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1,138 results for “cryptic diversity”
Data from: Uncovering cryptic parasitoid diversity in Horismenus (Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae)
Horismenus parasitoids are an abundant and understudied group of eulophid wasps found mainly in the New World. Recent surveys based on morphological analyses in Costa Rica have quadrupled the number of named taxa, with more than 400 species described so far. This recent revision suggests that there is still a vast number of unknown species to be identified. As Horismenus wasps have been widely described as parasitoids of insect pests associated with crop plants, it is of high importance to properly establish the extant diversity of the genus, in order to provide biological control practitioners with an exhaustive catalog of putative control agents. In this study, we first collected Horismenus wasps from wild Phaseolus bean seeds in Central Mexico and Arizona to assess the genetic relatedness of three morphologically distinct species with overlapping host and geographical ranges. Sequence data from two nuclear and two mitochondrial gene regions uncovered three cryptic species within each of the three focal species (i.e., H. missouriensis, H. depressus and H. butcheri). The monophyly of each cryptic group is statistically supported (except in two of them represented by one single tip in which monophyly cannot be tested). The phylogenetic reconstruction is discussed with respect to differences between gene regions as well as likely reasons for the differences in variability between species.
Data from: Dwarf brooder versus giant broadcaster: combining genetic and reproductive data to unravel cryptic diversity in an Antarctic brittle star
Poecilogony, or multiple developmental modes in a single species, is exceedingly rare. Several species described as poecilogenous were later demonstrated to be multiple (cryptic) species with a single developmental mode. The Southern Ocean is known to harbor a high proportion of brooders (Thorson's Rule) but with an increasing number of counter examples over recent years. Here we evaluated poecilogony versus crypticism in the brittle star Astrotoma agassizii across the Southern Ocean. This species was initially described from South America as a brooder before some pelagic stages were identified in Antarctica. Reproductive and mitochondrial data were combined to unravel geographic and genetic variation of developmental modes. Our results indicate that A. agassizii is composed of seven well supported and deeply divergent clades (I: Antarctica and South Georgia; II: South Georgia and Subantarctic locations including Kerguelen, Patagonian shelf, and New Zealand; III-VI-VII: Patagonian shelf, IV-V: South Georgia). Two of these clades demonstrated strong size dimorphism when in sympatry and can be linked to differing developmental modes (Clade V: dwarf brooder versus Clade I: giant broadcaster). Based on their restricted geographic distributions and on previous studies, it is likely that Clades III-VI-VII are brooders. Clade II is composed of different morphological species, A. agassizii and A. drachi, the latter originally used as the outgroup. By integrating morphology, reproductive and molecular data we conclude that the variation identified in A. agassizii is best described as crypticism rather than poecilogony.
Data from: Evaluating multilocus Bayesian species delimitation for discovery of cryptic mycorrhizal diversity
The increasing availability of DNA sequence data enables exciting new opportunities for fungal ecology. However, it amplifies the challenge of how to objectively classify the diversity of fungal sequences into meaningful units, often in the absence of morphological characters. Here, we test the utility of modern multilocus Bayesian coalescent-based methods for delimiting cryptic fungal diversity in the orchid mycorrhiza morphospecies Serendipita vermifera. We obtained 147 fungal isolates from Caladenia, a speciose clade of Australian orchids known to associate with Serendipita fungi. DNA sequence data for 7 nuclear and mtDNA loci were used to erect competing species hypotheses by clustering isolates based on: (a) ITS sequence divergence, (b) Bayesian admixture analysis, and (c) mtDNA variation. We implemented two coalescent-based Bayesian methods to determine which species hypothesis best fitted our data. Both methods found strong support for eight species of Serendipita among our isolates, supporting species boundaries reflected in ITS divergence. Patterns of host plant association showed evidence for both generalist and specialist associations within the host genus Caladenia. Our findings demonstrate the utility of Bayesian species delimitation methods and suggest that wider application of these techniques will readily uncover new species in other cryptic fungal lineages.
