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3,947 results for “Requirements”
Supplementary material for "Language and User Requirements for Business Process Simulation - A Systematic Literature Review"
<p>This is ment as a supplementary material for the Publication "Language and User Requirements for Business Process Simulation - A Systematic Literature Review". It contains all sources that were used for the creation of the requirements broken down for each one.</p>
Privacy Requirements Taxonomy Based on LGPD and ISO/IEC 29100
<p>Package to reproduce the taxonomy.</p> <p>FIle 00 - Contains the works found during the perfomance of the SLR.</p> <p>File 01 - Contains the Steps reproduce the requeriment identification process for the LGPD and the ISO/IEC 29100</p> <p>FIle 02 - Contains the full list of privacy requeriments obtained through the proposed taxonomy</p> <p>File 03 - This is the Taxonomy Adherence Assessment Form to evaluete the adherence of a instituition to the taxonomy</p> <p>File 04 - This is the terms and conditions of the instituition analyzed for this work in order to evaluate the taxonomy proposal.</p>
Non-Functional Requirements for Machine Learning: Understanding Current Use and Challenges Among Practitioners
<p>This package contains interview data (themes, codes, and quotes) and survey data to identify, define and measure non-functional requirements for ML systems.</p>
Supporting Data for: Resource requirements for ecosystem conservation: A combined industrial and natural ecology approach to quantifying natural capital use in nature
<p>Data used to derive allometric equations for land area use by mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects, and data for the analysis of natural resource use at the Natural Capital Laboratory site.</p>
Fine intervals are required when using point intercept transects to assess coral reef status
The Point Intercept Transect (PIT) method has commonly been used in recent decades for estimating the status of coral reef benthic communities. It is a simple method that is efficiently performed underwater, as benthic components are recorded only as presence or absence at specific interval points along transects. Therefore, PIT is also popular in citizen science activities such as Reef Check programs. Longer intervals are commonly associated with longer transects, yet sampling interval length can significantly influence benthic coverage calculations. Despite this, the relative accuracy of longer or shorter intervals related to transect length has not been tested for PIT. In this study, we tested the optimum intervals of PIT for several commonly used transect lengths using the bootstrap method on empirical data collected on tropical coral reefs and non-reefal coral communities. Our results recommend fine intervals of 10 cm or shorter, depending on the length of the transect, to increase the accuracy of estimating benthic community status on coral reefs. Permanent transects should also be considered in long-term monitoring programs to improve data quality.
Data from: Encoding laboratory testing data: case studies of the national implementation of HHS requirements and related standards in five laboratories
<p><strong>Objective</strong>: Assess the effectiveness of providing Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC®)-to-In Vitro Diagnostic (LIVD) coding specification, required by the United States Department of Health and Human Services for SARS-CoV-2 reporting, in medical center laboratories and utilize findings to inform future United States Food and Drug Administration policy on the use of real-world evidence in regulatory decisions.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: We compared gaps and similarities between diagnostic test manufacturers' recommended LOINC® codes and the LOINC® codes used in medical center laboratories for the same tests.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Five medical centers and three test manufacturers extracted data from laboratory information systems (LIS) for prioritized tests of interest. The data submission ranged from 74 to 532 LOINC® codes per site. Three test manufacturers submitted 15 LIVD catalogs representing 26 distinct devices, 6956 tests, and 686 LOINC® codes. We identified mismatches in how medical centers use LOINC® to encode laboratory tests compared to how test manufacturers encode the same laboratory tests. Of 331 tests available in the LIVD files, 136 (41%) were represented by a mismatched LOINC® code by the medical centers (chi-square 45.0, 4 df, P &lt; .0001).</p> <p><strong>Discussion</strong>: The five medical centers and three test manufacturers vary in how they organize, categorize, and store LIS catalog information. This variation impacts data quality and interoperability. </p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The results of the study indicate that providing the LIVD mappings was not sufficient to support laboratory data interoperability. National implementation of LIVD and further efforts to promote laboratory interoperability will require a more comprehensive effort and continuing evaluation and quality control.</p>
