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Fig. 6 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 6. Milnesium pelufforum sp. nov., paratype, young (slide No. 5898 (Pilato and Binda Collection)). Details of the cuticular ornamentation. A. General view of the dorsal cuticle showing several bands of sculptured cuticle and the cuticular groove at the level of legs III (arrow). B. Magnification of a portion of dorsal cuticle shown in A, better showing the cuticular dimples, some with evident internal structure (arrowheads), and others with more or less out of focus internal structure (the internal of the dimples is not bright, e.g., the dimples in the centre of the photo). Scale bars: A = 20 µm; B = 10 µm.

Fig. 2 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 2. Milnesium pelufforum sp. nov. Schematic drawing of cuticular dimples showing their shapes and different appearances of internal structures.

Fig. 3 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 3. Milnesium pelufforum sp. nov., paratype, young (slide No. 5898 (Pilato and Binda Collection)). Habitus. The arrowhead indicates the dorsal cuticular groove constantly present in young specimens at the level of legs III. Scale bar = 30 µm.

Fig. 1 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 1. Milnesium pelufforum sp. nov. Schematic drawing of a young and a senior specimen showing the ten sculptured bands.

Fig. 9 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 9. Milnesium pelufforum sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (slide No. MCNS tar. 000021-3), under UV fluorescence microscope, showing various pseudoplates. Scale bar = 50 µm.

Fig. 19 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 19. Milnesium quiranae sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (slide No. UNLPam 566-1). Buccal tube and claws of a young. A. Buccal tube and related structures. B. Legs I and II; the black arrow indicates the accessory points, the black arrowhead indicates the leg cuticular bar, the white arrowhead indicates a lunule. C. Leg III; the black and the white arrowheads indicate the same as in B. D. Legs IV with their claws. Scale bars = 10 µm.

Fig. 12 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 12. Milnesium pelufforum sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (slide No. MCNS tar. 000021-3). Cephalic region and claws. A. Cephalic region with the buccal tube and related structures in focus. B. Claws of legs I. C. Claws of legs III. D. Claws of legs IV. In B–D the black arrows indicate the accessory points, the white arrows indicate the basal spurs, the white arrowheads indicate the 'lunulae', the black arrowheads indicate the leg cuticular bars. Scale bars = 10 µm.

Fig. 21 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America

Fig. 21. Buccal tube, peribuccal papillae and claws of senior specimens of Milnesium quiranae sp. nov. A, C–E. Holotype, ♀ (slide No. MCNS Tar.000024-3). B. Paratype, ♀ (slide No. UNLPam 560-1). A. Buccal tube and related structures. B. Reduced medioventral peribuccal papilla (black arrowhead). C. Leg II with its claws; the black arrow indicates the accessory points, the black arrowhead indicates the leg cuticular bar. D. Leg III with its claws. E. Legs IV with their claws, the white arrowhead indicates a lunule. Scale bars = 10 µm.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

CINWA: Database of Cultivated plants and their names in the indigenous languages of South America

This repository contains source data for CINWA -  Database of Cultivated plants and their names in the indigenous languages of South America If you use these data please cite the database Aguilar Panchi, Evelyn Michelle, Saetbyul Lee, Evgenia Brodetsky, and Matthias Urban (eds.). 2022. CINWA - Database of Cultivated plants and their names in the indigenous languages of South America. Version 0.9. Available online at cinwa.org. If you would like to cite specific data entries, please also acknowledge the original source by consulting the reference that is associated with that entry. For example: Cook, Dorothy M., and Frances L. Gralow. 2001. Diccionario bilingüe koreguaje-español español-koreguaje. Santafé de Bogotá: Editorial Alberto Lleras Camargo. In: Aguilar Panchi, Evelyn Michelle, Saetbyul Lee, Evgenia Brodetsky, and Matthias Urban (eds.). 2022. CINWA - Database of Cultivated plants and their names in the indigenous languages of South America. Version 0.9. Available online at cinwa.org.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Input data of GridPath model for South America's MERCOSUR sub-region

