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22,445 results for “diversity”
Large-scale longitudinal gradients of genetic diversity: a meta-analysis across six phyla in the Mediterranean basins
Predicting patterns of variation in biodiversity across the globe is a fundamental issue in ecology and evolution. Diversity within species, that is, genetic diversity, is of prime importance for understanding past and present evolutionary patterns, and highlighting areas where conservation might be a priority. However, most studies on spatial patterns of genetic diversity have not considered longitude as a potentially important ecological driver of these patterns. Therefore, we carried out a meta-analysis to examine the longitudinal patterns of genetic diversity in the Mediterranean Basin. Using published literature and a systematic review/meta-analysis framework, we collected data on the genetic diversity of species whose populations occur in the Mediterranean basin. We then calculated a coefficient of correlation between within‐population genetic diversity indices and longitude, and estimated the role of biological, ecological, biogeographic, and marker type factors on the strength and magnitude of this correlation in six phylla. The results of this study were published in the paper titled Large‐scale longitudinal gradients of genetic diversity: a meta‐analysis across six phyla in the Mediterranean basin (Conord et al. 2012).
N-fixation rate and leaf N content in two species of Alnus and their relationship to diversity of symbiotic Frankia
This study investigated patterns of nitrogen (N) fixation rates, leaf N content, and geographic diversity in the N-fixing bacterium Frankia occurring in symbiosis with Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia and A. viridis ssp. fruticosa in early and late successional habitats on the Tanana river floodplain and surrounding uplands in the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest. Frankia diversity was estimated via polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the nifD-K spacer region, a non-coding region in the nitrogenase-encoding operon. Specific N-fixation rate was measured with a 15N2 uptake assay and leaf N content via mass spectrometry. Additional parameters measured were soil temperature and moisture, leaf del 15N, and specific leaf area.
Point-count bird censusing: bird abundance and diversity in CAP LTER Phoenix Area Social Survey neighborhoods throughout the greater Phoenix metropolitan area, 2006-2016
The Phoenix Area Social Survey (PASS) parallels the Ecological Survey of Central Arizona (formerly, Survey 200) as a long-term monitoring program of the CAP LTER. Every five years, the PASS research team surveys households in selected neighborhoods in the metropolitan Phoenix area to better understand perceptions, values, and behaviors of several key environmental issues, including water conservation, urban growth, air pollution, land conservation, biodiversity and urban climate change, as well as perceptions about their neighborhoods. The survey was piloted in 2001-2002 in eight neighborhoods in Phoenix with 302 respondents, and grew to over 40 neighborhoods and 800 households in 2005. Bird survey locations were established in each of the PASS neighborhoods, colocated as much as possible with the corresponding ESCA survey location in the neighborhood. Bird surveys were conducted biannualy (spring, winter) approximately the year of and the year after each PASS. In a given season, each bird survey location is visited independently by three birders who count all birds seen or heard within a 15-minute window.
Plant aboveground biomass data: Natural Enemies, Plant Diversity and Plant Community Composition
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the influences of natural enemies, including plant pathogenic fungi and insect pests, influence plant community composition, productivity, and diversity over time. The experiment is being conducted in a subset of plots within the Big Biodiversity field, including monoculture, 2-species, 4-species, 8-species, 16-species, and 32-species plots. There are 5 different treatments: foliar fungicide, soil drench fungicide, foliar insecticide, the combination of all pesticides, and nontreated control. The pesticides are applied repeatedly throughout the growing season. Within the plots, community productivity, species composition, percent cover, and pest damage are being quantified over time.
Sapling Census:FAB 1: Forests and Biodiversity Experiment - High density diversity experiment
A forest biodiversity experiment (FAB) focused on trees of our region investigates the consequences of multiple dimensions of tree diversity for soil, food webs, plant communities and ecosystems. FAB is designed to unravel effects of three forms of biological diversity: species richness (SR), functional diversity (FD), and phylogenetic diversity (PD). We define FD as the representation of multiple traits of leaves, roots, seeds, and the whole organism that are correlated with species positions along gradients of resource supply, growth, and decomposition. PD is the representation of evolutionary lineages measured as the genetic distances between species. While PD and FD are often correlated, convergent evolution and adaptive differentiation can decouple them. When functional traits that drive specific ecosystem functions are not phylogenetically conserved, PD and FD may give contrasting predictions. SR, PD, and FD are not independent, and we posit that PD may help explain SR effects, and FD may help explain both PD and SR effects. Thus FAB is designed to examine the separate and combined effects of all three components of diversity for multiple ecosystem functions and to distinguish between ???sampling??? and ???complementarity??? effects of biodiversity. Due to the long lag between planting tree seedlings and determining effects of tree composition and diversity on ecosystem functioning, fewer experiments have been established to elucidate the role of biodiversity in the functioning of forest ecosystems than grassland experiments. FAB will contribute to this gap and is a member of the IDENT and TreeDiv network of forest biodiversity experiments (www.treedivnet.ugent.be). Hypotheses: 1. PD, FD, and SR will all contribute to increased productivity, stability, and diversity of other trophic levels (herbivores, predators, parasitoids, soil microbes, soil flora and fauna) as well as to greater soil C sequestration. 2. Because PD incorporates both the number of species a
Sapling Census:FAB 2 -DIV: Forests and Biodiversity Experiment - Low density diversity experiment
The long-term forest biodiversity experiment (FAB2), is designed to expand the capacity and scope of FAB1, established in 2012. Like its predecessor, FAB2 focuses on trees of our region, tested for survival and growth at Cedar Creek. The experiment provides the ability to examine the same diversity of plant, soil, decomposer, food web, and ecosystem responses that have been studied in the grassland biodiversity experiments but also allows us to pose novel questions regarding the effects of functional and phylogenetic diversity on ecosystem processes and the long-term consequences of species-specific effects on ecosystem properties.
