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Figure 13. TMM 41541-1, Alamosaurus sanjuanensis. A in An articulated cervical series of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from Texas: new perspective on the relationships of North America's last giant sauropod

Figure 13. TMM 41541-1, Alamosaurus sanjuanensis. A, incomplete posterior cervical vertebra in right lateral view. B, interpretive line drawing of image in A; solid grey fill indicates broken bone surfaces. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; clf, centrum lateral fossa; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lam, lamina dividing the prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pp, parapophysis; prcdf1, dorsal prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prcdf2, ventral prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis. Solid line in scale bar = 10 cm.

Figure 5. BIBE 45854 in An articulated cervical series of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from Texas: new perspective on the relationships of North America's last giant sauropod

Figure 5. BIBE 45854, Alamosaurus sanjuanensis, cervical vertebrae in ventral view. Photos taken at various preparation stages for each vertebra. A, cervical vertebra 6. B, cervical vertebra 7 and prezygapophysis of cervical vertebra 8. C, cervical vertebra 8 and posterior rim of centrum from cervical vertebra 7; angle of photo taken in ventral slightly left lateral view. D, cervical vertebra 9. E, cervical vertebra 10 and posterior edge of centrum of cervical vertebra 9. F, cervical vertebra 11 and posterior end of cervical vertebra 10. G, line drawing of cervical vertebra 12, derived from sketch made during preparation of specimen. H, cervical vertebra 13 and posterior end of centrum of cervical vertebra 12. I, cervical vertebra 14 and posterior end of centrum of cervical vertebra 13. Abbreviations: C, part of cervical centrum; for, foramen; prz8, prezygapophysis of cervical vertebra 8. All scale bars = 20 cm.

Figure 4. BIBE 45854, Alamosaurus sanjuanensis. A, cervical vertebra 10 in An articulated cervical series of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from Texas: new perspective on the relationships of North America's last giant sauropod

Figure 4. BIBE 45854, Alamosaurus sanjuanensis. A, cervical vertebra 10 in dorsal view during preparation, with neural spine removed. B, interpretive line drawing of image in A. Somphospondylus internal structure is visible in broken neural spine laminae in A. Solid grey fill in B indicates broken bone surfaces. Dashed lines indicate approximate borders of anterior condyle and prezygapophyses not attached to centrum at this stage of preparation. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; crib, cervical rib; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; ppr, posterior process of posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; sdf, spinodiapophyseal fossa; spof, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; sprf, spinoprezygapophyseal fossa; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Divisions on metre scale bar are 10 cm.

Figure 8. BIBE 45854 in An articulated cervical series of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from Texas: new perspective on the relationships of North America's last giant sauropod

Figure 8. BIBE 45854, Alamosaurus sanjuanensis. Close-up views of autapomorphic lamina dividing the prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa into dorsal and ventral sub-fossae. A, cervical vertebra 13, left lamina and fossae in anterolateral view. B, cervical vertebra 13, right lamina and fossae in anterolateral view. C, cervical vertebra 14, centrum and arch laminae and fossae in lateral view during preparation of specimen. D, line drawing of view in C. E, cervical vertebra 14, stereophotopairs of right prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa and dividing lamina in anterolateral view. Solid grey fill indicates broken bone surface. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; C, cervical vertebra; cdf, centrodiapophyseal fossa; clf, centrum lateral fossa; cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; crib, cervical rib; dia, diapophysis; lam, lamina dividing the prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pp, parapophysis; prcdf1, dorsal prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prcdf2, ventral prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bar in A shows 10 cm divisions; scale bars in B, C and E = 10 cm.

Figure 2 in An articulated cervical series of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from Texas: new perspective on the relationships of North America's last giant sauropod

Figure 2. Diagrammatic skeletal drawing of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis based on composite skeleton reconstruction exhibited at the Perot Museum of Nature and Science, in Dallas, Texas. Reconstruction based on BIBE 45854, TMM 41541-1, USNM 15560 and the distal caudal series of a not-yet-named South American titanosaur. Human silhouette represents a 1.8 m tall individual. Grey-filled elements indicate parts of reconstruction based upon estimates of anatomy or modifications of other taxa.