Supporting Data for Human Factors in Developing Automated Vehicles:A Requirements Engineering Perspective
<p>This data set complements our manuscript in submission with the title:</p> <p>"Human Factors in Developing Automated Vehicles: A Requirements Engineering Perspective"</p> <p>We provide two files:</p> <p>a) the interview guide</p> <p>b) an overview that maps from themes to example quotes and codes derived from particular interview subjects</p>
Supplementary Material for Use of Journey Maps and Personas in Software Requirements Elicitation
<p>This repository contains supplementary material for the "Use of Journey Maps and Personas in Software Requirements Elicitation" article.</p> <p>Context: Requirements elicitation is a fundamental step in a software development process since it is at this stage that the software begins to be designed. In some situations, the problems related to the failure of the software development project are due to an incomplete requirements elicitation, resulting in solutions that do not understand all the necessary functionalities or do not incorporate innovation. Despite the various techniques offered by Requirements Engineering, situations such as the growing application market and the need for innovation further increase the importance of understanding the user's different needs. Objective: In this paper, we investigated how the journey map and personas techniques are being used in requirements elicitation in both the literature and the industry, along with the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of using these techniques. Method: We conducted systematic literature review to identify the personas and journey map techniques used in requirements elicitation in the literature and industry. In addition, we conducted a survey with 27 practitioners (software developers, users, and managers) to investigate their perceptions of the use of journeys map and personas techniques in the requirements elicitation phase. Results: Twenty-three primary studies were identified that address journey map and personas techniques in software requirements elicitation. In addition, most respondents stated that using these techniques facilitates understanding the requirements, providing better integration, collaboration, and leveling of knowledge among the members of the software development teams. Conclusions: Our findings allow us to conclude that most of the software developers, users, and managers that participated in the survey consider that the journey map and personas techniques are effective in helping understand the software requirements to be developed by the development teams.</p>
Data from: IFN-γ-independent control of M. tuberculosis requires CD4 T cell-derived GM-CSF and activation of HIF-1α
<p><strong>RNA sequencing dataset from "Van Dis et al., IFN-γ-independent control of M. tuberculosis requires CD4 T cell-derived GM-CSF and activation of HIF-1α. 2022"</strong></p> <p>The prevailing model of protective immunity to tuberculosis is that CD4 T cells produce the cytokine IFN-γ to activate bactericidal mechanisms in infected macrophages. Although IFN-γ-independent CD4 T cell based control of <em>M. tuberculosis</em> infection has been demonstrated <em>in vivo</em> it is unclear whether CD4 T cells are capable of directly activating macrophages to control infection in the absence of IFN-γ. We developed a co-culture model using CD4 T cells isolated from the lungs of infected mice and <em>M. tuberculosis</em>-infected murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) to investigate mechanisms of CD4 dependent control of infection. This dataset represents RNA sequencing data from M. tuberculosis-infected wild-type and <em>Ifngr-/- </em>murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) after 24 hours of lung CD4 T cell co-culture.