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FIGURE 1 in Evolutionary convergence in conodonts revealed by Synchrotron-based Tomographic Microscopy

FIGURE 1. Cladogram representing the Epigondolella clade of Mazza et al. (2012b), illustrating the phylogenetic relationships between the Upper Carnian-Lower Norian (Upper Triassic) carnepigondolellids and epigondolellids and their main evolutionary trends. Only the species analysed in this work are figured. The specimens of E. vialovi, E. quadrata, E. uniformis, and E. triangularis are from Mazza and Martínez-Pérez (2015). Vertical bars beside the specimens indicate the platform (P)/blade (B) length ratio; white circles mark the cusp. All the specimens are at the same scale.

FIGURE 8 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 8. Graphic correlation of the three Compte subfacies area sections. The columns show the observed first occurrences of important taxa in the studied sections, indicated by their projected position on the Pyrenean CS. The numbers represent the taxa listed in the range chart (Figures 5 and 6) and in the Appendix. (CSU: Composite Standard Unit).

FIGURE 10 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 10. Graphic correlation of four composite standard (CS) databases, three from NW-Gondwana (Anti-Atlas, Pyrenees and Montagne Noire) and one from S-Laurussia (Ardenne) (Golonka, 2000). The standard reference section for the Middle Devonian CS and the Anti-Atlas CS is the Jebel Ou Driss section in the Eastern Anti-Atlas (Morocco) (Belka et al., 1997). The standard reference sections for the Ardenne and Montagne Noire CSs are the Couvin-Givet section and the Pic de Vissou section, respectively. The columns show the observed first occurrences of important taxa in the regional CS's, indicated by their projected position on the Middle Devonian CS. The numbers represent the taxa listed in the range chart (Figures 5–6) and in the Appendix.

FIGURE 9 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 9. Correlation between the Pyrenean composite standard and the Middle Devonian composite standard. The numbers represent the taxa listed in the range chart (Figures 5 and 6) and Appendix. See also legend in Figure 4.

FIGURE 1. 1 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 1. 1. Middle Devonian paleogeographic situation with indication of the study area (courtesy of R. Blakey, NAU Geology), 2. Map of Paleozoic rocks on the Iberian Peninsula and position of figure 1.3, 3. Location of the studied Devonian outcrops.

FIGURE 4 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 4. Graphic correlation between the La Guàrdia d'Ares section and the composite standard (third round). The numbers represent the taxa listed in the range chart (Figures 5 and 6), error boxes indicate the sampling intervals.

FIGURE 6 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 6. Conodont range chart based on the Spanish Central Pyrenean sections (continued). Precise CSU values are given in the Appendix.

FIGURE 3 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 3. Graphic correlation between the Villech section and the composite standard for the Spanish Central Pyrenees (third round). The numbers represent the taxa listed in the range chart (Figures 5 and 6), the error boxes indicate the sampling intervals. (sem./lat.: semialternans/latifossatus).

FIGURE 5 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 5. Conodont range chart based on the Spanish Central Pyrenean sections. Precise CSU values are given in the Appendix.

FIGURE 2. 1 in Graphic correlation of the upper Eifelian to lower Frasnian (Middle-Upper Devonian) conodont sequences in the Spanish Central Pyrenees and comparison with composite standards from other areas

FIGURE 2. 1. Map of Paleozoic rocks on the Iberian Peninsula and position of Figure 2.2 (black square), 2. Structural geological map of the Spanish Pyrenees with indication of the studied area (white square) and 2. Structural geological map of the Spanish Pyrenees with indication of the studied area (red square) and the most important faults and thrust faults, FNP: North Pyrenean Fault, CPP: Petites Pyrénées thrust fault, CFN: Frontal North Pyrenean thrust fault, CFS: Frontal South Pyrenean thrust fault [modified from Barnolas and Pujalte (2004)], 3. Map of the Devonian facies areas and subdivision of the southern facies area in the southern Spanish Pyrenees [modified from Zwart (1979)], studied area in black square, location of the sections indicated by black stars.

Fig. 5 in Apparatus of the conodont Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 and a re-evaluation of Pander's species of Scolopodus

Fig. 5. Scolopodus species originally described by Pander. A. Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856, in lateral (A1, A4), posterior (A2), and anterior (A3) views; A5, cross section of the base (Pander 1856: table 2, fig. 8a–d, table A, fig. 5f). B. Scolopodus semicostatus Pander, 1856, in lateral views (B1, B2); B3, cross section of the base (Pander 1856: table 2, fig. 4a, b, table A, fig. 5e). C. Scolopodus sublaevis Pander, 1856, in lateral (C1) and posterior (C2) views; C3, cross section of the base (Pander 1856: table 2, fig. 3a, b, table A, fig. 5e). D. Scolopodus quadratus Pander, 1856, in lateral (D1, D2), posterior (D3), and lower (D4) views; D5, cross section of the base (Pander 1856: table 2, fig. 6a–c, table A, fig. 5e). E. Scolopodus costatus Pander, 1856, in lateral (E1, E4), posterior (E2), and anterior (E3) views; E5, cross section of the base (Pander 1856: table 2, fig. 7a–d, table A, fig. 5e). F. Scolopodus aequilateralis Pander, 1856, in lateral (F1, posterior (F2), and anterior (F3) views; F4, cross section of the base (Pander 1856: table 2, fig. 5a–c, table A, fig. 5e).