Figure 7. BIBE 45854 in An articulated cervical series of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from Texas: new perspective on the relationships of North America's last giant sauropod

Figure 7. BIBE 45854, Alamosaurus sanjuanensis posterior cervical vertebrae in anterior view. A, cervical vertebra 12. B, cervical vertebra 13; security strap lashing vertebra to shipping pallet visible in photo. C, cervical vertebra 14; temporary plaster transportation base obscures ventral edges of vertebra. Photos taken during late stages of specimen preparation. Abbreviations: C, cervical vertebra, identifies parts of adjacent vertebrae in images; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; llns, lateral lamina of neural spine; nc, neural canal; poz, postzygapophysis; poz 11, postzygapophysis of cervical 11; poz 12, postzygapophysis of cervical 12; prsl, prespinal lamina; sprf, spinoprezygapophyseal fossa; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar = 50 cm.

Figure 17 in An articulated cervical series of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from Texas: new perspective on the relationships of North America's last giant sauropod

Figure 17. Results of the second analysis. Single resolved tree (length = 145 evolutionary steps, consistency index = 0.6966, retention index = 0.7124) generated by the second analysis based on data matrix of Gonźalez Riga & Ortiz David (2014) after Drusilasaura was deleted from the analysis, and set on a geological time scale (Gradstein et al. 2012). Thickened branch sections indicate approximate temporal range for each terminal taxon. Temporal ranges of taxa were taken from multiple sources (Borsuk-Bialynicka 1977; Upchurch et al. 2004; Weishampel et al. 2004; de Jesus Faria et al. 2015). Open circles at nodes indicate a node-defined clade name. Arcs on branches indicate a stem-defined lineage name. See Table 1 for name definitions. Lo. = Lognkosauria. Op. = Opisthocoelicaudiinae. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap and decay index (Bremer value), formatted as decay index/bootstrap value. A dash (-) indicates a decay index of 0 and/or bootstrap value <50%.

Figure 14 in An articulated cervical series of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from Texas: new perspective on the relationships of North America's last giant sauropod

Figure 14. Hypotheses for the phylogenetic position of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis in previous cladistic analyses. A, Alamosaurus as the sister taxon to Opisthocoelicaudia, or on the stem lineage Opisthocoelicaudiinae (Sereno 1998; Curry Rogers 2005; Wilson 2002; Calvo et al. 2007a; Gonźalez Riga et al. 2009; Zaher et al. 2011; Gonźalez Riga & Ortiz David 2014); B, Alamosaurus as a member of stem lineage Saltasaurinae (Salgado et al. 1997; Calvo & Gonźalez Riga 2003; Gonźalez Riga 2003; Mannion et al. 2013; Saegusa & Ikeda 2014); C, Alamosaurus as a saltasaurid in a basal polytomy with Saltasaurinae and Opisthocoelicaudia (Lacovara et al. 2014); D, Alamosaurus as a lithostrotian titanosaur outside Saltasauridae (Upchurch 1998; Upchurch et al. 2004; Carballido et al. 2011; Carballido & Sander 2014; Poropat et al. 2015). Abbreviations: Op. = Opisthocoelicaudiinae; Sa. = Saltasaurinae.

Figure 16 in An articulated cervical series of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from Texas: new perspective on the relationships of North America's last giant sauropod

Figure 16. Results of the second analysis. Strict consensus of 14 equally most parsimonious trees (length = 146 evolutionary steps, consistency index = 0.6918, retention index = 0.7115) generated from analysis based on data set of Gonźalez Riga & Ortiz David (2014). Open circles at nodes indicate a nodedefined clade name. Arcs on branches indicate a stem-defined lineage name. Op. = Opisthocoelicaudiinae. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap and decay index (Bremer value), formatted as decay index/bootstrap value. A dash (-) indicates a decay index of 0 and/or bootstrap value <50%.