This repository contains input data of the GridPath model for South America’s MERCOSUR sub-region, presented in the forthcoming paper entitled “Exploring sustainable electricity system development pathways in South America’s MERCOSUR sub-region” by the same authors. These data can be used in conjunction with the GridPath model (version v0.8.0), available at <a href="https://github.com/blue-marble/gridpath](https://github.com/blue-marble/gridpath)">https://github.com/blue-marble/gridpath</a>. Description of the key input data and the scenarios presented in the paper are provided in the <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1l7ImQtKHpYTPp9cMmTGHCdJB-wJvq7klwrwKmrtCrqw/edit?usp=sharing">Readme file</a>.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

CINWA: Database of Cultivated plants and their names in the indigenous languages of South America

This repository contains source data for CINWA -  Database of Cultivated plants and their names in the indigenous languages of South America. If you use these data please cite the database. Aguilar Panchi, Evelyn Michelle, Saetbyul Lee, Evgenia Brodetsky, and Matthias Urban (eds.). 2022. CINWA - Database of Cultivated plants and their names in the indigenous languages of South America. Version 0.9. Available online at cinwa.org. If you would like to cite specific data entries, please also acknowledge the original source by consulting the reference that is associated with that entry. For example: Cook, Dorothy M., and Frances L. Gralow. 2001. Diccionario bilingüe koreguaje-español español-koreguaje. Santafé de Bogotá: Editorial Alberto Lleras Camargo. In: Aguilar Panchi, Evelyn Michelle, Saetbyul Lee, Evgenia Brodetsky, and Matthias Urban (eds.). 2022. CINWA - Database of Cultivated plants and their names in the indigenous languages of South America. Version 0.9. Available online at cinwa.org.

opencc-by-4.0May 2021View details →

Figure 1 in A new species of Amblydromalus Chant & McMurtry (Acari: Phytoseiidae), with notes on occurrence of genus in South America

Figure 1 Amblydromalus amazonicusn. sp., female: A – Dorsal idiosoma; B – Ventral idiosoma; C – Spermatheca; D – Chelicera; E – Genu, tíbia and basitarsus of leg IV. Male: F – Ventrianal shield; G – Spermatodactyl.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in New combinations and notes on Oxybasis (Amaranthaceae) from southern South America

Fig. 1. – Isotype of Chenopodium frigidum Phil. ( Oxybasis frigida (Phil.) Uotila) originating from the Aellen herbarium in G. [G00412681; Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de Genève]

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Electronic Supplementary Material for: The biogeography of population resilience in lowland South America