Data from: How diverse is Mitopus morio? Integrative taxonomy detects cryptic species in a small-scale sample of a widespread harvestman
Mitopus morio is a widespread harvestman species occurring in most of Europe and in moderate and cold-moderate zones of Asia and North America. The species is characterized by extreme variability in body size and leg length. As leg length is correlated with habitat temperature, M. morio has been considered as an example of Allen's rule. Recently, observations for a single location in Tyrol, Austria, indicated the absence of mating between short- and long-legged individuals. This study examines for signs of putative cryptic species in M. morio using an integrative approach that combines mating trials, amplified fragment length polymorphism whole-genome scans, mitochondrial sequences and morphometrics. The mating trials did not corroborate the initial hypothesis of a reproductive barrier associated with leg size. Both types of genetic data revealed the existence of three distinct groups, in line with the mating results but largely unrelated to leg morphology and geographical origin of specimens. Morphometric characters supporting the findings of the other disciplines were identified using a supervised approach. We infer from all data together the existence of strongly diverged cryptic lineages among the analysed individuals, cautiously interpret them as three sympatric species and conclude that in these harvestmen Allen's rule applies at different levels. Due to the unexpected amount of differentiation found within a geographical scale very small compared with the distribution of M. morio, we suggest a thorough revision of the genus prior to formal taxonomic changes. Our case study underlines the general applicability of the integrative taxonomic protocol used and highlights the relevance of several rationales implemented in the protocol.
Data from: DNA barcoding survey of anurans across the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and the impact of the Andes on cryptic diversity
Colombia hosts the second highest amphibian species diversity on Earth, yet its fauna remains poorly studied, especially using molecular genetic techniques. We present the results of the first wide-scale DNA barcoding survey of anurans of Colombia, focusing on a transect across the Eastern Cordillera. We surveyed 10 sites between the Magdalena Valley to the west and the eastern foothills of the Eastern Cordillera, sequencing portions of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) genes for 235 individuals from 52 nominal species. We applied two barcode algorithms, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery and Refined Single Linkage Analysis, to estimate the number of clusters or "unconfirmed candidate species" supported by DNA barcode data. Our survey included ~7% of the anuran species known from Colombia. While barcoding algorithms differed slightly in the number of clusters identified, between three and ten nominal species may be obscuring candidate species (in some cases, more than one cryptic species per nominal species). Our data suggest that the high elevations of the Eastern Cordillera and the low elevations of the Chicamocha canyon acted as geographic barriers in at least seven nominal species, promoting strong genetic divergences between populations associated with the Eastern Cordillera.
Data from: Cryptic genetic diversity is paramount in small-bodied amphibians of the genus Euparkerella (Anura: Craugastoridae) endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Morphological similarity associated to restricted distributions and low dispersal abilities make the direct developing "Terrarana" frogs of the genus Euparkerella a good model for examining diversification processes. We here infer phylogenetic relationships within the genus Euparkerella, using DNA sequence data from one mitochondrial and four nuclear genes coupled with traditional Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction approaches and more recent coalescent methods of species tree inference. We also used Bayesian clustering analysis and a recent Bayesian coalescent-based approach specifically to infer species delimitation. The analysis of 39 individuals from the four known Euparkerella species uncovered high levels of genetic diversity, especially within the two previously morphologically-defined E. cochranae and E. brasiliensis. Within these species, the gene trees at five independent loci and trees from combined data (concatenated dataset and the species tree) uncovered six deeply diverged and geographically coherent evolutionary units, which may have diverged between the Miocene and the Pleistocene. These six units were also uncovered in the Bayesian clustering analysis, and supported by the Bayesian coalescent-based species delimitation (BPP), and Genealogical Sorting Index (GSI), providing thus strong evidence for underestimation of the current levels of diversity within Euparkerella. The cryptic diversity now uncovered opens new opportunities to examine the origins and maintenance of microendemism in the context of spatial heterogeneity and/or human induced fragmentation of the highly threatened Brazilian Atlantic forest hotspot.
