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744 results for “arbor”
Data from: The arboreal ants of a Neotropical rainforest show high species density and comprise one third of the ant fauna
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Data from: The multi‐functional use of large tree cavities by arboreal vertebrates in a temperate broadleaved forest of Eastern Europe
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Data from: Resource partitioning and interspecific interactions among sympatric rain forest arboreal mammals of the Western Ghats, India
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Arboreal microclimates across Philippines elevation gradient
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Disentangling the assembly mechanisms of ant cuticular bacterial communities of two Amazonian ant species sharing a common arboreal nest
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Remote camera monitoring and arboreal trapping data for a reintroduced population of red-tailed phascogales (Phascogale calura)
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Figure 4 in Extrafloral nectaries mediate the arboreal beetle community (Coleoptera) in a Neotropical rainforest
Figure 4. Number of beetles (Coleoptera) (N = 35) sampled per date during the leaf flush on a single tree crown of Licania hebantha (Chrysobalanaceae), Venezuela, July 1998.
Data from: Arboreal ant abundance tracks primary productivity in an Amazonian whitewater river system
Little is known about consumer productivity in the tropics despite the key feedbacks that animals impose on primary productivity. In the Amazon basin, seasonally flooded and unflooded forests exist side by side, and ants (Formicidae) dominate animal biomass. Although flooding has a direct, negative effect on soil-dwelling ants, it is less clear whether flooding has indirect effects on arboreal ants via associated changes in tree communities. To test whether seasonal inundation by whitewater affects arboreal ants, we investigated ant communities in adjacent flooded and unflooded forests along a major whitewater river in central-western Amazonia. Whitewater-flooded forest exhibits higher primary productivity than unflooded forest. We thus hypothesized that forest type would affect the productivity and the foraging traits of arboreal ants, and that these changes would be mediated by increases in plant-derived food for ants in flooded forest. We compared ant and plant communities between flooded and unflooded forest transects along the Juruá River in Amazonas, Brazil. We collected, identified, and counted terrestrial and arboreal ants, and we measured ant traits with putative relationships to foraging strategy. We also identified plant stems to characterize the abundance of ant food rewards. Flooding negatively affected the diversity and abundance of terrestrial ants but did not change the diversity of arboreal ants. Arboreal ants were more abundant and exhibited higher biomass in flooded forest than in unflooded forest. Arboreal ant traits also suggested that ants may rely more heavily on plant-derived food in flooded forest than in unflooded forest. These differences were associated with a higher abundance of plant stems predicted to contain ant food rewards in flooded forest than in unflooded forest. Our results indicate that the productivity of arboreal ants is affected by that of the underlying forest. Such effects may be mediated by the predominantly herbivorous foraging strategy of canopy ants, which would link ant populations closely to primary production and stoichiometry. Given ants' important functional roles, these differences in ant productivity between forest types may have consequences for other arthropods and feedbacks to plants throughout the Amazon basin.
FIGURE 5 in Comparative analysis of the chondrocranium and hyobranchial skeleton of bromeliad arboreal frog larvae of the genus Phyllodytes Wagler, 1830 (Anura Hylidae)
FIGURE 5. Hyobranchial skeleton. Ventral views for Phyllodytes acuminatus (A, Stage 31, MHN–UFAL 8385), P. brevirostris (B, Stage 34, MNRJ 53 122), P. edelmoi (C, Stage 36, MHN–UFAL 3768), P. maculosus (D, Stage 27, CZUFSB 509), P. melanomystax (E, Stage 28, MNRJ 04 868), P. praeceptor (F, Stage 31, MZUESC 16 059), P. punctatus (G, Stage 29, LABEV–UFS 1167), P. wuchereri (H, Stage 31, CLAR 9492), Phyllodytes sp. 5 (I, Stage 36, MHNBA 15 996). (ac) articular condyle; (bbc) basibranchial; (bh) basihyal; (cb I–IV) ceratobranchials; (ch) ceratohyal; (hbp) hypobranchial plate; (pab) processus anterior branchialis; (pac) processus anterior hyalis; (palc) processus anterolateralis hyalis; (plc) processus lateralis hyali; (ppc) processus posterior hyalis; (pr) pars reuniens; (sp) spicules; (tco) terminal commissure; (up) urobranchial process (scale bars =1 mm).
FIGURE 3 in Comparative analysis of the chondrocranium and hyobranchial skeleton of bromeliad arboreal frog larvae of the genus Phyllodytes Wagler, 1830 (Anura Hylidae)
FIGURE 3. Suprarostral cartilage of P. melanomystax (Stage 28, MNRJ 04 868), frontal view. (a) ala; (c) corpus; (ppd) processus posterior dorsalis (scale bar =1 mm).
