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274 results for “Rocky Mountains”
FIGURE 9 in Revision of the Empis subgenus Enoplempis Bigot, east of the Rocky Mountains (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURE 9. Male legs of E. (Enoplempis). A, E. gladiator, apex of hind femur and base of hind tibia, anterior view; B, E. gladiator, apex of hind femur and base of hind tibia, posterior view; C, E. gulosa, hindleg, anterior view; D, E. gulosa, hind trochanter, anterior view; E, E. loripedis, hindleg, anterior view; F, E. loripedis, apex of hind femur and base of hind tibia, anterior view; G, E. loripedis, apex of hind femur and base of hind tibia, posterior view.
FIGURE 12 in Revision of the Empis subgenus Enoplempis Bigot, east of the Rocky Mountains (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURE 12. Male legs of E. (Enoplempis). A, E. montywoodi, apex of hind femur and base of hind tibia, anterior view; B, E. montywoodi, apex of hind femur and base of hind tibia, posterior view; C, E. nodipoplitea, apex of hind femur and base of hind tibia, anterior view; D, E. nuda, hind trochanters; E, E. nuda, hindleg, anterior view.
FIGURE 3 in Revision of the Empis subgenus Enoplempis Bigot, east of the Rocky Mountains (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURE 3. Male legs of E. (Enoplempis). A, E. amytis, hindlegs, anterior view; B, E. amytis, hind femur, anterior view; C, E. amytis, hind coxae and trochanters, anterior view; D, E. appalachicola, foreleg; E, E. appalachicola, hindleg, anterior view.
FIGURE 18 in Revision of the Empis subgenus Enoplempis Bigot, east of the Rocky Mountains (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURE 18. Distribution of E. (Enoplempis). A, E. nuda and E. prodigiosa; B, E. enodis, E. montywoodi, E. pectinata, and E. penicillata.
FIGURE 16 in Revision of the Empis subgenus Enoplempis Bigot, east of the Rocky Mountains (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURE 16. Male legs of E. (Enoplempis). A, E. pectinata, hindleg, anterior view; B, E. penicillata, hindleg, anterior view; C, E. prodigiosa, hindleg, anterior view; D, E. prodigiosa, apex of hind femur and base of hind tibia, anterior view; E, E. prodigiosa, apex of hind femur and base of hind tibia, posterior view.
Influence of biomimicry structures on ecosystem function in a Rocky Mountain incised stream
<p>Rising levels of stream degradation have motivated a boom in restoration projects across the globe. However, post-restoration monitoring is still frequently lacking and does not always incorporate biotic responses to changes in the physical template. Beaver mimicry structures (BMS) are becoming a popular tool to restore degraded streams throughout the American West, but relatively little is known about how these installations influence both biotic and abiotic factors, with consequences for ecosystem functioning. We monitored basal resources, organic and inorganic material standing stocks, and macroinvertebrate density, biomass, and production to quantify functional responses to BMS installation. We compared conditions at BMS sites to naturally occurring beaver dam and reference riffle sites in a low-gradient stream in southwest Montana, USA. Thermal ranges were contracted, and daily maximum temperatures were higher, in the BMS treatment compared to the reference riffle treatment. Fine sediment standing stock and basal resources were similar in beaver and BMS treatments, and both treatments were higher than reference riffles. All treatments differed in macroinvertebrate density, which was highest in the Beaver treatment, followed by Mimic and then Reference treatment. Biomass and secondary production were higher in Beaver and BMS treatments compared to the Reference treatment, but only Beaver and Reference treatments differed significantly, likely due to differences in physical habitat and basal resource availability. Consequently, production of collector-gatherers in the BMS treatment and shredders in the beaver treatment was higher than in reference riffles. Changes to local hydrology and sediment dynamics resulting from BMS influence biotic functional responses like organic material standing stock and secondary production, creating habitat and ecosystem function distinct from riffles and similar to target conditions of natural beaver dams. To continue to improve BMS as a standard restoration practice, future research could consider the extent of degradation, increasing temporal scale of monitoring. alterations to aquatic-terrestrial subsidies and impacts to fishes.</p>
The effect of plant invasion on soil microbial carbon-use efficiency in semiarid grasslands of the Rocky Mountain West
<p>1. Grassland ecosystems invaded by exotic plant species often exhibit substantially higher aboveground productivity and soil nitrogen (N) than the native communities they replace. These shifts are likely associated with altered microbial carbon (C) and N cycling, but we know surprisingly little about how these processes change with plant invasion.</p> <p>2. Targeting four invasive plant species common in the Rocky Mountain West, we collected soils from invaded and adjacent uninvaded grassland field plots, as well as from an experimental garden. We used a laboratory incubation of soils with <sup>13</sup>C- and <sup>15</sup>N-labelled substrates to examine how microbial C respiration, C assimilation, and N cycling differed among plant communities. To assess how these rates corresponded with plant productivity and microbial communities, we measured aboveground plant biomass and characterized bacterial and fungal communities using Illumina sequencing.