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Fig. 3 in A new genus of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian pentameride brachiopods and its phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 3. Sketches of selected serial sections of Protanastrophia repanda gen. et sp. nov. ROM 57738, paratype, Attawapiskat Formation, locality AK2c, Akimiski Island, Nunavut, Canada. Numbers denote distance from apex.

Fig. 6 in A new genus of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian pentameride brachiopods and its phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 6. Stratigraphic ranges and inferred phylogenetic relationships of 19 parastrophinid species and other selected syntrophiidine species based on one of six equally parsimonious cladograms (A) and emended topography of the Parastrophina cluster shown in strict consensus tree (B). Numbered nodes are supported by the character states listed in Appendix 3.

Fig. 2 in A new genus of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian pentameride brachiopods and its phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 2. Shell measurements of Protanastrophia repanda gen. et sp. nov. Sample AK2c, Attawapiskat Formation, Akimiski Island, Hudson Bay region, Nunavut, Canada.

Fig. 4 in A new genus of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian pentameride brachiopods and its phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 4. Pentameride brachiopod Parastrophina portentosa (Nikitin and Popov in Nikitin et al. 1996), Upper Ordovician, Dulankara Regional Stage, sample F−1014, Sortan−Manai, northern Betpak−Dala desert, Central Kazakhstan. A. NMW 98.28G.351, paratype, dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), anterior (A3), and lateral (A4) views of asymmetrical shell. B. NMW 98.28G.352, paratype, dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), and anterior (B4) views. C. NMW 98.28G.353, paratype, lateral (C1) and anterior (C2) views of smooth, asymmetrical shell. D. NMW 98.28G.354, paratype, dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), and anterior (D4) views of asymmetrical, juvenile shell.

Fig. 1 in A new genus of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian pentameride brachiopods and its phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 1. Pentameride brachiopod Protanastrophia repanda gen. et sp. nov.; Attawapiskat Formation, uppermost Telychian, Akimiski Island, Hudson Bay region, Nunavut, Canada. A. ROM 57734, holotype, dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), lateral (A3), posterior (A4), and anterior (A5) views. B. ROM 57735, paratype, dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), posterior (B4), and anterior (B5) views of strongly asymmetrical, anteriorly costate shell. C. ROM 57736, paratype, dorsal (C1), ventral (C2), lateral (C3), posterior (C4), and anterior (C5) views of asymmetrical shell without costae. D. ROM 57737, paratype, dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), posterior (D4), and anterior (D5) views of relatively small, largely symmetrical shell. E. ROM 57738, paratype, micrograph of transverse serial section, showing low ventral median septum, broad V−shaped spondylium, smooth alate plates, and discrete inner hinge plates, 0.7 mm from apex (refer to Fig. 3).

Fig. 9 in A giant boring in a Silurian stromatoporoid analysed by computer tomography

Fig. 9. Evolution of bioerosion intensity and boring depth throughout the Phanerozoic. The line graph (scale at left hand side) illustrates the percentage of reefs with evidence of macroborings, based on the PaleoReefs database (after Kiessling 2002). The shaded columns (scale on right hand side) shows the number of classes with endolithic representatives (light grey) and those reaching penetration depths in excess of 50 mm (dark grey) (after Vermeij 1993). Note the significant increase of boring intensity and penetration depth during the "Mesozoic Marine Revolution".

