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536 results for “Tyrannosaurus rex”
Figure 5. Muscle mass reconstruction method for M in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 5. Muscle mass reconstruction method for M. caudofemoralis longus (see Methods); Carnegie specimen depicted. Dorsal and right lateral views are shown on topı and in the bottom row are caudal views of the right femur and then caudal vertebrae (8th and 17th). Red shaded volumes are the M. caudofemoralis longus reconstruction. Note a small space for M. caudofemoralis brevis (not reconstructed) is left around the ilium/sacrum and lateral to the CFL insertion. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g005
Figure 2 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 2. Models: cranial view. From left to right for each specimen: 3D scan of skeleton (not shown for Jane due to copyright issues)ı minimal modelı and maximal model. Not to scale. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g002
Figure 1 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 1. Modelling procedureı showing the Carnegie specimen. From left to rightı top to bottom these show the scannedı reconstructedı and straightened skeleton; the skeleton with elliptical hoops that define fleshy boundaries; the air spaces representing pharynxı sinusesı lungs and other airways including air sacs; and the final meshed reconstruction used for mass and COM estimates. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g001
Figure 5 in Chemistry supports the identification of gender-specific reproductive tissue in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 5. Immunochemical staining of bone using monoclonal antibodies raised against the sulfated glycosaminoglycan keratan sulfate. (A,C,E,G,I,K,M,O) are overlay images showing tissue and localized binding; (B,D,F,H,},L,N,P) are fluorescent images using FITC label. Chicken CB (A,B) shows no binding; chicken MB (C,D) shows positive staining, with green fluorescent signal representing antibody-antigen complexes, arranged in globular clusters. Similarly, ostrich femoral CB (E,F) does not bind antibodies, but ostrich MB (G,H) is positive for binding using the same data collection parameters. T. rex CB (I,}), does not show evidence of localized antibody binding, but sections of isolated MB (K,L) show localized specific binding to antibodies in a globular pattern, as seen in the chicken. (M,N) cortical region of tarsometatarsus and (O,P) internal (medullary) region of chicken genetically diagnosed with avian osteopetrosis (Materials and Methods) exposed to anti-keratan sulfate antibodies. No binding is seen, using same data collection parameters.
Figure 3 in Chemistry supports the identification of gender-specific reproductive tissue in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 3. Alcian blue histochemical stain capitalizes on the differential presence of sulfated glycosaminoglycans found in MB vs CB. Low (A) and high (B) magnification of demineralized, sectioned bone from a laying hen femur show MB (black arrows), forming along the borders of CB. Alcian blue stains MB intensely, but only lightly stains CB and TB, reflecting the differences in matrix composition. MB is shown to form around ovate vacancies that may represent vessels (red arrowheads). MB is sometimes found as islands within spicules of TB or CB (yellow arrows), possibly representing centripetal infilling of pre-existing vessel channels or erosion rooms with forming MB. Ostrich (C), shown at a lower magnification to encompass internal-most cortical bone and developing spicules of MB. The developmental pattern differs from that of chicken, reflecting macroscopic differences seen in hand sample, where MB and CB are not distinct, but more gradational in nature. Forming MB (black arrows) can be seen lining secondary osteons (leftmost black arrow), and as pockets of bone within pre-existing cortical bone (yellow arrows). Ovate open spaces within completely formed MB spicules are also seen (red arrowheads). Low (D) and high (E) magnifications of demineralized and sectioned T. rex CB show fibrous matrix that is lightly stained. Dinosaur MB in low (F), and high (G) magnifications show much more intense staining (black arrows). Matrix is fibrous, but is penetrated by ovate forms within deeply staining bone (F, red arrows). White spaces in F are sectioning artifact, where tissue and embedding material have pulled away from bone. Scale bars as indicated.
Figure 2 in Chemistry supports the identification of gender-specific reproductive tissue in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 2. Computed tomographic imaging of MOR 1125 femur bone fragment showing morphological differentiation between MB and CB. (A–D) volumetric renderings and (E–G) cross sections. (A,B) High density cortical bone rendered transparent to visually isolate lower density medullary bone. (E) Density shown as spectrum from high (black) to low (white). Fragment is (C,D,G) color and (F) heat mapped. Color mapping key: (C,D,G) medullary bone (orange/red) and cortical bone (beige/yellow); heat mapping key (F): highest density (red) lowest density (blue). Sample shown in (A,C,E–G) cross sectional and (B,D) medial views.