</p> <p>CD4 T cells induced differential regulation of 1825 genes in wild-type BMDMs and 1142 genes in <em>Ifngr-/-</em> BMDMs compared to untreated. Although wild-type and <em>Ifngr-/-</em> BMDMs infected with <em>M. tuberculosis</em> were transcriptionally very similar prior to activation, the transcriptome of these genotypes of macrophages diverged after CD4 T cell co-culture. This is likely due in part to the presence or absence of IFN-γ signaling as IFN-γ alone regulates the expression of >2500 genes during <em>M. tuberculosis</em> infection. Still, 769 genes were altered in an IFN-γ-independent manner, with >2-fold upregulation in both wild-type and <em>Ifngr-/- </em>BMDMs. We found no difference in macrophage polarization between untreated M. tuberculosis-infected wild-type and <em>Ifngr-/-</em> BMDMs, and no significant increase in the expression of genes associated with M2 macrophages after CD4 T cell co-culture in either genotype. However, there was significant upregulation of genes associated with M1 macrophages after CD4 T cell co-culture in both genotypes, with wild-type BMDMs slightly more polarized. Collectively, these results show comparable patterns of activation in wild-type and <em>Ifngr-/-</em> macrophage during CD4 T cell co-culture, indicating that CD4 T cells elicit significant polarizing, inflammatory and antimicrobial effects in <em>M. tuberculosis</em>-infected macrophages irrespective of IFN-γ signaling.</p>
Different types of semi-natural habitat are required to sustain diverse wild bee communities across agricultural landscapes
<p><span>1. Semi-natural habitats provide important resources for wild bees in agricultural landscapes. Landscapes under management are dynamic and floral resources fluctuate in space and time. Thus, promoting different semi-natural habitat types within landscapes could be key to support diverse bee meta-communities throughout the season.</span></p> <p><span>2. Here, we integrate analyses of </span><span>a</span><span>-diversity (species richness) and </span><span>b</span><span>-diversity and species-habitat networks to examine the relative contribution of all major semi-natural habitats to wild bee meta-communities in agricultural landscapes. We sampled extensively and conventionally managed meadows, flower strips, hedgerows and forest edges in spring, early and late summer in 25 landscapes in Switzerland. </span></p> <p><span>3. Habitat types varied in their importance for wild bees throughout the season: While extensively managed meadows supported more rare species, habitat specialists and bee species overall than the other habitat types, flower strips were most important later in the season. Each of the five investigated habitat types harboured relatively unique sets of species with different habitats generally acting as distinct modules in the overall bee-habitat network. </span></p> <p><span>4. Not only flower richness in a habitat per se, but also flower-habitat network properties (habitat strength and functional complementarity) were good predictors of wild bee richness. In addition to local floral richness, landscape composition and configuration interactively influenced </span><span>b</span><span>-diversity patterns across habitats.</span></p> <p><span>5. Synthesis and applications</span><span>. Our study highlights the value of pollinator-habitat network analysis to inform pollinator conservation management at the landscape scale, especially when combined with information on floral resources and flower-habitat networks. Maintaining different types of semi-natural habitats offers diverse and complementary resources throughout the season, which are crucial to sustain diverse wild bee meta-communities in agricultural landscapes. Particularly meadow extensification schemes can play a key role in safeguarding rare and specialist species in these landscapes. While locally a high flower richness promoted bee abundance and richness in general, our results indicate that increasing connectivity between habitat patches in landscapes dominated by arable crops appears to improve species exchange between local bee communities of different habitats, thereby possibly increasing their resilience to disturbances.</span></p>
A simple method reveals minimum time required to quantify steady-rate metabolism and net cost of transport for human walking