FIGURE 4 in Comparative analysis of the chondrocranium and hyobranchial skeleton of bromeliad arboreal frog larvae of the genus Phyllodytes Wagler, 1830 (Anura Hylidae)
FIGURE 4. Chondrocranium. Lateral views for Phyllodytes acuminatus (A, Stage 31, MHN–UFAL 8385), P. brevirostris (B, Stage 34, MNRJ 53 122), P. edelmoi (C, Stage 36, MHN–UFAL 3768), P. maculosus (D, Stage 27, CZUFSB 509), P. melanomystax (E, Stage 28, MNRJ 04 868), P. praeceptor (F, Stage 31, MZUESC 16 059), P. punctatus (G, Stage 29, LABEV–UFS 1167), P. wuchereri (H, Stage 31, CLAR 9492), Phyllodytes sp. 5 (I, Stage 36, MHNBA 15 996). (bc) braincase; (fov) fenestra ovalis; (mc) Meckel's cartilage; (mp) muscular process; (oc) otic capsule; (ocf) oculomotor foramen; (opf) optic foramen; (orc) orbital cartilage; (pq) palatoquadrate; (plt) processus lateralis trabeculae; (sc) suprarostral cartilage; (th) trabecular horns; (trf) trochlear foramen (scale bars =1 mm).
FIGURE 2 in Comparative analysis of the chondrocranium and hyobranchial skeleton of bromeliad arboreal frog larvae of the genus Phyllodytes Wagler, 1830 (Anura Hylidae)
FIGURE 2. Chondrocranium. Ventral views for Phyllodytes acuminatus (A, Stage 31, MHN–UFAL 8385), P. brevirostris (B, Stage 34, MNRJ 53 122), P. edelmoi (C, Stage 36, MHN–UFAL 3768), P. maculosus (D, Stage 27, CZUFSB 509), P. melanomystax (E, Stage 28, MNRJ 04 868), P. praeceptor (F, Stage 31, MZUESC 16 059), P. punctatus (G, Stage 29, LABEV–UFS 1167), P. wuchereri (H, Stage 31, CLAR 9492), Phyllodytes sp. 5 (I, Stage 36, MHNBA 15 996). (cf) carotid foramen; (crf) craniopalatine foramen; (ic) infrarostral cartilage; (jf) jugulare foramen; (pf) perilymphaticum foramen; (pr) retroarticular process of Meckel's cartilage; (qcc) quadratocranial commissure (scale bars =1 mm).
FIGURE 1 in Comparative analysis of the chondrocranium and hyobranchial skeleton of bromeliad arboreal frog larvae of the genus Phyllodytes Wagler, 1830 (Anura Hylidae)
FIGURE 1. Chondrocranium. Dorsal views for Phyllodytes acuminatus (A, Stage 31, MHN–UFAL 8385), P. brevirostris (B, Stage 34, MNRJ 53 122), P. edelmoi (C, Stage 36, MHN–UFAL 3768), P. maculosus (D, Stage 27, CZUFSB 509), P. melanomystax (E, Stage 28, MNRJ 04 868), P. praeceptor (F, Stage 31, MZUESC 16 059), P. punctatus (G, Stage 29, LABEV–UFS 1167), P. wuchereri (H, Stage 31, CLAR 9492), Phyllodytes sp. 5 (I, Stage 36, MHNBA 15 996). (a) ala; (as) ascending process; (bf) basicranial fenestra; (c) corpus; (ep) ethmoid plate; (mc) Meckel's cartilage; (mp) muscular process; (oc) otic capsule; (op) larval otic process; (plp) posterolateral process; (pq) palatoquadrate; (paq) articular process of palatoquadrate; (qep) quadratoethmoid process; (sf) subocular fenestra; (st) synotic tectum; (th) trabecular horns (scale bars =1 mm).