</p> <p>3. In the paired observational plots, soil microbial communities associated with invaders generally had higher respiration rates and lower growth rates than those associated with the native plant communities, leading to a lower microbial carbon-use efficiency (CUE). Overall, soil substrate with a lower C:N was related to decreased CUE, and lower CUE was related to increased gross and net N mineralization. In turn, faster gross N mineralization was related to greater aboveground biomass. These patterns coincided with significant differences in fungal communities, whereas bacterial communities varied by site. Invasive plants also altered microbial communities in the experimental plots, but this was not associated with shifts in microbial CUE, which was low overall.</p> <p>4. <i>Synthesis.</i> Our results provide evidence that invasive plants alter bacterial and fungal communities. These shifts were not associated with changes in microbial CUE and, thus, the often-assumed link between compositional and functional shifts was not apparent in this study. However, lower CUE was associated with elevated rates of N cycling and productivity, which, in low-productivity systems, could help explain the increased growth and success of exotic plant invaders.</p>
The effects of ENSO and the North American monsoon on mast seeding in two Rocky Mountain conifer species
<p>We aimed to disentangle the patterns of synchronous and variable cone production (i.e., masting) and its relationship to climate in two conifer species native to dry forests of western North America. We used cone abscission scars to reconstruct ca. 15 years of recent cone production in <i>Pinus edulis </i>and<i> Pinus ponderosa</i>, and used redundancy analysis to relate time series of annual cone production to climate indices describing the North American monsoon and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We show that the sensitivity to climate and resulting synchrony in cone production varies substantially between species. Cone production among populations of <i>P. edulis</i> was much more spatially synchronous and more closely related to large-scale modes of climate variability than were populations of <i>P. ponderosa</i>. Large-scale synchrony in <i>P. edulis</i> cone production was associated with the North American monsoon and we identified a dipole pattern of regional cone production associated with ENSO phase. In <i>P. ponderosa</i>, these climate indices were not strongly associated with cone production, resulting in asynchronous masting patterns among populations. This study helps frame our understanding of mast seeding as a life history strategy and has implications for our ability to forecast mast years in these species.</p>
Data from: Landscape complementation is a driver of bumble bee (Bombus sp.) abundance in the Canadian Rocky Mountains
<p><i>Context: </i>Land use change is a major factor influencing biodiversity, but the mechanisms that drive species losses require further examination. Habitat loss often reduces biodiversity, but habitat fragmentation can increase biodiversity when examined independently. Processes driving this pattern remain largely unclear.</p> <p><i>Objectives: </i>We aimed to determine the effects of habitat fragmentation on bumble bee populations after controlling for habitat amount, and to examine possible mechanisms behind observed effects.</p> <p><i>Methods: </i>We sampled 22 species of bumble bees (<i>Bombus</i> sp.) across 50 unique sites located throughout the Canadian Rockies using a sampling design that minimized correlations between amount and spatial arrangement of land covers that may represent important habitat for bees. We modeled bumble bee abundance, species richness and diversity as a function of land cover metrics.</p> <p><i>Results: </i>Effects of land cover fragmentation were dependent on both the measure of fragmentation used, and landscape scale. Bumble bee abundance was higher where nesting habitat (forest) and foraging habitat (grassland) were found adjacent to each other within 300 m, suggesting a landscape complementation effect where bees benefit from having access to both land cover types in proximity to one another. Having available habitat split into a greater number of patches was detrimental when considering the immediate area (0-300 m), but beneficial when quantified in more distant areas (300-600 m).</p> <p><i>Conclusions: </i>Landscape complementation may be an important component behind positive fragmentation effects. Estimates of multiple measures of fragmentation are important when testing the impacts of land cover and landscape changes on species abundance and biodiversity.</p>
FIGURE. Four rupicolous taxa characteristic of the Sierra de las Nieves National Park: A. Centaurea clementei (vertical sunny cliffs in the Tajos de Añicle); B. Saxifraga globulifera (shady rocks in the Peñón de Ronda peak); C. Hieracium baeticum (rocky places in the Puerto de los Valientes mountain pass); D. Sarcocapnos baetica (overhanging cliffs in Cueva del Agua cave). (Photos by authors). in Vascular flora of the Sierra de las Nieves National Park and its surroundings (Andalusia, Spain)
FIGURE. Four rupicolous taxa characteristic of the Sierra de las Nieves National Park: A. Centaurea clementei (vertical sunny cliffs in the Tajos de Añicle); B. Saxifraga globulifera (shady rocks in the Peñón de Ronda peak); C. Hieracium baeticum (rocky places in the Puerto de los Valientes mountain pass); D. Sarcocapnos baetica (overhanging cliffs in Cueva del Agua cave). (Photos by authors).
