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Fig. 4 in First three-dimensional skull of the Middle Triassic mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi from Svalbard, Norway

Fig. 4. The phylogenetic tree of Ichthyosauria and the placement of PMO 235.393. Note that Parvipelvia has collapsed as this part of the tree is not the focus of the paper. Consensus tree of 19 MPTs with a length of 544. Consistancy Index = 0.373, Rentention Index = 0.778. Bremer support values displayed above nodes.

Fig. 1 in First three-dimensional skull of the Middle Triassic mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi from Svalbard, Norway

Fig. 1. Mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi (Merriam, 1910) PMO 235.393, from the Botneheia Formation, Middle Triassic of the Isfjorden area in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. Slab A in concretion, photograph (A1), line drawing (A2) showing the outline and identification of the visible bone elements. B. Hypothetical reconstruction of PMO 235.393.

Fig. 2 in First three-dimensional skull of the Middle Triassic mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi from Svalbard, Norway

Fig. 2. The segmented model of right lateral side of the skull of mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi (Merriam, 1910) PMO 235.393, from the Botneheia Formation, Middle Triassic of the Isfjorden area in Spitsbergen, Svalbard.

Fig. 3 in First three-dimensional skull of the Middle Triassic mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi from Svalbard, Norway

Fig. 3. The computed tomography rendered segmentation of rostral elements of mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi (Merriam, 1910) PMO 235.393, from the Botneheia Formation, Middle Triassic of the Isfjorden area in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Right dentary and maxilla in lingual (A1) and labial (A2) views, right dentary (A3) in dorsal view, right maxilla in dorsal (A4) and lateral (A5) views. Note that the dorsal extent of the maxilla is not complete. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 4 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 4. Internal structure of zeillerid brachiopod Misunithyris goyi gen. et sp. nov. (BQ-AH2.2) from the lower Ladinian of the South-Iberian Triassic platform, the Arroyo Hurtado section. A. Transverse serial sections through the specimen (distance from the beak in mm). B. Microphotographs of acetate peels showing the hinge plates-crural bases relationship: crural bases are located in the ventral part of the hinge plates but a dorsal thickening emerges towards an early dorsal development. Section at 4.10 mm (B1) and 4.30 mm (B2) from the apex. Abbreviations: cb, crural bases; dp, deltidial plates; ld, dental lamellae; ms, median septum; pc, cardinal process; sp, septalium.

Fig. 4 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 4. Paleoreconstruction map of Pangaea in the Triassic with Gondwanan occurrences of Palacrodon marked with circles and Laurasia occurrences of Palacrodon marked with a star (note the two Arizona occurrences overlap in this scale). Paleogeography modified from www.pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/ historical.html.

Fig. 3 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 3. Diapsid Palacrodon sp. from Norian, Placerias Quarry, St. John's, USA. A. MNA 3684, fragment of marginal dentition with two complete teeth in occlusal (A1, A2), labial (A3, A4), lingual (A5), and oblique (A6) views. B. MNA V11247, isolated tooth in occlusal (B1) and distal (B2) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, A3, A5, A6, B), explanatory drawings (A2, A4).

Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 (PEFO 37247) from Norian, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA; in occlusal (A), labial (B), lingual (C), and oblique (D) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, B1, C, D), explanatory drawings (A2, B2).

Fig. 6 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 6. Paleogeographical map of the Ladinian times (modified after Pérez-López and Pérez-Valera 2007), showing the distribution of taxa highly related to, or common with the brachiopod fauna inhabiting the Middle Triassic peri-Iberian platforms system. Color of arrows and taxa symbolizes the inferred paleobiogeographical affinities. ACP, Apennine Carbonate Platform; AM, Armorican Massif; BM: Bohemian Massif; CM, Central Massif; EM, Ebro Massif; MM, Meso-Mediterranean Massif; Mi, Misunithyris; Me, Menathyris; Mz, Mentzelia; Co, Coenothyris. Occurrences mainly based on Schmidt (1935), Siblík (1972, 1988, 2001), Popiel-Barczyk and Senkowiczowa (1989), Dagys (1993), Török (1993), Kaim (1997), Torti and Angiolini (1997), Pálfy (2003), Feldman (2005, 2013), Ruban (2010), Escudero-Mozo et al. (2015), among others (see text for details). Dotted line shows palaeogeographic position of the currently emerged land.