Sex and age differences in tree cavity dependence in a small arboreal marsupial
<p>Many mammal species depend on tree cavities for shelter and for breeding. Some species may use tree cavities as well as other varied shelters but the extent of their dependence on tree cavities is unknown. One such species is the eastern pygmy-possum (<i>Cercartetus nanus</i>) from eastern Australia which typically shelters alone. I addressed four key questions: i) do different age and sex classes differ in their preferences for small (4 cm diameter) and large (10 cm diameter) cavities, ii) does the availability of large cavities influence female breeding status, iii) does the availability of large cavities influence where adult females and males are detected, and iv) does the availability of large cavities influence survival and abundance? I provisioned two 9-ha plots containing few (≤2 per ha) 'large' natural cavities with artificial cavities in different years. When plots were provisioned with small and large cavities breeding females (<i>n</i> = 46) showed a pronounced preference for sheltering in the large cavities whilst adult males (<i>n</i> = 67) and subadults (<i>n </i>= 40) preferred the small cavities. When one plot and not the other was provisioned with large cavities adult females were significantly more likely to be reproductive and be detected on the plot with large cavities, but survival was not influenced. Detection of adult males did not vary with large cavity provisioning. The abundance of adult pygmy-possums varied among years, being higher on the plot provisioned with large cavities when the other plot was not provisioned, but equivalent when both were provisioned. The findings of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that breeding females are dependent on a large cavity to raise a litter. Other mammal species around the world are likely to exhibit similar but currently unrecognised shelter site strategies which have implications for their management.</p>
Data from: Arboreality increases reptile community resistance to disturbance from livestock grazing
Domestic livestock grazing directly alters ground-level habitat but its effects on arboreal habitat are poorly known. Similarly, the response to grazing of ground-dwelling fauna has been examined, but there are few studies of arboreal fauna. Globally, grazing has been implicated in the decline of vertebrate fauna species, but some species appear resistant to the effects of grazing, either benefiting from the structural changes at ground level or avoiding them, as may be the case with arboreal species. Here we examine arboreal and terrestrial habitat responses and reptile community responses to grazing, to determine whether arboreal reptile species are more resistant than terrestrial reptile species. We conducted arboreal and terrestrial reptile surveys on four different grazing treatments, at a 19-year experimental grazing trial in northern Australia. To compare the grazing response of arboreal and terrestrial reptile assemblages, we used community, functional group and individual species-level analyses. Species responses were modelled in relation to landscape-scale and microhabitat variables. Arboreal reptile species were resistant to the impact of grazing, whereas terrestrial reptiles were negatively affected by heavy grazing. Terrestrial reptiles were positively associated with complex ground structures, which were greatly reduced in heavily grazed areas. Arboreal lizards responded positively to microhabitat features such as tree hollows. Synthesis and applications. Arboreal and terrestrial reptiles have different responses to the impact of livestock grazing. This has implications for rangeland management, particularly if management objectives include goals relating to conserving certain species or functional groups. Arboreal reptiles showed resistance in a landscape that is grazed, but where trees have not been cleared. We highlight the importance of retaining trees in rangelands for both terrestrial and arboreal microhabitats.
Data from: Synergistic effects of fire and elephants on arboreal animals in an African savannah
1. Disturbance is a crucial determinant of animal abundance, distribution and community structure in many ecosystems, but the ways in which multiple disturbance types interact remain poorly understood. The effects of multiple-disturbance interactions can be additive, subadditive or super-additive (synergistic). Synergistic effects in particular can accelerate ecological change; thus, characterizing such synergies, the conditions under which they arise, and how long they persist has been identified as a major goal of ecology. 2. We factorially manipulated two principal sources of disturbance in African savannas, fire and elephants, and measured their independent and interactive effects on the numerically dominant vertebrate (the arboreal gekkonid lizard Lygodactylus keniensis) and invertebrate (a guild of symbiotic Acacia ants) animal species in a semi-arid Kenyan savanna. 3. Elephant exclusion alone (minus fire) had negligible effects on gecko density. Fire alone (minus elephants) had negligible effects on gecko density after 4 months, but increased gecko density twofold after 16 months, likely because the decay of fire-damaged woody biomass created refuges and nest sites for geckos. In the presence of elephants, fire increased gecko density nearly threefold within 4 months of the experimental burn; this occurred because fire increased the incidence of elephant damage to trees, which in turn improved microhabitat quality for geckos. However, this synergistic positive effect of fire and elephants attenuated over the ensuing year, such that only the main effect of fire was evident after 16 months. 4. Fire also altered the structure of symbiotic plant-ant assemblages occupying the dominant tree species (Acacia drepanolobium); this influenced gecko habitat selection but did not explain the synergistic effect of fire and elephants. However, fire-driven shifts in plant-ant occupancy may have indirectly mediated this effect by increasing trees' susceptibility to elephant damage. 5. Our findings confirm the importance of fire × elephant interactions in structuring arboreal wildlife populations. Where habitat modification by megaherbivores facilitates co-occurring species, fire may amplify these effects in the short term by increasing the frequency or intensity of herbivory, leading to synergy. In the longer term, tree mortality due to both top kill by fire and toppling by large herbivores may reduce overall microhabitat availability, eliminating the synergy.
