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Figure 17. Allende patagiatus. A, female habitus. B, female frontal view. C–G, epigynum. C, ventral view. D, caudal view. E, lateral view. F, caudal view cleared. G, dorsal view cleared. H, male habitus. I, male frontal view. J–M, male pedipalp. J, ectal view. K, conductor detail. L, dorsal view. M, ventral view. Scale bars 0.2 in Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P.-Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae
Figure 17. Allende patagiatus. A, female habitus. B, female frontal view. C–G, epigynum. C, ventral view. D, caudal view. E, lateral view. F, caudal view cleared. G, dorsal view cleared. H, male habitus. I, male frontal view. J–M, male pedipalp. J, ectal view. K, conductor detail. L, dorsal view. M, ventral view. Scale bars 0.2 mm, except in habitus 1 mm.
Data from: Phylogeny and biogeography of harmochirine jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
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First global phylogeny of whip spiders (Amblypygi)
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Fig. 5 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 5. Known distributions of the Aetana kinabalu (Borneo) and A. omayan (Philippines) groups.
The phylogeny of fossil whip spiders
<p>Additional files for the publication The phylogeny of fossil whip spiders, published in BMC Evolutionary Biology. </p> <p>Additional file 1. File format: .vaxml (see [38]). Title: Tomographic reconstruction of <em> Graeophonus anglicus</em> Pocock, 1911. Description: A 3D mesh model of Graeophonus anglicus in the VAXML interchange format. </p> <p>Additional file 2. File format: .pdf. Title: Character statements. Description: Morphological characters statements for the characters used in the current analysis. </p> <p>Additional file 3. File format: .tnt (see [45]). Title: Cladistic matrix. Description: Cladistic matrix used in the current analysis, in a TNT ready format. </p> <p>Additional file 4. A video showing the tomographic reconstruction of<em> Graeophonus anglicus </em>Pocock, 1911 presented herein; inferred/reconstructed anatomy partially transparent.</p>
Figure 8 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 8. External features of a living xiphosuran, Limulus polyphemus (original photo by James Lamsdell, after Lamsdell 2020, used under a CC BY 4.0 license). The lateral eye is a compound eye. Note the chelicerate appendages.
Figure 12 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 12. Structure of the epigynum in spiders (after Uhl et al. 2009). The hapogyne arrangement, with a single median gonopore serving as both the copulatory duct and ovipositor, is considered to be primitive in spiders. In the Entelegynae (grade 31), sperm is deposited by the male through a pair of copulatory ducts leading to the spermathecae, and only later passes through a pair of fertilization ducts to fertilize each egg as it passes through the medial uterus externa. A recent study (Zhan et al. 2019) has refined our understanding of the entelegyne condition, which appears to include a secondary uterus externus connnected to the two fertilization ducts leading from the sperm reservoirs (spermathecae).
The rediscovery of a relict unlocks the first global phylogeny of whip spiders (Amblypygi)
<p>Asymmetrical rates of cladogenesis and extinction abound in the Tree of Life, resulting in numerous minute clades that are dwarfed by larger sister groups. Such taxa are commonly regarded as phylogenetic relicts or "living fossils" when they exhibit an ancient first appearance in the fossil record and prolonged external morphological stasis, particularly in comparison to their more diversified sister groups. Due to their special status, various phylogenetic relicts tend to be well-studied and prioritized for conservation. A notable exception to this trend is found within Amblypygi ("whip spiders"), a visually striking order of functionally hexapodous arachnids that are notable for their antenniform first walking leg pair (the eponymous "whips"). Paleoamblypygi, the putative sister group to the remaining Amblypygi, is known from Late Carboniferous and Eocene deposits, but is survived by a single living species, <em>Paracharon caecus</em> Hansen, 1921, that was last collected in 1899. Due to the absence of genomic sequence-grade tissue for this vital taxon, there is no global molecular phylogeny for Amblypygi to date, nor a fossil-calibrated estimation of divergences within the group. Here, we report several individuals of a previously unknown species of Paleoamblypygi from a cave site in Colombia. Capitalizing upon this discovery, we generated the first molecular phylogeny of Amblypygi, integrating ultraconserved element sequencing with legacy Sanger datasets and including described extant genera. To quantify the impact of sampling Paleoamblypygi on divergence time estimation, we performed in <em>silico</em> experiments with pruning of <em>Paracharon</em>. We demonstrate that the omission of relicts has a significant impact on the accuracy of node dating approaches that outweighs the impact of excluding ingroup fossils. Our results underscore the imperative for biodiversity discovery efforts in elucidating the phylogenetic relationships of " dark taxa", and especially phylogenetic relicts in tropical and subtropical habitats.</p>