Tree growth (1999-2012) for the Functional Diversity project, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, North Carolina
The importance of the herbaceous layer in regulating ecosystem processes in deciduous forests is generally unknown. We use a manipulative study in a rich, mesophytic cove forest in the southern Appalachians to test the following hypotheses: (i) the herbaceous functional group (HFG) in mesophytic coves accelerates carbon and nutrient cycling, (ii) high litter quality input and rapid nutrient turnover associated with HFG will have a positive effect on overstory tree growth, and (iii) the HFG regulates tree regeneration with negative effects on seedling establishment due to competition for resources. We established treatment plots in a mesic, cove-hardwoods forest and removed the herbaceous flora (HR, removed twice per year) or added herbaceous organic material (OMA, once per year) for comparison to a no removal (NR) reference for a total of 14 years. The OMA treatment stimulated soil N-mineralization and increased litterfall mass and N content. OMA N-mineralization rates were more than two times greater than both the NR and HR treatments; however, we did not detect significant differences in soil CO2 efflux among treatments. Higher overstory litterfall mass and N in the OMA treatment plots indicated that overstory trees were benefiting from the enhanced soil N-mineralization. Higher overstory leaf mass and N suggests an important linkage between HR and aboveground net primary production even though this did not translate into greater tree basal area increment. We found an increase in regeneration of all tree species with HFG removal, and the response was particularly evident for Acer rubrum seedlings.
Fall 2000 grasshopper monitoring -- mid-marsh grasshopper abundance and species diversity at GCE LTER sampling sites 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6
Grasshopper abundance and species diversity were investigated at five sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER study area in August 2000. Visual surveys were conducted along 10 2m by 10m transects randomly allocated within the mid-marsh zone at each site. All grasshoppers observed within each transect were counted and identified to species, if possible. This survey was conducted as part of the GCE invertebrate monitoring program, and will be performed annually to assess long-term changes in relative species abundances across the GCE study area.
Fall 2002 grasshopper monitoring -- mid-marsh grasshopper abundance and species diversity at eight GCE LTER sampling sites
Grasshopper abundance and species diversity were investigated at eight sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER study area in August 2002. Visual surveys were conducted along 10 2m by 10m transects randomly allocated within the mid-marsh zone at each site. All grasshoppers observed within each transect were counted and identified to species, if possible. This survey was conducted as part of the GCE invertebrate monitoring program, and will be performed annually to assess long-term changes in relative species abundances across the GCE study area.
Fall 2005 grasshopper monitoring -- mid-marsh grasshopper abundance and species diversity at eight GCE LTER sampling sites
Grasshopper abundance and species diversity were investigated at eight sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER study area in August 2005. Visual surveys were conducted along 8 2m by 10m transects randomly allocated within the mid-marsh zone at each site. All grasshoppers observed within each transect were counted and identified to species, if possible. This survey was conducted as part of the GCE invertebrate monitoring program, and will be performed annually to assess long-term changes in relative species abundances across the GCE study area.
Fall 2006 grasshopper monitoring -- mid-marsh grasshopper abundance and species diversity at eight GCE LTER sampling sites
Grasshopper abundance and species diversity were investigated at eight sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER study area in July-August 2006. Visual surveys were conducted along 8 2m by 10m transects randomly allocated within the mid-marsh zone at each site. All grasshoppers observed within each transect were counted and identified to species, if possible. This survey was conducted as part of the GCE invertebrate monitoring program, and will be performed annually to assess long-term changes in relative species abundances across the GCE study area.