FIGURE 27. A–F in Morphological and molecular data reveal the cryptic diversity among populations of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae), with descriptions of four new species and comments on dispersal routes and conservation status
FIGURE 27. A–F, lateral view of subrostral process. A, Aegla paulensis Schmitt, 1942 s. str., male topotype (MZUSP 34367). B, Aegla rosanae Campos Jr., 1998, male topotype (MZUSP 34369). C, Aegla vanini n. sp., male holotype (MZUSP 34371). D, Aegla japi n. sp., male paratype (MZUSP 34375). Aegla jaragua n. sp., male paratype (MZUSP 34377). F, Aegla jundiai n. sp., female holotype (MZUSP 13493). Bars: A, D = 1.0 mm; B, C, E, F = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 23. Aegla jundiai n in Morphological and molecular data reveal the cryptic diversity among populations of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae), with descriptions of four new species and comments on dispersal routes and conservation status
FIGURE 23. Aegla jundiai n. sp., female holotype (MZUSP 13493). A, lateral view of the anterior region of the cephalothorax. B, dorsal view of epibranchial area. C, third and fourth thoracic sternites. D, Telson, uropods and sixth abdominal segment. Note in A, the subrostral process (arrow). Bars: A, D = 2.0 mm; B = 0.25 mm; C = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 19. Aegla japi n in Morphological and molecular data reveal the cryptic diversity among populations of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae), with descriptions of four new species and comments on dispersal routes and conservation status
FIGURE 19. Aegla japi n. sp., male holotype (MZUSP 34374). A, lateral view of the anterior region of the cephalothorax. B, dorsal view of epibranchial area. C, third and fourth thoracic sternites. D, telson, uropods and sixth abdominal segment. Note in A, the subrostral process (arrow). Bars: A, C = 1.0 mm; B = 0.25 mm; D = 2.0 mm.
FIGURE 29. A–F in Morphological and molecular data reveal the cryptic diversity among populations of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae), with descriptions of four new species and comments on dispersal routes and conservation status
FIGURE 29. A–F, Ventral view of third (St3) and fourth thoracic sternites. A, Aegla paulensis Schmitt, 1942 s. str., male topotype (MZUSP 34367). B, Aegla rosanae Campos Jr., 1998, male topotype (MZUSP 34369). C, Aegla vanini n. sp., male holotype (MZUSP 34371). D, Aegla japi n. sp., male paratype (MZUSP 34375). E, Aegla jaragua n. sp., male paratype (MZUSP 34377). F, Aegla jundiai n. sp., female holotype (MZUSP 13493). Note in A, St3 tapered distally; St3 abrupt in B; and St3 truncate in C–F. Bars = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 17. Aegla vanini n in Morphological and molecular data reveal the cryptic diversity among populations of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae), with descriptions of four new species and comments on dispersal routes and conservation status
FIGURE 17. Aegla vanini n. sp., male holotype (MZUSP 34371). A, lateral view of the anterior region of the cephalothorax. B, dorsal view of the right epibranchial area. C, third and fourth thoracic sternites. D, telson, uropods and sixth abdominal segment. Note in A, the subrostral process (arrow). Bars: A, D = 2.0 mm; B = 0.25 mm; C = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 28. A–F in Morphological and molecular data reveal the cryptic diversity among populations of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae), with descriptions of four new species and comments on dispersal routes and conservation status
FIGURE 28. A–F, dorsal view of epibranchial area. A, Aegla paulensis Schmitt, 1942 s. str., male topotype (MZUSP 34367). B, Aegla rosanae Campos Jr., 1998, male topotype (MZUSP 34369). C, Aegla vanini n. sp., male holotype (MZUSP 34371). D, Aegla japi n. sp., male paratype (MZUSP 34375). E, Aegla jaragua n. sp., male paratype (MZUSP 34377). F, Aegla jundiai n. sp., female holotype (MZUSP 13493). Bars: 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 15 in Morphological and molecular data reveal the cryptic diversity among populations of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae), with descriptions of four new species and comments on dispersal routes and conservation status
FIGURE 15. Aegla lancinhas Bond-Buckup & Buckup in Santos et al., 2015, male topotype (MZUSP 34403). A, lateral view of the anterior region of the cephalothorax. B, lateral view of subrostral process (arrow). C, epibranchial area with small corneous scale on the anterolateral angle and lateral margin (arrows). D, anteromesial region of third thoracic sternite abruptshaped. E, chelipeds subequal and poorly inflated. F, telson, uropods and sixth abdominal segment Bars: A = 1.0 mm; B, D = 0.5 mm; C = 0.2 mm; E, F = 2.0 mm.