Supplementary figures and data for "Complete phylogeny of Micrathena spiders suggests multiple dispersal events among Neotropical rainforests, islands, and landmasses, and indicates Andean orogeny promotes speciation"
<p>Supplementary figures and data for "Complete phylogeny of <em>Micrathena</em> spiders suggests multiple dispersal events among Neotropical rainforests, islands, and landmasses, and indicates Andean orogeny promotes speciation" by Ivan L. F. Magalhaes, Pedro H. Martins, Bárbara T. Faleiro, Teofânia H. D. A. Vidigal, Fabrício R. Santos, Leonardo S. Carvalho, Adalberto J. Santos, submitted to <em>Cladistics</em>. </p> <p>Supplementary Figures S1 – S15</p> <p>Supplementary data S16: Complete specimen data of specimens used as vouchers for morphological scorings in Excel spreadsheet format.<br>Supplementary data S17: Discrete character matrix with morphological scorings in Nexus format.<br>Supplementary data S18: Complete specimen data of specimens used as vouchers for DNA sequencing in Excel spreadsheet format.<br>Supplementary data S19: Alignment of cytochrome oxidase I sequences in Fasta format.<br>Supplementary data S20: Alignment of histone H3 sequences in Fasta format.<br>Supplementary data S21: Alignment of 28S ribosomal sequences in Fasta format.<br>Supplementary data S22: Alignment of internal transcribed spacer sequences in Fasta format.<br>Supplementary data S23: Alignment of 16S ribosomal sequences in Fasta format.<br>Supplementary data S24: Zipped folder containing the inputs for estimating the phylogeny using morphological data in IQ-Tree: matrix in nexus format, partition file, and command file in plain text.<br>Supplementary data S25: Zipped folder containing the inputs for estimating the phylogeny using sequence data aligned with Muscle in IQ-Tree: matrix in nexus format, partition file, and command file in plain text.<br>Supplementary data S26: Zipped folder containing the inputs for estimating the phylogeny using sequence data aligned with MAFFT in IQ-Tree: matrix in nexus format, partition file, and command file in plain text.<br>Supplementary data S27: Zipped folder containing the inputs for estimating the phylogeny using morphological and sequence data aligned with MUSCLE in IQ-Tree: matrix in nexus format, partition file, and command file in plain text.<br>Supplementary data S28: Input Nexus for estimating the phylogeny using morphological data in MrBayes.<br>Supplementary data S29: Input Nexus for estimating the phylogeny using sequence data aligned with Muscle in MrBayes.<br>Supplementary data S30: Input Nexus for estimating the phylogeny using sequence data aligned with MAFFT in MrBayes.<br>Supplementary data S31: Input Nexus for estimating the phylogeny using morphological and sequence data aligned with Muscle in MrBayes.<br>Supplementary data S32: Input XML for estimating the dated phylogeny under Bayesian inference in BEAST.<br>Supplementary data S33: Distribution maps for all Micrathena species included in this study, the database with the original records and their source, and the R script used to generate the maps.<br>Supplementary data S34: Zipped folder containing all the inputs for estimating ancestral ranges and performing biogeographic stochastic mapping in R. This contains (0) the scripts for performing model selection and estimating ancestral states over a distribution of posterior trees, followed by stochastic mapping; (1) the geography and tree files (MMCT, and 100 trees randomly drawn from the posterior distribution); (2) the dispersal matrix and (3) the files for performing the time-stratified analysis to test the influence of the closure of the Isthmus of Panama on Micrathena dispersal.<br>Supplementary data S35: R script for generating the in-situ-speciation-through-time graphs from the results of biogeographic stochastic maps, as seen in Fig. 5.<br>Supplementary data S36: R script for getting and plotting elevations from individual records of Micrathena.<br>Supplementary data S37: R script for performing the GeoHiSSE estimation of net diversification rates among areas.<br>Supplementary data S38: Zipped folder containing the optimal trees found as a result of analysing inputs S24–S32 (IQ-Tree, MrBayes and BEAST).<br>Supplementary data S39: Zipped folder containing the ancestral range estimation results under competing models in BioGeoBEARS.<br>Supplementary data S40: Excel spreadsheet with parameter values of competing biogeographic models in BioGeoBEARS.<br>Supplementary data S41: Excel spreadsheet with results of biogeographic stochastic mapping over 100 different trees from the posterior distribution; includes all Micrathena species.<br>Supplementary data S42: Excel spreadsheet with results of biogeographic stochastic mapping over 100 different trees from the posterior distribution; includes only Micrathena species which had their DNA sequenced.<br>Supplementary data S43: Excel spreadsheet with the geography matrix, indicating which Micrathena species may be found in each area, and indicating the proportion of species from each area that are missing from the incomplete dataset (i.e., excluding species with unavailable DNA sequences).<br>Supplementary data S44: Excel spreadsheet with parameter values of competing biogeographic models estimated in GeoHiSSE.</p>
Figure 13. Grades 44 and 46. The philodromids also share a in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 13. Grades 44 and 46. The philodromids also share a common ancestor with the salticids at grade 45.