<p>The U-shaped net cost of transport (COT) curve of walking has helped scientists understand the biomechanical basis that underlies energy minimization during walking. However, to produce an individual's net COT curve, data must be analyzed during periods of steady-rate metabolism. Traditionally, studies analyze the last few minutes of a 6–10 min trial, assuming that steady-rate metabolism has been achieved. Yet, it is possible that an individual achieves steady rates of metabolism much earlier. However, there is no consensus on how to objectively quantify steady-rate metabolism across a range of walking speeds. Therefore, we developed a simple slope method to determine the minimum time needed for humans to achieve steady rates of metabolism across slow to fast walking speeds.We hypothesized that a shorter time window could be used to produce a net COT curve that is comparable to the net COT curve created using traditional methods. We analyzed metabolic data from 21 subjects who completed several 7 min walking trials ranging from 0.50 to 2.00 m s−1. We partitioned the metabolic data for each trial into moving 1, 2 and 3 min intervals and calculated their slopes. We statistically compared these slope values with values derived from the last 3 min of the 7 min trial, our 'gold' standard comparison. We found that a minimum of 2 min is required to achieve steady-rate metabolism and that data from 2–4 min yields a net COT curve that is not statistically different from the one derived from experimental protocols that are generally accepted in the field.</p>
Supplementary Material for Creativity and Design Thinking as Facilitators in Requirements Elicitation
<p>Supplementary Material for the paper <em>Creativity and Design Thinking as Facilitators in Requirements Elicitation.</em></p> <p>The <em>survey_questions</em>.<em>pdf</em> file contains the form questions used to conduct the survey, the <em>survey_responses.csv</em> file contains the responses to this form, and the <em>table_techniques.pdf </em>file contains a supplementary table with creativity techniques and design thinking techniques.</p>
Conservation networks do not match ecological requirements of amphibians
<p>Supplementary files of the paper Matutini et al. 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.18.500425)</p> <p>Dataset sample and R script</p>
Adaptation required to preserve future high-end river flood risk at present levels
<p>Dataset accompanying the publication</p> <p>S.N. Willner, A. Levermann, F. Zhao, K. Frieler, Adaptation required to preserve future high-end river flood risk at present levels. Sci. Adv. 4, eaao1914 (2018).</p> <p>The dataset includes the increase in flood protection that is required to keep the observed high-end flood risk of the past constant in the next 25 years as well as the affected population in both periods used (1971-2004 and 2035-2044).</p>
Irrigation Expansion Required to Mitigate Yield Losses Under Climate Change
<p>The "code" folder contains code and related data to (1) run regression to obtain crop yield sensitivities to temperature and precipitation, (2) conduct bootstrapping approach to resample crop data 1,000 times to derive regression coefficients, and (3) derive pixel-level crop yield changes and additional irrigation needs under 1.5°C and 3°C warming.</p> <p>The "crop_production_summary.xlsx" gives the global and country-level aggregated crop production (e.g., wheat, maize, rice and barley) (unit: 10^12 kcal) during Baseline periods (1996-2005), 1.5°C and 3°C warming above pre-industrial levels (1850-1900) using three irrigation adaptation scenarios: (i) without irrigation adaptation, which means using the historical irrigation extent around 2000 (ii) with full irrigation adaptation, which means applying 100% irrigation over all croplands and (iii) with sustainable irrigation adaptation, which selectively applies irrigation where irrigation practices do not deplete freshwater stocks and impair aquatic ecosystems.</p> <p>The "irr_need_summary.xlsx" gives the global and country-level sustainable and unsustainable irrigation area (unit: million hectares) of each crop (e.g., wheat, maize, rice and barley) in 2000 and additional irrigation area needed to offset warming-induced crop yield losses under 1.5°C and 3°C warming above pre-industrial levels (1850-1900).</p> <p>The "irrigation needed" folder contains pixel-level additional irrigation area fraction for each crop needed to offset warming-induced crop yield losses under 1.5°C and 3°C warming above pre-industrial levels (1850-1900).</p> <p>The "yield change" folder contains pixel-level crop yield change for each crop under 1.5°C and 3°C warming above pre-industrial levels (1850-1900).</p> <p>The "irrigation_sustainable" folder contains pixel-level data on irrigation water sustainability during the Baseline periods (1996-2005) and under 1.5°C and 3°C warming scenarios compared to pre-industrial levels (1850-1900). In this dataset, pixels with values <1 indicate that sustainable irrigation can be applied, while values >=1 indicate that irrigation will be unsustainable.</p> <p>For further details, please contact Liyin He (lhe@carnegiescience.edu) or Lorenzo Rosa (lrosa@carnegiescience.edu).</p>
How much methane removal is required to avoid overshooting 1.5°C?