On following pages: 168. Rocky Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus); 169. Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolon; bedford); 173. Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia); 174. Arabian Tahr (Arabitragus jayakari); 175. Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus 170. Bhutan Takin (Budorcas whitel); 171. Sichuan Takin (Budorcas tibetana); 172. Golden Takin (Budorcas jemlahicus); 176. Greater Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayaun); 177. Dwarf Blue Sheep (Pseudois schaeferi). in Bovidae
On following pages: 168. Rocky Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus); 169. Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolon; bedford); 173. Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia); 174. Arabian Tahr (Arabitragus jayakari); 175. Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus 170. Bhutan Takin (Budorcas whitel); 171. Sichuan Takin (Budorcas tibetana); 172. Golden Takin (Budorcas jemlahicus); 176. Greater Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayaun); 177. Dwarf Blue Sheep (Pseudois schaeferi).
Data from: Rocky Mountain forests are poised to recover following bark beetle outbreaks, but with altered composition
<ol> <li>Amplified by warming temperatures and drought, recent outbreaks of native bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) have caused extensive tree mortality throughout Europe and North America. Despite their ubiquitous nature and important effects on ecosystems, forest recovery following such disturbances is poorly understood, particularly across regions with varying abiotic conditions and outbreak effects.</li> <li>To better understand post-outbreak recovery across a topographically complex region, we synthesized data from 16 field studies spanning subalpine forests in the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA. From 1997 to 2019, these forests were heavily affected by outbreaks of three native bark beetle species (<em>Dendroctonus ponderosae</em>, <em>Dendroctonus rufipennis</em>, and <em>Dryocoetes confusus</em>). We compared pre- and post-outbreak forest conditions and developed region-wide predictive maps of post-outbreak (1) live basal areas, (2) juvenile densities, and (3) height growth rates for the most abundant tree species – aspen (<em>Populus</em> <em>tremuloides</em>), Engelmann spruce (<em>Picea</em> <em>engelmannii</em>), lodgepole pine (<em>Pinus</em> <em>contorta</em>), and subalpine fir (<em>Abies</em> <em>lasiocarpa</em>).</li> <li>Beetle-caused tree mortality reduced the average diameter of live trees by 28.4% (5.6 cm), and species dominance was altered on 27.8% of field plots with shifts away from pine and spruce. However, most plots (82.1%) are likely to recover towards pre-outbreak tree densities without any additional regeneration. Region-wide maps indicated that fir and aspen, non-host species for bark beetle species with the most severe effects (i.e., <em>Dendroctonus</em> spp.), will benefit from outbreaks through greater post-outbreak basal areas and higher juvenile densities. After accounting for individual size, height growth rates for all conifer species were more rapid in sites with low winter precipitation and high outbreak severity.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis</em>: In subalpine forests of the US Rocky Mountains, recent outbreaks of three bark beetle species have driven reductions in tree sizes and shifts in species composition. While eventual recovery of the pre-outbreak <em>forest structure</em> is likely in most places, shifts in <em>species composition</em> may persist for decades. Still, forest communities following bark beetle outbreaks are widely variable due to differences in pre-outbreak conditions, outbreak severity, and abiotic gradients. This regional variability has critical implications for ecosystem services and susceptibility to future disturbances.</li> </ol>
Interactions between endophagous flowerhead herbivores and Asteraceae in five localities of rocky outcrop grasslands in the Espinhaço mountain range in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil)
<p><span>This dataset includes 1131 interactions recorded in five localities of rocky outcrop grasslands in the Espinhaço mountain range in the state of Minas Gerais. These interactions form a network with 198 plant species in 15 tribes of the Asteraceae, and 99 herbivore species belonging to four families of Diptera and Lepidoptera, all of which have flowerhead-feeding larvae that were reared from samples of their host plants.</span></p>
Data from: Climate and competition effects on tree growth in Rocky Mountain forests