FIGURE 14 in Morphological and molecular data reveal the cryptic diversity among populations of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae), with descriptions of four new species and comments on dispersal routes and conservation status
FIGURE 14. Aegla rosanae Campos Jr., 1998, female holotype (MZUSP 11162). A, ventral view of the posterior region of the cephalothorax and anterior region of the abdomen. B, lateral view of the anterior region of the cephalothorax. C, epibranchial area with small corneous scales on the anterolateral angle and lateral margin (arrows). D, anteromesial region of third thoracic sternite abrupt-shaped. Note in A, female gonopores and pleopods (arrows). Note in B, protogastric lobes (wide arrow), subrostral process (thin arrow) and rostrum nearly curved upward distally. Bars: A = 1.0 mm; B, D = 0.5 mm; C = 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 13 in Morphological and molecular data reveal the cryptic diversity among populations of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae), with descriptions of four new species and comments on dispersal routes and conservation status
FIGURE 13. Aegla rosanae Campos Jr., 1998, male topotype (MZUSP 34369). A, lateral view of the anterior region of the cephalothorax. B, dorsal view of epibranchial area. C, third and fourth thoracic sternites. D, telson, uropods and sixth abdominal segment. Note in A, the subrostral process (arrow). Bars: A, D = 2.0 mm. B = 0.5 mm. C = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 12 in Morphological and molecular data reveal the cryptic diversity among populations of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae), with descriptions of four new species and comments on dispersal routes and conservation status
FIGURE 12. Dorsal view of Aegla rosanae Campos Jr., 1998, male topotype (MZUSP 34369). Bar = 3.0 mm.
FIGURE 11. Aegla paulensis Schmitt, 1942 s in Morphological and molecular data reveal the cryptic diversity among populations of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae), with descriptions of four new species and comments on dispersal routes and conservation status
FIGURE 11. Aegla paulensis Schmitt, 1942 s. str., male holotype (USNM 80023). A, lateral view of the anterior region of the cephalothorax. B, dorsal view of epibranchial area. C, third and fourth thoracic sternites. D, telson, uropods and sixth abdominal segment. Note in A, the subrostral process (arrow). Bars: A = 2.0 mm. B = 0.50 mm. C = 1.0 mm. D = 3.0 mm.
FIGURE 10 in Morphological and molecular data reveal the cryptic diversity among populations of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae), with descriptions of four new species and comments on dispersal routes and conservation status
FIGURE 10. Dorsal view of Aegla paulensis Schmitt, 1942 s. str., male holotype (USNM 80023). Bar = 3.0 mm.
FIGURE 9 in Morphological and molecular data reveal the cryptic diversity among populations of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae), with descriptions of four new species and comments on dispersal routes and conservation status
FIGURE 9. Types of aeglid uropods used in the descriptions. A, narrow-shaped. B, wide-shaped. Gray lines indicate maximum width of the endopod and the maximum width of the half of the telson.
FIGURE 26. A–B in Morphological and molecular data reveal the cryptic diversity among populations of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae), with descriptions of four new species and comments on dispersal routes and conservation status
FIGURE 26. A–B, lateral view of the anterior region of the cephalothorax showing the orientation of the rostrum and the elevation of gastric area. A, Aegla paulensis Schmitt, 1942 s. str., male topotype (MZUSP 34367). B, Aegla rosanae Campos Jr., 1998, male topotype (MZUSP 34369). Note in A, gastric area strongly swollen and subrostral process. Bars = 1.0 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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