrestrial vertebrates are reptiles. However, there is a need to evaluate if method improvements such as targeting certain substrates, improves the ability to detect reptile eDNA. The Pilbara olive python (<em>Liasis olivaceus barroni</em>) is an uncommon and elusive Australian top predator with a high conservation priority. Like many other snake species, Pilbara olive pythons are challenging to monitor with traditional survey methods, therefore exploring an eDNA-based approach is highly relevant. The pythons are known to occasionally reside in rock pools. Thus, development of a reliable eDNA-based approach to detect the pythons in water would provide a needed alternative method. Here we use a previously developed metabarcoding assay targeting reptiles, to sequence a total of 228 water samples collected from 40 rock pools from six broad locations across the Pilbara region of Western Australia, and we confirm the presence of Pilbara olive python eDNA in 37 samples from 12 of those pools at three of the six broad sampling locations. Other vertebrate taxa, including other reptiles, amphibians, mammals and birds were also detected. Our documented ability to detect Pilbara olive python eDNA from rock pool water samples represents an important step towards eDNA-based precision monitoring of this species.</p>

FIGURE 16 in Hiding in plain sight: two new species of diminutive marsupial (Dasyuridae: Planigale) from the Pilbara, Australia

FIGURE 16. Cranium (A, C–E) and dentary (B and F) of the holotype Planigale tealei (WAM M47923). Cranium shown in ventral (A), dorsal (C), posterior (D) and lateral (E) views, and dentary pictured in occlusal (B) and buccal (F) views. Note shallower and broader u-shaped posterior suture of nasals, broader interorbital region and overall smaller skull size compared to P. kendricki.

FIGURE 13 in Hiding in plain sight: two new species of diminutive marsupial (Dasyuridae: Planigale) from the Pilbara, Australia

FIGURE 13. Upper and lower dentition of Planigale kendricki (WAM M41812, holotype) from canine to M4. A) upper and B) lower dentition in occlusal view. Abbreviations: acid, anterior cingulid; alci, anterolabial cingulum; ecf, ectoflexus; encd, entoconid; hycd, hypoconid; hycld, hypoconulid; mec, metacone; mecd, metaconid; pac, paracone; pacd, paraconid; pcid, posterior cingulid; prc, protocone; prcd, protoconid; stA, stylar cusp B; stB, stylar cusp B; stD, stylar cusp D.

FIGURE 10 in Hiding in plain sight: two new species of diminutive marsupial (Dasyuridae: Planigale) from the Pilbara, Australia

FIGURE 10. Photo of Planigale kendricki sp. nov. courtesy of R. Teale. Note the rufous, orange-tan colouration of the fur and the orange eye ring.

FIGURE 8. A in Hiding in plain sight: two new species of diminutive marsupial (Dasyuridae: Planigale) from the Pilbara, Australia

FIGURE 8. A) CDA on the craniodental measurement data where size has been accounted for, for Planigale 1, P. maculata, P. ingrami and P. sp. Mt Tom Price, note males and females shown as closed and open symbols, respectively. Character contributions to canonical axes 1 and 2 as total canonical structure coefficients. Axes not scaled accordingly.

FIGURE 7. A in Hiding in plain sight: two new species of diminutive marsupial (Dasyuridae: Planigale) from the Pilbara, Australia

FIGURE 7. A) Comparison of overall skull size (geometric mean) between male and female planigales from four species, Planigale ingrami, P. Mt Tom Price, Planigale 1 and P. maculata. All pairwise comparisons had p <0.0001 unless indicated otherwise (p> 0.05, ns; p <0.05, *; p <0.001, **). B) and C) comparisons of selected cranial measurements (in mm) for Planigale ingrami, P. maculata, Planigale 1 and P. sp. Mt Tom Price, closed symbols are males, open symbols are females. B) overall skull size using basicranial skull length and zygomatic width; C) length of nasals vs. braincase height, which demonstrates separation of the two Pilbara planigale lineages.

FIGURE 6 in Hiding in plain sight: two new species of diminutive marsupial (Dasyuridae: Planigale) from the Pilbara, Australia

FIGURE 6. PCA on the craniodental measurement data for Planigale in this study, males are closed symbols and females open symbols (note sex is not indicated for Planigale gilesi and P. tenuirostris). A) PCA before skull size has been accounted for, variation explained by PC1 axis can be interpreted as size, and B) character loadings (eigenvectors) showing the contribution of each measurement variable to PC1 and PC2. C) PCA and D) character loadings after skull size has been accounted for, less variation is explained by PC1 and with size continuing to influence PC1. PCA axes are not scaled accordingly. Note both before and after size correction there is no overlap in the distribution of samples of the two Pilbara forms.

FIGURE 4 in Hiding in plain sight: two new species of diminutive marsupial (Dasyuridae: Planigale) from the Pilbara, Australia

FIGURE 4. Scatterplot of ordination scores in the first two dimensions for the initial Principal Coordinates Analysis (PcoA) on the 38 planigale included in the 2001 allozyme study. The relative contribution of each dimension is given in brackets (axes not scaled accordingly). Individuals are colour-coded by species following Figure 2. The pairwise number of fixed allozyme differences (FDs) between candidate species and between the 'M1' and 'M2' lineages of P. maculata are also shown.

FIGURE 2 in Hiding in plain sight: two new species of diminutive marsupial (Dasyuridae: Planigale) from the Pilbara, Australia

FIGURE 2. Distribution of planigale specimens examined in this study (Planigale gilesi, yellow pentagon; P. tenuirostris, pink star; P. ingrami, blue diamond; P. maculata, green square; Planigale 1, grey-blue circle; P. sp. Mt Tom Price, salmon triangle). Open symbols indicate individuals for which DNA was sequenced during this study or in previous studies. The Pilbara region in Western Australia is denoted by a broken line and key locations mentioned in the text are labelled.

FIGURE 1 in Hiding in plain sight: two new species of diminutive marsupial (Dasyuridae: Planigale) from the Pilbara, Australia

FIGURE 1. The approximate distributions of the four currently recognised species of Australian planigale adapted from Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), with Pilbara distributions added from Menkhorst & Knight (2004) and indicated with arrows.

FIGURE 9. A in Hiding in plain sight: two new species of diminutive marsupial (Dasyuridae: Planigale) from the Pilbara, Australia

FIGURE 9. A) External head length vs. head depth (mm) of the two forms of Pilbara Planigale (salmon Planigale sp. Mt Tom Price, blue Planigale 1) closed symbols are males and open are females. B) Box plots of pes length (mm) measurements for male and female Planigale sp. Mt Tom Price (salmon) and Planigale 1 (blue).

FIGURE 12 in Hiding in plain sight: two new species of diminutive marsupial (Dasyuridae: Planigale) from the Pilbara, Australia

FIGURE 12. Planigale kendricki holotype (WAM M41812) cranium in ventral (A), dorsal (C), posterior (D) and lateral (E) views, and dentary in occlusal (B) and buccal (F) views. Note deep u-shape of posterior nasal suture in C and extreme dorsoventral flattening of braincase in D and E.