Fig. 7. 3D in A giant boring in a Silurian stromatoporoid analysed by computer tomography

Fig. 7. 3D reconstruction of traces visualised for observation with anaglyph glasses (red/blue). A. Borings filled by micritic material within Densastroma pexisum. Arrow indicating holotype. B. Holotype of Osprioneides kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. showing a maximal diameter of 17 mm. C. Micritic matrix of boring infills with interfering micritic compounds augmented in the host skeleton. D. Holotype of O. kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. indicated by arrow. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 6. 3D in A giant boring in a Silurian stromatoporoid analysed by computer tomography

Fig. 6. 3D reconstruction of Osprioneides kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. (CT scan analysis). Cubes indicating the spatial orientation of sample based on medical terms. A. Semi−transparent visualisation of the of stromatoporoid's surface and the micritic matrix of its boring infill. Grey−dashed lines indicate virtual sections that have been visualised parallel but are not pictured. B. O. kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. mainly located in the upper part of host substrate. C. O. kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. gently curved and presumably secondarily settled by Trypanites weisei. D. Tapered and rounded terminus of O. kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. E. O. kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. interwoven with Trypanites isp. F. Three traces of O. kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. meet. G. Holotype of O. kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. showing a strongly oval cross−section and a slightly bent course (arrow). Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 3 in A giant boring in a Silurian stromatoporoid analysed by computer tomography

Fig. 3. Large stromatoporoid Densastroma pexisum from the Upper Visby Formation at "Halls Huk 3" of Gotland, Sweden, with multiple macroborings (dashed rectangles indicate close−ups illustrated in Fig. 4). A. Transverse fracture surface showing dense host skeleton with concentric growth laminae, and large Osprioneides kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. macroborings filled with a fine micrite matrix. B. Densely pitted, partly eroded surface of the stromatoporoid with numerous unroofed O. kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. macroborings, occasionally truncating each other.

Fig. 5 in A giant boring in a Silurian stromatoporoid analysed by computer tomography

Fig. 5. Spatial distribution of traces (CT scan analysis). Cubes indicating the spatial orientation of sample based on medical terms; grey−dashed lines indicate further virtual sections that have been visualised parallel but are not pictured. A. 3D reconstruction of Densastroma pexisum with semi−transparent adjustment of it's skeleton, exposing trace fillings. White lines indicate the section planes of C–F. Cutting sites of C/D and E/F show meeting points of individual Osprioneides kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. B. Virtual section partially exposing a 120 mm long trace of O. kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. C. White line indicating section plane of B. C–F. O. kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. traces feigning ramification (see arrows).

Fig. 2. A in A giant boring in a Silurian stromatoporoid analysed by computer tomography

Fig. 2. A. Stable carbon isotope stratigraphy across the Silurian Lower/Upper Visby Formation boundary (metres according to the Ireviken type section; after Munnecke et al. 2003). B. Conodont stratigraphy after Jeppsson (1997). C. Formations on Gotland. D. Series. δ13C data from micritic material indicarb cate a stratigraphic position within the upper part of the Lower Kockelella ranuliformis Conodont Zone.

Fig. 4 in A giant boring in a Silurian stromatoporoid analysed by computer tomography

Fig. 4. Close−ups of the bored Densastroma pexisum stromatoporoid (positions indicated by dashed lines in Fig. 3). A. Undulating course of a deeply penetrating Osprioneides kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. in longitudinal section. B. Two unroofed O. kampto Beuck and Wisshak, igen. et isp. nov. specimen, one of which showing the growth increments of the host stromatoporoid on the boring walls where the micritic infill is eroded. Boring direction was from the eroded aperture at the right towards the left hand side. C. The densely pitted outer surface of the stromatoporoid showing circular apertures of Trypanites and Palaeosabella of various size. D. The nearby fracture surface, exposing longitudinal to oblique sections of small Trypanites and Palaeosabella borings. Scale bars 10 mm.

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Fig. 2 in A new early Silurian prioniodontid conodont with three P elements from Iran and associated species

Fig. 2. Distribution of conodonts in strata exposed on Hill B, for details see Männik et al. (2013). Arrows below and above the log indicate that the section continues in both directions. Samples: location and number of sample (total number of specimens in a sample), only productive samples are indicated. Taxa in bold are described in this paper, arrow at the upper end of distribution line of Oulodus spp. indicates that this taxon also occurs in higher strata. Conodont zones modified from Cramer et al. (2011), grey boxes indicate zones which were recognised in the studied section. Abbreviations: a., amorphognathoides; R., Rhuddanian.