1. Climate is widely assumed to influence physiological and demographic processes in trees, and hence forest composition, biomass and range limits. Growth in trees is an important barometer of climate change impacts on forests as growth is highly correlated with other demographic processes including tree mortality and fecundity. 2. We investigated the main drivers of diameter growth for five common tree species occurring in the Rocky Mountains of the western United States using non-linear regression methods. We quantified growth at the individual tree level from tree core samples collected across broad environmental gradients. We estimated the effects of both climate variation and biotic interactions on growth processes and tested for evidence that disjunct populations of a species respond differentially to climate. 3. Relationships between tree growth and climate varied by species and location. Growth in all species responded positively to increases in annual moisture up to a threshold level. Modest linear responses to temperature, both positive and negative, were observed at many sites. However, model results also revealed evidence for differentiated responses to local site conditions in all species. In severe environments in particular, growth responses varied non-linearly with temperature. For example, in northerly cold locations pronounced positive growth responses to increasing temperatures were observed. In warmer southerly climates, growth responses were unimodal, declining markedly above a threshold temperature level. 4. Net effects from biotic interactions on diameter growth were negative for all study species. Evidence for facilitative effects was not detected. For some species, competitive effects more strongly influenced growth performance than climate. Competitive interactions also modified growth responses to climate to some degree. 6. Synthesis. These analyses suggest that climate change will have complex, species specific effects on tree growth in the Rocky Mountains due to non-linear responses to climate, differentiated growth processes that vary by location and complex species interactions that impact growth and potentially modify responses to climate. Thus, robust model simulations of future growth responses to climate trends may need to integrate realistic scenarios of neighborhood effects as well as variability in tree performance attributed to differentiated populations.
FIGURE 3. Rocky mountain face with a in Two new species in Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae) of Machu Picchu, Peru
FIGURE 3. Rocky mountain face with a mix of green and red rosettes of Tillandsia machupicchuensis A. Overview. B. Some of the rosettes attached to the steep wall.
FIGURE 25 in Five new species of Stauroneis (Bacillariophyta, Stauroneidaceae) from the northern Rocky Mountains, USA
FIGURE 25: Wolverine Lakes in the Galton Range, northwest Montana. Upper Wolverine Lake (foreground) is the type locality of Stauroneis thompsonii and typical of habitats for Stauroneis species in the northern Rocky Mountains. Photo by the author.
FIGURES 9–24 in Five new species of Stauroneis (Bacillariophyta, Stauroneidaceae) from the northern Rocky Mountains, USA
FIGURES 9–24: Stauroneis sacajaweae, S. spauldingiae, and S. thompsonii. Figs 9–15: Stauroneis sacajaweae. Figs 9, 11–15: Type locality. Fig. 10: Haystack Seep, Going-To-The-Sun Road, Glacier National Park, Montana. Figs 16–21: Stauroneis spauldingiae. Figs 16–18, 20, 21: Copper Lake, Shoshone County, Idaho (type locality). Fig. 19: Lily Lake, Lemhi County, Idaho. Figs 22–24: Stauroneis thompsonii from the type locality.
FIGURES 1–8 in Five new species of Stauroneis (Bacillariophyta, Stauroneidaceae) from the northern Rocky Mountains, USA
FIGURES 1–8: Stauroneis clarkii and Stauroneis lewisii. Figs 1–4: Stauroneis clarkii from the type locality. Figs 5–8: Stauroneis lewisii from various locations. Figs 5–6: Blodgett Lake, Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Montana (type locality). Fig. 7: Fred Burr Lake, Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Montana. Fig. 8: Bloody Dick Pond No. 6, Beaverhead County, Montana.
FIGURES 3–20 in Encyonema hamsherae, a new diatom species from the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA
FIGURES 3–20: Figures 3–16, Encyonema hamsherae sp. nov. Figures 17–20. Encyonema hebridicum. Figs 3 (holotype), 4, 7, 8, 10–13. Shovel Creek, Montana; Figs 5, 9. Castle Creek (Stillwater), Montana; Fig. 6. Tongue River, Wyoming; Figs 14–16. Trout Creek, Montana; Figs 17, 18. Kootenai Fen, Glacier National Park, Montana (MDC sample # 451707 (1), University of Montana Herbarium (MONTU) accession #39–85); Figs 19, 20. (isotype) Lulea Lappmark, Sweden (Cleve and Möller Nr. 37), Fig. 20 shows two focal planes of same valve. Scale bars are 10 µm unless otherwise noted.
FIGURE 2b in Encyonema hamsherae, a new diatom species from the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA
FIGURE 2b:Dorsal and ventral striae densities of these sample populations, range for E. hebridicum (Krammer, 1997) is illustrated by the line in the lower left of the graph.
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