Data from: Fine-scale refuges can buffer demographic and genetic processes against short-term climatic variation and disturbance: a 22 year case study of an arboreal marsupial
Ecological disturbance and climate are key drivers of temporal dynamics in the demography and genetic diversity of natural populations. Microscale refuges are known to buffer species' persistence against environmental change, but the effects of such refuges on demographic and genetic patterns in response to short-term environmental variation are poorly understood. We quantified demographic and genetic responses of mountain brushtail possums (Trichosurus cunninghami) to rainfall variability (1992–2013) and to a major wildfire. We hypothesized that there would be underlying differences in demographic and genetic processes between an unburnt mesic refuge and a topographically exposed zone that was burnt in 2009. Fire caused a 2-year decrease in survival in the burnt zone, but the population grew after the fire due to immigration, leading to increased expected heterozygosity. We documented a fire-related behavioural shift, where the rate of movement by individuals in the unburnt refuge to the burnt zone decreased after fire. Irrespective of the fire, there were long-term differences in demographic and genetic parameters between the mesic/unburnt refuge and the nonmesic/burnt zone. Survival was high and unaffected by rainfall in the refuge, but lower and rainfall-dependent in the nonmesic zone. Net movement of individuals was directional, from the mesic refuge to the nonmesic zone, suggesting fine-scale source–sink dynamics. There were higher expected heterozygosity (HE) and temporal genetic stability in the refuge, but lower HE and marked temporal genetic structure in the exposed habitat, consistent with reduced generational overlap caused by elevated mortality and immigration. Thus, fine-scale refuges can mediate the short-term demographic and genetic effects of climate and ecological disturbance.
Data from: Macroevolution of Arboreality in Salamanders
Evolutionary theory predicts that selection in distinct microhabitats generates correlations between morphological and ecological traits, and may increase both phenotypic and taxonomic diversity. However, some microhabitats exert unique selective pressures that act as a restraining force on macroevolutionary patterns of diversification. In this study, we use phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the evolutionary outcomes of inhabiting the arboreal microhabitat in salamanders. We find that arboreality has independently evolved at least five times in Caudata, and has arisen primarily from terrestrial ancestors. However, the rate of transition from arboreality back to terrestriality is 24 times higher than the converse. This suggests that macroevolutionary trends in microhabitat use tend towards terrestriality over arboreality, which influences the extent to which use of the arboreal microhabitat proliferates. Morphologically, we find no evidence for an arboreal phenotype in overall body proportions or in foot shape, as variation in both traits overlaps broadly with species that utilize different microhabitats. However, both body shape and foot shape display reduced rates of phenotypic evolution in arboreal taxa, and evidence of morphological convergence among arboreal lineages is observed. Taken together, these patterns suggest that arboreality has played a unique role in the evolution of this family, providing neither an evolutionary opportunity, nor an evolutionary dead end.
Data from: Arboreal ecology of Plethodontidae: a review
Lungless salamanders in the family Plethodontidae are widely distributed and the most diverse lineage of caudates. Plethodontids occupy forested and freshwater habitats, where they can achieve remarkable abundance and biomass. The majority of tropical plethodontids are arboreal. Though generally considered ground dwelling, a large proportion of temperate species have been observed climbing shrubs, trees, and herbaceous vegetation. Approximately 45% of terrestrial and semi-aquatic (not including permanently aquatic) plethodontid species are known to obligately or facultatively climb vegetation; yet, with the exception of tropical plethodontids, the importance of arboreal habits is generally underappreciated. The potential benefits of arboreality vary based on life history and geography but may include improved olfaction, increased foraging potential, shelter and nesting, and predator avoidance. Constraints on arboreality include increased water loss rates and morphological limitations. Recognition of arboreal habits as a relevant component of salamander ecology is important in rapidly changing landscapes with anthropogenic alterations to midstory and canopy communities.
Data from: An integrative approach to phylogeography: investigating the effects of ancient seaways, climate, and historical geology on multi-locus phylogeographic boundaries of the arboreal salamander (Aneides lugubris)
Background: Phylogeography is an important tool that can be used to reveal cryptic biodiversity and to better understand the processes that promote lineage diversification. We studied the phylogeographic history of the Arboreal Salamander (Aneides lugubris), a wide-ranging species endemic to the California floristic province. We used multi-locus data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of A. lugubris and to discover the geographic location of major genetic breaks within the species. We also used species distribution modeling and comparative phylogeography to better understand the environmental factors that have shaped the genetic history of A. lugubris. Results: We found six major mitochondrial clades in A. lugubris. Nuclear loci supported the existence of at least three genetically distinct groups, corresponding to populations north of the San Francisco Bay and in the Sierra Nevada, in the Santa Cruz Mountains, and in the central coast and southern California. All of the genetic breaks in mitochondrial and nuclear loci corresponded to regions where historical barriers to dispersal have been observed in other species. Geologic or water barriers likely were the most important factors restricting gene flow among clades. Climatic unsuitability during glacial maximum may have contributed to the isolation of the mitochondrial clades in the central coast and southern California. A projection of our species distribution model to a future scenario with a moderate amount of climate change suggests that most of the range of A. lugubris will remain climatically suitable, but climatic conditions in the Sierra Nevada and low elevation areas in Southern California are likely to deteriorate. Conclusions: Aneides lugubris contains substantial cryptic genetic diversity as a result of historical isolation of populations. At least two (and perhaps three) evolutionarily significant units in A. lugubris merit protection; all six mitochondrial clades should be considered as management units within the species.
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