Fig. 1 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic context of Palacrodon occurrences in Arizona. A. Map of Arizona showing the locations of PFV 396 and MNA 207-2. Map of North America modified from www.lakodosajta.info. B. Stratigraphic chart of the Chinle Formation at PEFO and the Placerias Quarry, with detrital zircon dates from Ramezani et al. (2011).

Fig. 3 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 3. Intraspecific variability of zeillerid brachiopod Misunithyris goyi gen. et sp. nov. of the lower Ladinian from the South-Iberian Triassic platform, the Arroyo Hurtado (A, B), Calasparra (C, E), Talave (D, F) sections; in dorsal (A1–F1), anterior (A2–F2), and lateral (A3–F3) views. A. BQ-AH2.1. B. BQ-AH2.2, sectioned in the present work. C. BQ-CL1.1. D. BQ-TA1.1. E. BQ-CL1.2. F. BQ-TA1.2, holotype. All specimens were coated with magnesium oxide.

Fig. 5 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 5. Microphotographs of acetate peels from zeillerid brachiopod Misunithyris goyi gen. et sp. nov. (BQ-AH2.2) from the lower Ladinian of the South-Iberian Triassic platform, the Arroyo Hurtado section. A. Section at 1.00 mm from the apex showing dental lamellae enveloped in a thick-shelled wall. B. Section at 2.60 mm from the apex showing the disposition of deltidial plates. C, D. Sections at 3.30 and 3.50 mm from the apex, respectively, showing the first stages of hinge plates and earlier cardinalia and the evolution of the cardinal process, clearly striated and raised by a high cardinal platform. E, F. Sections at 4.10 and 4.30 mm from the apex, respectively, showing the cardinal area with the position of crural bases and the articulation system. G–I. Partial sections at 4.90, 5.70, and 7.10 mm from the apex, respectively, showing the evolution of the crural architecture and dorsal median septum development.

Fig. 1 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 1. Geographical and geological setting of the localities studied yielding Ladinian brachiopods in the Betic Range context emphasizing the South-Iberian Triassic outcrops. AH, Arroyo Hurtado section; CL, Calasparra section; TA, Talave section.

Fig 7 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK

Fig 7. Surangular comparisons between the holotype (BRSMG Cg3178, BAS specimen) and referred specimen (BRSMG Cg2488, Lilstock specimen) of Ichthyotitan severnensis gen. et sp. nov., with a comparable section of surangular from a specimen of Ophthalmosaurus icenicus (MJML K2577). A. BRSMG Cg3178 and MJML K2577 illustrating the distance between the M.A.M.E. and coronoid process. B. BRSMG Cg2488 and MJML K2577 are positioned obliquely in lateral view (with MJML K2577 rotated and held closer to the camera), illustrating the general shape of the ichthyosaurian surangular. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g007

Fig 5. A in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK

Fig 5. A. Comparable sections for core drill(s) sampling position indicated by a white circle of (from left to right) BRSMG-Cb-3869 (an Aust bone, most probably a surangular), BRSMG Cg3178 (BAS surangular), BRSMG-Cg-2488 R-101 (Lilstock surangular). White arrows point to elongated surangular foramen. B. Binary drawings produced from stitched photos of the thin sections (respectively BRSMG-Cb-3869, BRSMG Cg3178 and BRSMG-Cg-2488 R-101) showing longitudinal vascularization and larger nutrient canals. Blue bars (upper) indicate extension of outer cortex, orange (middle) for deep cortex and pink (lower) for spongious trabecular bone. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g005

Fig 4 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK

Fig 4. Invertebrate and trace fossils found on the bone surface of the BAS surangular, BRSMG Cg3178. A-B. Associated bivalves, including Atreta intrusstriata (A) and Plagiostoma giganteum (B); it is worth noting that a small group of the latter are preserved adjacent to the coronoid process, see Fig 2C. C-D. Examples of the probable scavenging marks that are also observed in the Lilstock surangular, see Lomax et al. 2018, Fig 4. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g004