Fig. 8. Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 from the Harku section, Estonia. All elements are from the sample H−5 in Apparatus of the conodont Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 and a re-evaluation of Pander's species of Scolopodus

Fig. 8. Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 from the Harku section, Estonia. All elements are from the sample H−5, the lower part of the Baltoniodus navis Zone (Early Ordovician). A–C. Acontiodiform elements (Sa). A. PMU In 1019 in inner (A1), posterior (A2), and outer (A3) views; detail of the cusp (A4), note the absence of striation. B. PMU In 1020 in inner (B1) and posterior (B2) views. C. PMU In 1021 in posterior view. D–F. Scandodiform elements (M). D. PMU In 1022 in posterior (D1) and inner (D2) views. E. PMU In 1023 in inner (E1) and outer (E2) views. F. PMU In 1024 in outer (F1), posterior (F2), and inner (F3) views. G. Detail of the cusp, PMU In 1025, note the striation. H, I. Subrounded elements (Sa). H. PMU In 1026 in lateral (H1), posterior (H2), and lateral (H3) views. I. PMU In 1027 in lateral (I1), posterior (I2), and lateral (I3) views. Scale bars 200 µm, except A4 and G for which are 50 µm.

Fig. 1 in Apparatus of the conodont Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 and a re-evaluation of Pander's species of Scolopodus

Fig. 1. Location of the Harku section in Estonia and the Popowka River section in Russia. Legend: 1, the Popowka section; 2, the Harku section; dash line marks the Baltic−Ladoga Klint.

Fig. 3 in Apparatus of the conodont Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 and a re-evaluation of Pander's species of Scolopodus

Fig. 3. Schematic drawings of Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 element morphotypes. A. Acontiodiform element (P). B. Scandodiform element (M). C, D. Paltodiform elements (S). C. Medium−based variant. D. Shortbased variant. E–G. Compressed paltodiform elements (S). E. Long−based variant. F, G. Short−based variant. H. Subrounded element (Sa).

Fig. 7. Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 from the Harku section, Estonia. All elements are from the sample H−5 in Apparatus of the conodont Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 and a re-evaluation of Pander's species of Scolopodus

Fig. 7. Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 from the Harku section, Estonia. All elements are from the sample H−5, the lower part of the Baltoniodus navis Zone (Early Ordovician). A–C. Paltodiform elements (S). A. Short−based variant, PMU In 1009 in inner (A1) and posterior (A2), and outer (A3) views. B. Medium−based variant, PMU In 1011 in inner (B1), posterior (B2), and outer (B3) views; detail of the cusp (B4). C. Medium−based variant, PMU In 1012 in inner (C1), posterior (C2), and outer (C3) views. D, E. Compressed paltodiform elements (S). D. Long−based variant, PMU In 1013 in lateral (D1) and posterior (D2) views. E. Short−based variant, PMU In 1014 in lateral (E1), posterior (E2), and lateral (E3) views. F. Short−based variant, PMU In 1015 in lateral (F1) and posterior (F2) views. G. Long−based variant, PMU In 1016 in lateral (G2) view; detail of the cusp (G1). H. Short−based variant, PMU In 1017 in lateral (H1) and posterior (H2) views. I. Short−based variant, PMU In 1018 1017 in lateral (I1) and posterior (I2) views. Scale bars 200 µm, except A4 and G1 for which are 50 µm.

Fig. 4 in Apparatus of the conodont Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 and a re-evaluation of Pander's species of Scolopodus

Fig. 4. Scatter diagram showing the ratio between base length and depth of the basal cavity for element morphotypes.

Fig. 2 in Apparatus of the conodont Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 and a re-evaluation of Pander's species of Scolopodus

Fig. 2. Terminology used by previous authors to describe the Scolopodus apparatuses and the notation system used herein. The descriptive nomenclature used here is based on Stait and Druce (1993) and Ji and Barnes (1994), the analogous locational system is based on Sweet (1981). Hatched space indicates that authors did not illustrate the particular element.

Fig. 6. A–I. Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 in Apparatus of the conodont Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 and a re-evaluation of Pander's species of Scolopodus

Fig. 6. A–I. Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 from the Popowka River locality, St. Petersburg region, Russia. All elements are from the uppermost Prioniodus elegans Zone (Early Ordovician). A. Compressed paltodiform element (S), short−based variant, neotype specimen PMU In 1030. B. Acontiodiform element (P), PMU In 1007. C. Compressed paltodiform element (S), short−based variant, PMU In 1003. D. Paltodiform element (S), inner view, PMU In 1006. E. Compressed paltodiform element (S), long−based variant, PMU In 1008. F. Scandodiform elements (M), inner view, PMU In 1004. G. Scandodiform elements (M), anterior view, PMU In 1005. H. Acontiodiform element (P), detail of the cusp, PMU In 1001. I. Compressed paltodiform element (S), detail of the cusp, PMU In 1002. J, K. Scolopodus striatus Pander, 1856 from the presumably Pander's collection of conodonts from the Mining Institute, St. Petersburg region, Russia. J. Compressed paltodiform element (S), short−based variant, paratype specimen PMU In 1028. K. Compressed paltodiform element (S), short−based variant, PMU In 1029. Scale bars 200 µm, except H, I for which are 50 µm.

Fig. 14. A in Conodont ecology in the Early-Middle Frasnian transition on the South Polish carbonate shelf

Fig. 14. A synthesis of main conodont events against other biotic and tectonic events, carbon isotopic curve and sea−level changes. Note a response of relative conodonts size to variation in δ13C curve. The essential biofacies turnovers, a sequence of conodont crisis and recovery episodes correlate positively with sea−level and productivity fluctuation.

Fig. 15 in Conodont ecology in the Early-Middle Frasnian transition on the South Polish carbonate shelf

Fig. 15. Comparison of conodont successions and events in South Poland, Timan, and Ardennes against alternative conodont zonation across the Early–Middle Frasnian transition.