Fall 2007 grasshopper monitoring -- mid-marsh grasshopper abundance and species diversity at eight GCE LTER sampling sites
Grasshopper abundance and species diversity were investigated at eight sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER study area in July-August 2007. Visual surveys were conducted along 8 2m by 10m transects randomly allocated within the mid-marsh zone at each site. All grasshoppers observed within each transect were counted and identified to species, if possible. This survey was conducted as part of the GCE invertebrate monitoring program, and will be performed annually to assess long-term changes in relative species abundances across the GCE study area.
Fall 2008 grasshopper monitoring -- mid-marsh grasshopper abundance and species diversity at eight GCE LTER sampling sites
Grasshopper abundance and species diversity were investigated at eight sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER study area in August 2008. Visual surveys were conducted along 8 2m by 10m transects randomly allocated within the mid-marsh zone at each site. All grasshoppers observed within each transect were counted and identified to species, if possible. This survey was conducted as part of the GCE invertebrate monitoring program, and will be performed annually to assess long-term changes in relative species abundances across the GCE study area.
Fall 2009 grasshopper monitoring -- mid-marsh grasshopper abundance and species diversity at eight GCE LTER sampling sites
Grasshopper abundance and species diversity were investigated at eight sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER study area in August 2009. Visual surveys were conducted along 8 2m by 10m transects randomly allocated within the mid-marsh zone at each site. All grasshoppers observed within each transect were counted and identified to species, if possible. This survey was conducted as part of the GCE invertebrate monitoring program, and will be performed annually to assess long-term changes in relative species abundances across the GCE study area.
Fall 2010 grasshopper monitoring -- mid-marsh grasshopper abundance and species diversity at eight GCE LTER sampling sites
Grasshopper abundance and species diversity were investigated at eight sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER study area in August 2010. Visual surveys were conducted along 8 2m by 10m transects randomly allocated within the mid-marsh zone at each site. All grasshoppers observed within each transect were counted and identified to species, if possible. This survey was conducted as part of the GCE invertebrate monitoring program, and will be performed annually to assess long-term changes in relative species abundances across the GCE study area.
Fall 2011 grasshopper monitoring -- mid-marsh grasshopper abundance and species diversity at eight GCE LTER sampling sites
Grasshopper abundance and species diversity were investigated at eight sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER study area in July 2011. Visual surveys were conducted along 8 2m by 10m transects randomly allocated within the mid-marsh zone at each site. All grasshoppers observed within each transect were counted and identified to species, if possible. This survey was conducted as part of the GCE invertebrate monitoring program, and will be performed annually to assess long-term changes in relative species abundances across the GCE study area.
Fall 2012 grasshopper monitoring -- mid-marsh grasshopper abundance and species diversity at eight GCE LTER sampling sites
Grasshopper abundance and species diversity were investigated at eight sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER study area in August 2012. Visual surveys were conducted along 8 2m by 10m transects randomly allocated within the mid-marsh zone at each site. All grasshoppers observed within each transect were counted and identified to species, if possible. This survey was conducted as part of the GCE invertebrate monitoring program, and will be performed annually to assess long-term changes in relative species abundances across the GCE study area.
Fall 2001 grasshopper monitoring -- mid-marsh grasshopper abundance and species diversity at eight GCE LTER sampling sites
Grasshopper abundance and species diversity were investigated at eight sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER study area in August 2001. Visual surveys were conducted along 10 2m by 10m transects randomly allocated within the mid-marsh zone at each site. All grasshoppers observed within each transect were counted and identified to species, if possible. This survey was conducted as part of the GCE invertebrate monitoring program, and will be performed annually to assess long-term changes in relative species abundances across the GCE study area.
Floristic Diversity of the Experimental Watersheds, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
While tree species succession and response to disturbance has been extensively researched, little similar effort has focused on understory herbaceous communities. This study conducted the first complete botanical inventories, with ranked abundance estimates, of the experimental watersheds of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), compared their relative floristic characters, and provided baseline data for long-term diversity monitoring at HBEF. Five of these watersheds were composed of mature (90 - 100 year old) secondary-growth forest, while two were young (16 and 26 year old) tertiary-growth forests recovering from conventional clear-cutting treatments. Floristic similarities were analyzed using ANCOVA, dominance-diversity curves, and similarity matrices. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Cellulosic Biofuels Diversity Experiment at the Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI (2006 to 2017)
Dataset Abstract The Cellulosic Biofuels Diversity Experiment is an additional long-term study located within the LTER Main Site complex, in which a series of 12 different cropping systems vary in species makeup and nitrogen input. Treatments include continuous corn, corn-soybean, two variations of switchgrass fertilized differently, a C3 – C4 grass mix, and prairie grasses native to Michigan with different numbers of species. Switchgrass varieties are Cave-in rock (commercial non-native) and Southlow commercial native). Prairie grasses include switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), Treatment plots are 9.1 by 27m (30 × 40 feet) replicated in each of 4 randomized blocks. The study site was established in 2008. Click on the image for a printable map of the study area. original data source http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/109
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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