Figure 11. Grades 31 and 37 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 11. Grades 31 and 37. The great majority of modern spiders are entelegynes, with separation of copulatory ducts from oviposition ducts (gonopores) of the female epigynum. Entelegynes in turn can be divided into two large groups, one (the RTA clade) distinguished by the presence of a retrolateral tibial apophysis on the male pedipalp.
Figure 10. Grades 27 and 28 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 10. Grades 27 and 28. There are many different mygalomorphs today, characterized by the parallel, parasagittal (orthognath) alignment of their chelicerae. The Theraphosidae is the largest family in the group, including the largest of all spiders. In some countries, these are popularly known as tarantulas, and kept as low-maintenance pets. Filistatids like this Filistata are near the base of araneomorph evolution. Their anterior medial spinnerets have fused to form a cribellum with many small ducts. This produces a kind of kinky silk that entangles prey in the webs of these spiders.
Figure 9. Grades 25 and 26. There are presently 126 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 9. Grades 25 and 26. There are presently 126 living species of whipscorpions (Uropygi) and they have a long fossil history dating back to the Pennsylvanian (Santana et al. 2024). The East Asian Mesothelae represent the most basal group of spiders, with two pairs of book lungs and four pairs of spinnerets at a central position on the underside of the opisthosoma. Note also the prominent tergites on the dorsal opisthosoma of this Liphistius, similar to those seen on Mastigoproctus.
Figure 4. Grades 10 and 11 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 4. Grades 10 and 11. Adult tunicates are usually sessile (some are detached and roll on the sea bottom), but they begin their lives as mobile, planktonic larvae. The Spiralia are diverse, including annelids and molluscs. Many Platyhelminthes (flatworms) are parasitic or aquatic in freshwater and marine environments, but some, like the one shown here, are terrestrial.
Figure 3 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 3. Divergent representatives of two subsequent grades, able to coordinate movement with contractile muscle cells and bioelectric signalling. These are motile, predatory marine organisms.
Figure 7. Grades 19 and 24 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 7. Grades 19 and 24. The Xiphosura have paired book gills under the opisthosoma (thoracetron). Although the group has a long fossil record, there are only 4 living species (Lamsdell 2020). Scorpions, with paired book lungs, chelicerate pedipalps, and an unusual appendage at the rear of the opisthosoma, are now diverse and successful.
Figure 1 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 1. Hypothetical grades of evolution leading to the Salticidae. The estimated time of origin for some of these grades is shown in millions of years (Ma, millions of years ago). Not all sources agree on this arrangement.
Figure 6. Grades 16 and 17 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 6. Grades 16 and 17. The Onychophora, or velvet worms, are successful predators with many species in terrestrial, mostly tropical habitats. With flexible legs, they resemble giant tardigrades. The Mandibulata is by far the most successful group of animals, including the myrapods and the pancrustaceans; the latter group includes the insects and a diverse array of crustaceans, mostly marine.
Figure 2 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 2. Early grades in the evolution of the Salticidae. Although quite divergent, each of these organisms shares important synapomorphies related to multicellularity and cell differentiation with the jumping spiders.
Figure 5. Grades 12 and 15 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 5. Grades 12 and 15. The Ecdysozoa links nematodes, nematomorphs and arthropods to a common ancestor with the ability to shed a protective trilaminate cuticle as it grew. With panarthropods like this minute, aquatic tardigrade, we see the appearance of paired, segmental appendages.
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