Fig 6 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK

Fig 6. Histological overview of BRSMG Cg3178 (BAS surangular). A. Composite image of thin section under circular polarized light. B. Close-up of the external margin of the outer cortex, showing the presence of multiple growth marks (GMs), open vascular canals and cortical vascular canals with all degrees of maturity (simple canals, primary osteons and secondary osteons), supporting an ongoing active and continuous growth. Note the evident darker border of the lumen of a diagonal canal running from the top left toward the margin of the large nutrient canal (NC) showing further longitudinal vascularization. C. Concentric secondary osteon in the outer cortex under lambda filter. D. Close-up of the upper margin of the nutrient canal under crossed polarized (left) and circular polarized light (right). The growth marks appear as alternated tightly packed rows of brighter and darker periosteal intrinsic fibres (PIF). The same tight packing of the GMs occurs also deeper in the cortex. E. Lateral margin of the nutrient canal under circular polarized view. PIF are evident as bright yellow and blue coiled structures. The presence of simple canals alongside osteons, indicates primary deposition of bone along the margin of the large nutrient canal. F. Concentric secondary osteon in the trabecular bone under transmitted light. It is evident the high amount of osteocyte lacunae and the presence of plump irregular shaped ones in the lamellar bone. G. Trabecular bone under circular polarized view. The presence of primary matrix and concentric secondary osteons indicate that the trabeculae are secondary, produced from compact bone made cancellous. White arrows (D, E, G) point at PIF; white arrowheads point at resorption lines in concentric osteons (C, F, G); white dotted lines indicate borders of primary osteons (C, F, G); yellow arrow heads (B, D) point at rows of GMs. Abbreviations. LB, Lamellar bone; NC, Nutrient canal; OC, Open periosteal canal; PO, Primary osteon; RC, Resorption cavity; SC, Simple canal; SO, Secondary osteon. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g006

Fig 3 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK

Fig 3. Comparison of the holotype (BRSMG Cg3178, A and C right surangular, BAS specimen) and referred specimen (BRSMG Cg2488, B and D left surangular, Lilstock specimen) of Ichthyotitan severnensis gen. et sp. nov. To ease comparison, A and C have been reversed. A-B. Lateral view of both surangulars showing same unique shape; note the upturned, almost 90-degree angle bend and the spatulate-shaped posterior end. C-D. Medial view of both surangulars displaying same morphology posteriorly; anteriorly the Lilstock specimen (D) has been heavily eroded and distorted along its length (see Discussion in Lomax et al. 2018 for more details). Note the position of an elongated foramen on the lateral surface (A-B), identified as part of the fossa surangularis that passes through the bone into the Meckelian canal. See also the damaged (?)angular that is articulated with the surangular and defined by a continuous groove (?suture) as seen in Fig 2H. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g003

Fig 1 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK

Fig 1. Distribution of the Triassic rocks in the Bristol Channel–Severn Estuary area and the three key ichthyosaur localities (where specimens discussed herein were found) referred to in the text. Modified from Lomax et al. 2018 [7]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g001

Fig 2 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK

Fig 2. The holotype of Ichthyotitan severnensis gen. et sp. nov., a newly collected specimen (BRSMG Cg3178) comprising a very large, but incomplete right surangular (the 'BAS Specimen'). A. All associated pieces with an approximate outline of the complete surangular, in medial view. The surangular is separated into two main parts, Part #A to the right and Part #B to the left (see text). B. A close-up of the coronoid process in lateral view, showing moderate eminence. C. Bulbous coronoid process in dorsal view with lateral displacement. D. Subcircular cross section at the level of the coronoid process (posterior view, medial to the left). E-F. Comparison of the massively developed M.A.M.E. ridge observed in BAS (E) and the Lilstock surangular (F); arrows indicate top of the ridge. G. Oblique view of the medial surface highlighting part of the overhanging shelf that encloses the Meckelian canal. H. Ventromedial view of the mid-posterior portion of the surangular showing a distinct, continuous, and straight thin groove that might be a suture and could indicate two distinct bones (perhaps including a damaged angular). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g002