Figure 15 in An articulated cervical series of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from Texas: new perspective on the relationships of North America's last giant sauropod

Figure 15. Results of first phylogenetic analysis based on data set of Lacovara et al. (2014). Strict consensus of 40 equally most parsimonious trees (length = 958 evolutionary steps; consistency index = 0.4238, retention index = 0.7072) set upon a geological timescale (Gradstein et al. 2012). Thickened branch sections indicate approximate temporal range for each terminal taxon. Temporal ranges of taxa were taken from multiple sources (Borsuk-Bialynicka 1977; Upchurch et al. 2004; Weishampel et al. 2004; de Jesus Faria et al. 2015). Open circles at nodes indicate a node-defined clade name. Arcs on branches indicate a stem-defined lineage name. See Table 1 for name definitions. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap and decay index (Bremer value), formatted as decay index/bootstrap value. A dash (-) indicates a decay index of 0 and/or bootstrap value <50%.

Figure 11 in An articulated cervical series of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from Texas: new perspective on the relationships of North America's last giant sauropod

Figure 11. Right ischia of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis in medial view. A, USNM 10487; B, TMM 41541-1; C, BIBE 45909. Image of USNM 10487 taken from Gilmore (1922). Abbreviations: acet, acetabular border; il, iliac peduncle; isc, ischial contact edge; pu, pubic contact edge. Scale bars = 20 cm.

Figure 10. Alamosaurus sanjuanensis, first caudal vertebra. A—C, TMM 41541-1 in An articulated cervical series of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from Texas: new perspective on the relationships of North America's last giant sauropod

Figure 10. Alamosaurus sanjuanensis, first caudal vertebra. A—C, TMM 41541-1 first caudal vertebra in A, anterior, B, right lateral, and C, posterior views. D, E, USNM 15560, line drawings of first caudal vertebra in D, anterior, and E, right lateral views. F, TMM 41541-1, close-up of first caudal centrum in right lateroventral and slightly anterior view; arrows point to at least three foramina ventral to transverse process. D and E drawn from Gilmore (1946). Abbreviations: for, foramen; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; posl, postspinal lamina; prsl, prespinal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tp, transverse process. A—C, scale bar = 20 cm.

FIGURE 20 in Osteology and systematics of Uberabatitan ribeiroi (Dinosauria; Sauropoda): a Late Cretaceous titanosaur from Minas Gerais, Brazil

FIGURE 20. Pubis of Uberabatitan ribeiroi. A CPPLIP-1029 on 1, dorsal, 2 ventral views and 3, interpretative drawn on ventral view and B, CPPLIP-1103 on 1, dorsal, 2 ventral views and 3, interpretative drawn on ventral view. Abbreviations: pdc: proximodistal crest, of: obturator foramen.

FIGURE 13 in Osteology and systematics of Uberabatitan ribeiroi (Dinosauria; Sauropoda): a Late Cretaceous titanosaur from Minas Gerais, Brazil

FIGURE 13. Cervical (A-K) and trunk (L-O) ribs of Uberabatitan ribeiroi. A CPPLIP-1052 in 1, lateral and 2, medial views; B CPPLIP-933 in 1, medial and 2, lateral views; C CPPLIP-929 in 1, lateral and 2, medial views; D CPPLIP-922 in 1, lateral and 2, medial views; E CPPLIP-927 in 1, lateral and 2, medial views; F CPPLIP-930 in 1, lateral and 2, medial views; G CPPLIP-918 in 1, lateral and 2 medial views; H CPPLIP-1087 in 1, medial and 2, lateral views; I CPPLIP-1053 in 1, medial and 2, lateral views; J CPPLIP-917 in 1, medial and 2, lateral views; K CPPLIP-919 in left lateral view, L CPPLIP- 1059 in 1, lateral and 2, medial views; M CPPLIP-1064 in 1, lateral and 2, medial views; N CPPLIP-1089 in 1, lateral and 2, medial views, and O CPPLIP-923 in 1, anterior and 2, posterior views. Abbreviations: ct: capitulum; tb: tuberculum.

FIGURE 24 in Osteology and systematics of Uberabatitan ribeiroi (Dinosauria; Sauropoda): a Late Cretaceous titanosaur from Minas Gerais, Brazil

FIGURE 24. Pedal elements of Uberabatitan ribeiroi. A CPPLIP-1082 (redefined holotype) left astragalus in 1, proximal, 2, anterior, 3, lateral, 4, distal, 5, posterior, 6, medial views; B CPPLIP-1034 metatarsal II in 1, dorsal, 2, proximal, 3, plantar and 4, distal views and C CPPLIP-971 ungual phalanx in 1, lateral, 2, posterior and 3, medial views. Abbreviations: I: articulation with metacarpal I; ac: anteroposterior crest; fa: fibular articulation; ta: tibial articulation.