<p>This repository reproduces the results from Smith & Mathison, submitted. Code is available from GitHub at <a href="https://github.com/chrisroadmap/methane-mitigation">https://github.com/chrisroadmap/methane-mitigation</a>. The Zenodo version includes the <code>results</code> directory, which are datasets that are too large for GitHub.</p> <h2>Reproduction steps</h2> <h3>Set up conda repository</h3> <p>This assumes that you are using <code>anaconda</code> and <code>python</code>. Currently, <code>fair</code> and <code>fair-calibrate</code> appear to be most stable with <code>python</code> versions 3.8, 3.9, 3.10 and 3.11. Others may work, but these ones are tested.</p> <p>1. Create your environment:</p> <p><code>$ conda env create -f environment.yml</code><br><br>2. If you want to make nice version-control friendly notebooks, which will remove all output and data upon committing, run</p> <p><code>$ nbstripout --install</code></p> <h3>Run and reproduce results</h3> <p>1. Fire up jupyter notebook</p> <p><code>$ jupyter notebook</code></p> <p>2. Inside <code>notebook</code>, navigate to <code>notebooks</code> directory. Run the notebooks in this order:<br> - <code>adaptive-removal-1.4.0.ipynb</code>: this does the data crunching. It will likely take between 6 and 24 hours, depending on your machine.<br> - <code>zec-1.4.0.ipynb</code>: calculate ZEC and carbon cycle metrics<br> - <code>analyse-1.4.0.ipynb</code>: produce the results and plots reported in the paper</p> <p>3. As a sensitivity case we run 10 MtCH4 removal steps (default 20); the results are almost identical but runtime is slower. These are in the files <code>adaptive-removal-1.4.0-10Mt.ipynb</code> and <code>analyse-1.4.0-10Mt.ipynb</code>.</p>
Dataset belonging to SNF project: Use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling to simulate dosing requirements of long-acting intramuscular antiretroviral drugs in special populations and to manage drug-drug interactions
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Supplementary Material for Requirements documentation containing natural language: A Systematic Tertiary Literature Review
<p>Context: Requirements documentation in natural language has diverse artifacts, but few studies address their suitability to types<br>of requirements or ease of communication.</p> <p>Methods: We conducted a systematic tertiary literature review (STLR) and identified 22 relevant review papers that address natural language artifacts used by practitioners to document software requirements. We also investigated which types of requirements are addressed by artifacts and if there are guidelines for each.</p> <p>Results: A variety of artifacts used for this purpose were identified, of which the most referenced in the literature were diagrams,<br>use cases, conceptual models, user stories, and prototypes. The analysis highlighted that artifacts are applied differently to functional and non-functional requirements. In general, diagrams, use cases, scenarios, and prototypes can be used for both types of requirements, depending on the content (usability, security, etc.). However, user stories and derived artifacts are more recommended for functional requirements and have limitations for non-functional requirements.</p> <p>Conclusion: Furthermore, the study explored different guidelines, structures, and formats used in documentation artifacts, reflecting the diversity in requirements documentation practices in software projects.</p>
Data for: Reliable biogeography requires fossils: Insights from a new species-level phylogeny of extinct and living carnivores
<p>A central objective of historical biogeography is to understand where clades originated and how they moved across space and over time. However, given the dynamic history of ecosystem changes in response to climate change and geologic events, the manifold long-distance dispersals over evolutionary timescales, and regional and global extinctions, it remains uncertain how reliable inferences based solely on extant taxa can be achieved. Using a novel species-level phylogeny of all known extant and extinct species of the mammalian order Carnivora and related extinct groups, we show that far more precise and accurate ancestral areas can be estimated by fully integrating extinct species into the analyses, rather than solely relying on extant species or identifying ancestral areas only based on the geography of the oldest fossils. Through a series of simulations, we further show that this conclusion is robust under realistic scenarios in which the unknown extinct taxa represent a biased subset of all extinct species. Our results highlight the importance of integrating fossil taxa into a phylogenetic framework to further improve our understanding of historical biogeography and reveal the dynamic dispersal and diversification history of carnivores.</p>
Sceloporus thermal requirements
<p><span>Thermal requirement data of lizard populations of the genus <em>Sceloporus </em>was obtained from the literature. We collected data on preferred body temperature (Tpref), body temperature in the field (Tb), critical minimum temperature (CTmin), and critical maximum temperature (CTmax) of <em>Sceloporus</em> lizards. Additionally, we reported air and substrate temperature at the location of capture, if reported in the papers, and the relation of body temperature with these environmental temperatures. Whenever possible, we reported coordinates and elevation of the study sites, with available data on environmental temperatures (i.e., bioclim data, data from nearby meteorological stations, and the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). When reported, thermal efficiency indexes are given (i.e. thermoregulation accuracy, thermoquality of the habitat, and thermoregulation efficiency). </span></p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.