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Fig. 6 in Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of the abelisaurid dinosaur Majungasaurus crenatissimus from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 6. Representative postorbitals (rendered CT images) of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Depéret, 1896) Lavocat, 1955 from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Maevarano Formation, northwestern Madagascar in right lateral view. A. UA 9944. B. FMNH PR 3369. C. FMNH PR 2100. D. Illustration of landmark positions used for postorbitals. Black circles, landmarks; white circles interconnected with solid lines, semilandmarks. E. Ontogenetic shape change visualized by deformation grids relative to average; outline of smallest (E1) and largest (E2) specimens from average.

Fig. 3 in Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of the abelisaurid dinosaur Majungasaurus crenatissimus from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 3. Representative premaxillae (rendered CT images) of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Depéret, 1896) Lavocat, 1955 from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Maevarano Formation, northwestern Madagascar in right lateral view. A. FMNH PR 3369. B. FMNH PR 2278. C. Illustration of landmark positions used for premaxillae. Black circles, landmarks; white circles interconnected with solid lines, semilandmarks. D. Ontogenetic shape change visualized by deformation grids relative to average; outline of smallest (D1) and largest (D2) specimens from average.

Fig. 4 in Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of the abelisaurid dinosaur Majungasaurus crenatissimus from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 4. Representative maxillae (rendered CT images) of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Depéret, 1896) Lavocat, 1955 from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Maevarano Formation, northwestern Madagascar in right lateral view. A. UA 9944. B. FMNH PR. 3369. C. FMNH PR 2278. D. Illustration of landmark positions used for maxillae. Black circles, landmarks. E. Ontogenetic shape change visualized by deformation grids relative to average; outline of smallest (E1) and largest (E2) specimens from average.

Fig. 2. Landmarks and semilandmarks designated using tpsDIG for 2D in Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of the abelisaurid dinosaur Majungasaurus crenatissimus from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 2. Landmarks and semilandmarks designated using tpsDIG for 2D data (A) and landmark for 3D data (B). Landmark configurations aligned using generalized procrustes analysis, removing the effects of size, orientation, and position (C, D). Ontogenetic shape change visualized by generating deformation grids for 2D data (E) and warped meshes for 3D data (F).

Fig. 5 in Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of the abelisaurid dinosaur Majungasaurus crenatissimus from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 5. Representative lacrimals (rendered CT images) of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Depéret, 1896) Lavocat, 1955 from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Maevarano Formation, northwestern Madagascar in left lateral view. A. UA 9944. B. FMNH PR 2100. C. Illustration of landmark positions used for lacrimals. Black circles, landmarks; white circles interconnected with solid lines, semilandmarks. D. Ontogenetic shape change visualized by deformation grids relative to average; outline of smallest (D1) and largest (D2) specimens from average.

Fig. 1 in Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of the abelisaurid dinosaur Majungasaurus crenatissimus from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 1. Whole (B) and partial (A) skulls (rendered CT images) of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Depéret, 1896) Lavocat, 1955 from the Maastrichtian Late Cretaceous) Maevarano Formation, northwestern Madagascar in left lateral view. A. UA 9944. B. FMNH PR 2100. C. Illustration of landmark positions used for articulated skull. Black circles, landmarks; white circles interconnected with solid lines, semilandmarks. D. Ontogenetic shape change visualized by deformation grids for 2D data (see Bhullar et al. 2012); outline of smallest (D1) and largest (D2) specimens from average.

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Fig. 4 in A microanatomical and histological study of the postcranial dermal skeleton of the Devonian actinopterygian Cheirolepis canadensis

Fig. 4. Dorsal fulcra of the Devonian actinopterygian Cheirolepis canadensis Whiteaves, 1881 from Miguasha, Canada; sample MHNM 05-132, photographed in transmitted natural light. A. Fragment I (see Fig. 1A). Longitudinal section showing the organisation of a basal paired fulcrum, a layer of ganoine overlays the vascularised dentine and the bony base. B. Fragment I (see Fig. 1A). Longitudinal section of a dorsal fulcrum showing several superimposed layers of ganoine covering the vascularised dentine (arrow indicates a vascular canal) and the bony basal part; osteocyte lacunae are indicated by arrowheads. C. Fragment IV (see Fig. 1A). Cross-section of a fulcrum. Superimposed ganoine layers cover the dentine and the bony basal part is crossed by bundles of Sharpey's fibers (arrows). Arrowhead shows an osteocyte lacuna. D. Fragment II (see Fig. 1A). Cross-section showing the superimposed layers of ganoine organised around a central vascular canal. E. Fragment II (see Fig. 1A), showing superimposed layers of ganoine; each odontode is organised around a vascular canal. F. Fragment II. Cross section showing detail of the dentine layer and odontoblastic canalicles (arrow) that originate from a vascular canal. G. Fragment II. Cross section showing detail of the ganoine layers with erosion bays (arrowheads).