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Fig. 1. A in A new early Silurian prioniodontid conodont with three P elements from Iran and associated species

Fig. 1. A. Location of the study area in East Central Iran (asterisk). B. Studied area in the Derenjal Mountains (open frame indicates location of studied sections).

Fig. 4 in A new, unusual rhynchonellide brachiopod with a strophic shell from the Silurian of Iran

Fig. 4. Transverse serial sections of a cyrtioid spiriferid brachiopod Striispirifer? ocissimus Popov, Modzalevskaya, and Ghobadi Pour in Hairapetian et al., 2012; NMW 2011.11G.457 from Llandovery, Telychian, Niur Formation, sample K33/1, Boghu Mountains. Numbers indicate distance in mm from the tip of the ventral umbo.

Fig. 3 in A new, unusual rhynchonellide brachiopod with a strophic shell from the Silurian of Iran

Fig. 3. Rhynchonellide brachiopod Jafarirhynchus alatus gen. et sp. nov. (A–C) and spiriferide Striispirifer? ocissimus Popov, Modzalevskaya, and Ghobadi Pour in Hairapetian et al., 2012 (D, E) from Niur Formation, Telychian, Llandovery, Silurian, sample K33/1, Boghu Mountains. A. AEU1500, holotype, a pair of conjoined valves, in dorsal (A 1), ventral (A 2), lateral (A 3), and anterior (A 4) views, enlarged ventral interarea (A 5). B. AEU1501, a pair of conjoined valves, in anterior (B 1), ventral (B 2), dorsal (B 3), and lateral (B 4) views of a strongly asymmetrical specimen. C. AEU1502, dorsal view of a pair of conjoined valves (C 1), enlarged surface ornament (C 2). D. AEU1511, a pair of conjoined valves, in ventral (D 1), lateral (D 2), and dorsal (D 3) views. E. AEU1512, ventral valve exterior. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 2 in A new, unusual rhynchonellide brachiopod with a strophic shell from the Silurian of Iran

Fig. 2. Rhynchonellide brachiopod Jafarirhynchus alatus gen. et sp. nov. from Llandovery, Telychian, Niur Formation, sample K33/1, Boghu Mountains, CNIGR136/12600. A. Transverse serial sections (L = 18.4; W = 23.2; T = 10.5). B. Sagittal section of the shell. C. Dorsal valve interior. Numbers indicate distance in mm from the tip of the ventral umbo.

Fig. 1. A in A new, unusual rhynchonellide brachiopod with a strophic shell from the Silurian of Iran

Fig. 1. A. Geographic and geologic setting of the studied material showing position of studied section (modified after Taheri 2001). B. Schematic map showing position of studied locality (asterisk). C. Stratigraphical column of the Boghu Section showing the informal lithostratigraphical subdivision of the Niur Formation, position of fossil samples, and stratigraphical distribution of brachiopods and conodonts. Arrows below and above the log indicate that the section continues in both directions (for a complete log see Hairapetian et al. 2012). Arrows at the lowermost of distribution line of some taxa indicates that these also occur in lower strata.

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Fig. 4. A. Synziphosurine horseshoe crab Pasternakevia podolica, specimen ISEA I−F in Silurian synziphosurine horseshoe crab Pasternakevia revisited

Fig. 4. A. Synziphosurine horseshoe crab Pasternakevia podolica, specimen ISEA I−F/MP/3/1499/08 (A1) and reconstruction (A2). B. Slab comprising a counterpart ISEA I−F/MP/1/1499/08 and a carcinoid, Baltoeurypterus tetragonophthalmus (B1); part of specimen WNoZ/S/3/40 (B2) and counterpart ISEA I−F/MP/1/1499/08 (B3); reconstruction (B4). Scale bars 10 mm.