Figure 2 in Cannibalism in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 2. Tyrannosaurus rex bones bearing tooth marks made by Tyrannosaurus rex. A1ı A2: UCMP 137538ı pedal phalanx in dorsal view. B1ı B2: Pedal phalanxı MOR 1126ı dorsal view. C1ı C2ı Humerus of MOR 902 in caudal view. D1ı D2 metatarsal III of T. rex MOR 1602ı medial view. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013419.g002
FIGURE 6 in New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, United States
FIGURE 6. Examples of the pedal phalanx II-2 of adult Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR 2081) from the Hell Creek Formation Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of South Dakota, USA. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. Abbreviation: lp, lateral ligament pit. Pedal phalanx II-2 redrawn from Brochu (2003).
FIGURE 1 in New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, United States
FIGURE 1. Schematic sketches of tooth crown and its base (after Smith et al. 2005). Abbreviations: A, the most labial point on the crown tooth base curvature; AL, apical length of the crown tooth; B, the farthest point on the crown tooth base curvature; CAA, crown tooth apex angle; CBL, crown tooth base length; CH, crown tooth height; CBW, crown tooth base width; DA, distal apical; DB, distal basal; DC, distal midcrown; MA, mesial apical; MB, mesial basal; MC, mesial mid-crown.
FIGURE 10 in New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, United States
FIGURE 10. Tyrannosaurus rex lateral teeth YPM VP 002220(B) and YPM VP 054459(A–G) from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Buck Creek of Wyoming, USA. A, lateral. B, lingual.
FIGURE 1 in How Fast Could Tyrannosaurus rex Run?
FIGURE 1. IN A FREE-BODY DIAGRAM for a running tyrannosaur, the angles of the leg joints (top) are critical parameters. In addi- tion to the forces and torques produced by leg muscles, external forces (bottom) including the weights of the body (Ƒb), thigh (Ƒt), shank (Ƒs), and metatarsus (Ƒm), as well as the ground reaction force (GRF) that acts a distance R from the toe joint must be incorporated. (Adapted from ref. 6.)
Fig. 2. A B in A 3D interactive method for estimating body segmental parameters in animals: Application to the turning and running performance of Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 2. A B-spline solid is a closed object whose shape can be adjusted by moving control points (dark points) that deforms the local portion of the object near the control point. The initial cylindrical shape in A is adjusted (B and C) by pulling out the points at the ends and drawing the points in the middle closer to the axis.
FIGURE 13 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions
FIGURE 13. Mesial dentary set morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. Ld2 of FMNH PR2081 (A), Rd2 of AMNH 5027 (B), Ld3 (C), and Ld4 (D) of FMNH PR2081, all in mesial view. E, Ld2 and Rd4 of BHI 3033 in labial and lingual views (arrows mark ends of distal (Ld2) and mesial (Rd4) carinae).
FIGURE 5 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions
FIGURE 5. Premaxillary tooth morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, idealized skulls of T. rex and Dromaeosaurus in palatal view, showing variation in snout shape (after Molnar, 1998, and Currie, 1995). B, photo trace of AMNH 5027 in palatal view showing labiolingual crown longaxis orientations (teeth are schematic; dashed line is sagittal plane). C, photo trace of Allosaurus (YPM 1333) in palatal view, showing morphology and carinae of Rpm2–5. D, right premaxilla of Majungatholus (FMNH PR 2100) in occlusal view.
FIGURE 4 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions
FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (A), CHR (B), and CA (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation.
Fig. 1 in A 3D interactive method for estimating body segmental parameters in animals: Application to the turning and running performance of Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 1. Body segments can be created using mass objects of different density and shape. Mass objects can be collected into mass sets to calculate their combined inertial properties; the most inclusive Tyrannosaurus mass set (whole body) is outlined here, as well as the trunk segment and its embedded mass objects.
FIGURE 17 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions
FIGURE 17. Between-taxon comparisons of MAVG (A), DAVG (B), DSDI (C), and DAVG2 (D) for the theropods examined in this study (data from Smith et al., in press). See methods for units. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation.
Figure 11.7 in Rex, sit: digital modeling of Tyrannosaurus rex at rest
Figure 11.7. In ascending from repose, the M. caudofemoralis longus is in stretch (-115%) and the moment arm is greatly foreshortened compared with its neutral state when standing, thus providing poor mechanical advantage.
Figure 11.3 in Rex, sit: digital modeling of Tyrannosaurus rex at rest
Figure 11.3. (A) Screen image showing the reconstruction of the trunk superimposed on a reference photograph of an assembly of casts of the Stan specimen. Background image courtesy Black Hills Institute of Geologic Research. (B) DinoMorph model shown with addition of digitized pectoral girdles (including furcula), forelimbs, and pelvic girdle, all based on Stan.
Figure 10.12 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.12. Articulated pectoral girdle and forelimb of Tyrannosaurus in lateral (A) and anterior (B) views.
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