Fig. 7 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 7. Forelimb (with details of manus) of the stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. ZPAL MgR-III/79, CT-scans. The dotted line in A1 marks surface where the digit I and II are eroded; outlines in A2 mark phalanges and metacarpals (preserved and reconstructed). B. ZPAL MgR-I/9; photograph (B1), outlines of the forearm and partially preserved hand (B2). C. ZPAL MgR-I/8, partially preserved hand.

Fig. 9 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 9. Hindlimb of Slavoia darevskii. A. Based on ZPAL MgR-I/9, tibia in ventral view. B. Based on PIN 3142/358, outlines of hindlimb in dorsal (B1) and anterior (B2) views.

Fig. 4 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 4. Pectoral girdle of the stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. ZPAL MgR-III/76, scapulacoracoid in anterior view; the black line marks missing parts seen in other specimens. B. ZPAL MgR-I/8, pectoral girdle with ventral edge of clavicle, interclavicle (morphotype I), coracoids, and proximal part of humerus. C. PIN 4487/14, sternum with rib attachments, coracoids with epicoracoids, interclavicle (morphotype I), humerus, cervical, and skull in ventral view.

Fig. 3 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 3. Reconstruction of scapulocoracoid of Slavoia darevskii based on different specimens, in anterior (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), and ventral (D) views. E. Reconstruction of epicoracoid assuming that it did not reach the suprascapula.

Fig. 13 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 13. Evolution of pectoral girdles of Lacertidae, Slavoia darevskii, and families of Amphisbaenia. Crosses mark at least three independent losses of the forelimbs among worm lizards.

Fig. 1 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 1. The axial skeleton of the stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. The reconstruction of the first four vertebrae in dorsal view (based on different specimens). B. The reconstruction of sternum in ventral view (based on PIN 4487/14). C. The reconstruction of first hypapophysis (based on ZPAL MgR-I/108). D. PIN 3142/358, complete presacral vertebrate column in dorsal view; photo courtesy of Vladimir Alifanov. E. ZPAL MgR-I/78, the neck with well preserved, blunt and broad cervical ribs. F. The reconstruction (based on ZPAL MgR-I/8) of the fifth caudal vertebra in lateral (F1) and dorsal (F2) views; sacral vertebrae in dorsal view (F3).

Fig. 6 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 6. Reconstruction of right humerus (A) and ulna (B) of Slavoia darevskii. A. ZPAL MgR-I/8, holotype. Proximal head with partially preserved epiphysis in proximal (A1) and ventral (A2) views, the shaft and distal head in medial view (A3), and distal head in distal view (A4). B. ZPAL MgR-I/9, subadult, in lateral (B1), posterior (B2), and medial (B3) views.

Fig. 15 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 15. Sequence of evolutionary changes in the amphisbaenian body plan proposed in this work. The phylogenetic relationships are taken from Kearney and Stuart (2004) and Tałanda (2016).

Fig. 5 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 5. Humerus of the stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 (ZPAL MgR-I/8) from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. Distal part in medial view. B. Humerus in ventral view, displaying also coracoid and interclavicule.

Fig. 11 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 11. The stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 (PIN 3142/358, posterior half) from late Campanian of Mongolia; displaying nearly complete hindlimb and ischia. Photograph from the rear showing reduced pes (A), ventral side (B). Photos courtesy of Vladimir Alifanov.

Fig. 2 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 2. Reconstructions of clavicles (C, D) and interclavicles (A, B) of Slavoia darevskii. A. Morphotype I based on ZPAL MgR-I/8, in anterior (C1), lateral (C2), and ventral (C3) views. B. Comparison of the morphotypes II and I in the same scale. C. Morphotype I based on ZPAL MgR-I/8. D. Outlines of the morphotype II preserved in ZPAL MgR-III/80; grey lines, damaged edges of the clavicle; dotted line, hypothetical reconstruction of missing part. Both in anterior view.

Fig. 8 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 8. Reconstruction of pelvis of Slavoia darevskii. A. Based on PIN 3142/358, paired ischia in ventral view. B. Based on ZPAL MgR-I/8, in lateral view; the dashed line marks missing part.

Fig. 10 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 10. The stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 (ZPAL MgR-I/9) from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. Left femur in posterior view. B. Tibia in posterior view.