## Electronic Supplementary Information for "The biogeography of population resilience in lowland South America" chapter This repository holds the code and data for reproducing the analysis in the chapter "The biogeography of population resilience in lowland South America", forthcoming in the Oxford Handbook of Resilience in Climate History. It also contains supplementary information on the statistical modelling undertaken as part of the aforementioned work.  The code comprises five principal sections, plus setup: 0. Setup & data loading 1. Data processing and display 2. Radiocarbon analysis 3. Statistical modelling 4. Output 5. Supplementary output The code features an extended version of the p2pPerm function: (https://github.com/philriris/p2pPerm) that was first introduced in Riris and De Souza (2021) (https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.740629), here called the `resmet` (RESilience METrics) function.  In addition, the code is accompanied by three datasets: - A table containing archaeological radiocarbon dates from lowland tropical South America  - A shapefile of South American ecoregions, original data available here: http://ecologicalregions.info/data/sa/ - A table of domesticated Neotropical plants resolved in Amazonian palaeoecological records, after Iriarte et al. (2020)(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106582) Briefly, the georeferenced radiocarbon data used in the paper have been compiled from a wide range of sources, including Goldberg et al. (2016), Riris & Arroyo-Kalin (2019), Napolitano et al. (2019) Arroyo-Kalin & Riris (2021), De Souza & Riris (2021), and Bird et al. (2022). These sources have been extensively cross-checked for duplicate lab codes, variation in site naming conventions, and reported locations, in order to minimise errors arising from these variables. It does not purport to be error-free, although it is adequate for the current analysis.  As well as its use in the production of Figure 1, the ecoregions shapefile has been intersected with the radiocarbon date locations to append this information to `rhdata.csv`. An extended description and rationale for its use can be found in the main text.  For the convenience of the end-user, an additional file containing the main results (metrics_regular.csv) is included. The data contained in this table is the subject of section 3 of the code, Statistical Modelling. It forms the basis of the discussion in the chapter.  Data cleaning was carried out manually on the raw output of the `resmet` function to remove false positives from the table. These "events" are either: a) statistically significant downturns present in periods where, logically, no humans should be present, e.g. in the Greater Antilles before ~6000 cal BP, or: b) downturns where there are no minima in the summed probability distributions of calibrated radiocarbon dates, returning nonsensical resilience metrics. Removing these data rows introduces errors to the variable Cumulative, which counts the cumulative number of downturns detected by the `permTest` function in `rcarbon`. The file version of the output in this repository should be considered authoritative for present purposes, as these counting errors in Cumulative have been manually fixed too.  ### References - Arroyo-Kalin, M. and Riris, P. 2021. Did pre-Columbian populations of the Amazonian biome reach carrying capacity during the Late Holocene? *Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B* 376: 20190715 http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0715 - Bird, D., Miranda, L., Vander Linden, M., Robinson, E., Bocinsky, R.K., Nicholson, C., Capriles, J.M., Finley, J.B., Gayo, E.M., Gil, A. and d’Alpoim Guedes, J. 2022. p3k14c, a synthetic global database of archaeological radiocarbon dates. *Scientific Data* 9: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7 - De Souza, J.G. & Riris, P. 2021. Delayed demographic transition following the adoption of cultivated plants in the eastern La Plata Basin and Atlantic coast, South America. *Journal of Archaeological Science*. 125: 105293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105293 - Goldberg, A., Mychajliw, A.M. and Hadly, E.A. 2016. Post-invasion demography of prehistoric humans in South America. *Nature* 532: 232-235. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17176  - Iriarte, J., Elliott, S., Maezumi, S.Y., Alves, D., Gonda, R., Robinson, M., de Souza, J.G., Watling, J. and Handley, J. 2020. The origins of Amazonian landscapes: Plant cultivation, domestication and the spread of food production in tropical South America. _Quaternary Science Reviews_ 248: 106582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106582  - Napolitano MF, DiNapoli RJ, Stone JH, Levin MJ, Jew NP, Lane BG, O’Connor JT, Fitzpatrick SM. 2019. Reevaluating human colonization of the Caribbean using chronometric hygiene and Bayesian modeling. _Science Advances_. 5: eaar7806. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar7806 - Riris, P. and Arroyo-Kalin, M. 2019. Widespread population decline in South America correlates with mid-Holocene climate change. *Scientific Reports* 9: 6850. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43086-w - Riris, P. and De Souza, J.G. 2021. Formal tests for resistance-resilience in archaeological time series. _Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution_, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.740629

FIG. 30 in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 30. — Distributional map of the new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 described in the present work.

FIG. 29 in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 29. — Acanthocephala pleuritica, male genitalia: A, pygophore lateral; B, pygophore dorsal; C, right paramere, lateral views; D, aedeagus. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, B, 1 mm; C, D, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 27 in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 27. — Acanthocephala pleuritica: A, male, dorsal view; B, female, dorsal view; C, head, dorsal view; D, head, lateral view; E, pronotum. Scale bars: A, B, 10 mm; C, D, 1 mm; E, 2 mm.

FIG. 28 in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 28. — Acanthocephala pleuritica: A, male lateral view; B, metathoracic gland and evaporatory area; C, male metafemur and metatibia; D, female metafemur and metatibia; E, lateral expansions on abdominal sternites III, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, D, 5 mm; B, 0.5 mm; E, 1 mm.

FIG. 25. — Acanthocephala spinosa n in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 25. — Acanthocephala spinosa n. sp.: A, metathoracic gland and evaporatory area; B, male metafemur; C, male metatibia; D, lateral expansions on abdominal sternite III, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, C, 5 mm; D, 1 mm.

FIG. 26. — Acanthocephala spinosa n in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 26. — Acanthocephala spinosa n. sp., male genitalia: A, pygophore lateral; B, pygophore dorsal; C, right paramere, lateral views; D, aedeagus. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, B, 1 mm; C, D, 0.5 mm.