FIGURE 19. Metacarpal II in Osteology and systematics of Uberabatitan ribeiroi (Dinosauria; Sauropoda): a Late Cretaceous titanosaur from Minas Gerais, Brazil

FIGURE 19. Metacarpal II of Uberabatitan ribeiroi. CPPLIP-1080 in A, anterior, B, posterior, C, medial, D, proximal and E, distal views. Abbreviations: I: articulation with metacarpal I; III: articulation with metacarpal III; aco: anterior concavity, atc: anterior crest; lc: longitudinal crest, M. ecr: insertion for the M. extensor carpi radialis.

FIGURE 7 in Osteology and systematics of Uberabatitan ribeiroi (Dinosauria; Sauropoda): a Late Cretaceous titanosaur from Minas Gerais, Brazil

FIGURE 7. Trunk vertebrae of Uberabatitan ribeiroi. A CPPLIP-1077 in 1, left lateal, 2, anterior, 3, ventral, 4, right lateral, 5, posterior and 6, ventral views; B CPPLIP-1068 in 1, anterior and 2, posterior views. Abbreviations: acpl: anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; cpaf: centroparapophyseal fossa; cpof: centropostzygapophyseal fossa; cprl: centroprezygapophyseal; dp: diapophysis; pl: pleurocoel; pp: parapophysis; poz: postzygapophysis; prpl: prezygoparapophyseal lamina; prsdf: prezygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa; prsl: prespinal lamina; prz: prezygapophysis; spdl: spinodiapophyseal lamina; sprl: spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; spof: spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; spol: spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; tpol: intrapostzygapophyseal; tprl: intraprezygapophyseal lamina.

FIGURE 14 in Osteology and systematics of Uberabatitan ribeiroi (Dinosauria; Sauropoda): a Late Cretaceous titanosaur from Minas Gerais, Brazil

FIGURE 14. Chevrons of Uberabatitan ribeiroi. A CPPLIP-1004 in 1, anterior, 2, left lateral, 3, distal, 4, posterior and 5, right lateral views; B CPPLIP-1056 in 1, anterior, 2, left lateral, 3, distal, 4, posterior and 5, right lateral views; C CPPLIP-1691 in 1, anterior, 2, left lateral, 3, distal, 4, posterior and 5, right lateral views; D CPPLIP-1005 in 1, anterior, 2, left lateral, 3, distal, 4, posterior and 5, right lateral views, and E CPPLIP-1006 in 1, anterior, 2, left lateral, 3, distal, 4, posterior and 5, right lateral views.

FIGURE 5 in Osteology and systematics of Uberabatitan ribeiroi (Dinosauria; Sauropoda): a Late Cretaceous titanosaur from Minas Gerais, Brazil

FIGURE 5. Middle cervical vertebra of Uberabatitan ribeiroi. CPPLIP-1690 in A, left lateral, B, anterior, C, dorsal and D, right lateral views. Abbreviations: eprl: Epipophyseal-prezygapophyseal lamina (d, diapophyseal); sdf: spinodiapophyseal fossa; sprf: spinoprezygapophyseal fossa; tprl: intraprezygapophyseal lamina.

FIGURE 4 in Osteology and systematics of Uberabatitan ribeiroi (Dinosauria; Sauropoda): a Late Cretaceous titanosaur from Minas Gerais, Brazil

FIGURE 4. Middle cervical vertebrae of Uberabatian ribeiroi. A CPPLIP-1057 in 1, left lateral, 2, dorsal, 3, posterior and 4, ventral views; B CPPLIP-1091 in 1, left lateral, 2, dorsal, 3, posterior and 4, ventral. Abbreviations: eprl: epipophysealprezygapophyseal lamina (d, diapophyseal; z, zygapophyseal); pl: pleurocoel; podl: postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz: postzygapophysis; pocdf: postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prdl: prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prz: prezygapophysis, sdf: spinodiapophyseal fossa; spol: spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprf: spinoprezygapophyseal fossa; tpol: intrapostzygapophyseal; tprl: intraprezygapophyseal lamina; vlr: ventrolateral ridge.