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427 results for “ectoparasite”
Stable isotope analysis of ectoparasites as a tool for understanding trophic interactions with mammalian hosts
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Phototaxic Behaviour of Flies with and without an ectoparasitic mite
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Impacts of male-killing Spiroplasma on the metabolic rate and ectoparasite resistance capacity (endurance) of Drosophila
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Ectoparasites in rats and shrews data related to leptospirosis in West Jakarta
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Data from: Tandem host-parasite dispersal inferred from similarities in phylogeographic patterns among little penguins and their 'terrestrial' ectoparasites
Aim Organisms with poor intrinsic dispersal capacity, such as parasites, often rely entirely on transport with host species that have a greater dispersal capacity. Penguins, for example, are exploited by terrestrial ectoparasites when they come ashore to breed. Recent research indicates that little penguin (Eudyptula minor and E. novaehollandiae) hard ticks (Ixodes eudyptidis and I. kohlsi) may be capable of surviving short periods (days) at sea with their hosts, but their capacity to survive longer voyages (weeks) is not known. We here aimed to assess whether phylogeographic patterns in little penguins and their ticks indicate that the terrestrial ectoparasites are able to disperse long distances at sea with their swimming hosts. Location Southern Australia and New Zealand. Taxon Ixodes eudyptidis and I. kohlsi ticks. Methods We conducted a broad-scale genomic assessment of little penguin ticks from across their hosts' ranges in Australia and New Zealand. Using Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS), we generated SNP data sets from ticks from 14 penguin colonies, and analysed phylogeographic structure. We included ticks from some sympatric flighted seabirds to verify host-specificity. Results We resolved two distinct lineages of Ixodes from little penguins, with one restricted to Australia, and the other found throughout New Zealand and in low numbers at some eastern Australian sites. Both lineages exhibited phylogeographic structure consistent with patterns observed in their hosts, with some evidence of occasional oceanic dispersal, including across the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand. Ticks from sympatric short-tailed shearwaters (Ardenna tenuirostris), which disperse aerially, were genetically distinct from those collected from little penguins, supporting prior evidence of host-specificity in seabird ticks. Main conclusions The most parsimonious explanation for our results is that ticks can travel at sea with little penguins. We infer that some terrestrial ectoparasites associated with aquatically-dispersing hosts have evolved the capacity to survive oceanic voyages.
The cost of ectoparasitism in cliff swallows declines over 35 years
<p>Host-parasite dynamics often vary over time, brought about by changes in the parasite's virulence or the host's ability to resist or tolerate the parasite. Although virulence evolution in microparasites is well studied, we know little about temporal change in the pathogenicity of macroparasites such as blood-feeding insects. Using data collected over 35 years, we report a reduction in pathogenicity of the hematophagous swallow bug (<i>Cimex vicarius</i>) on its cliff swallow (<i>Petrochelidon pyrrhonota</i>) host. Relative to experimentally fumigated, parasite-free nests, the negative effects of bugs on nestling swallow body mass and survival were less in the later years of the study than in the earlier years, and the negative relationship between nestling body mass and bug abundance became weaker over time. The survival of adult birds exposed to swallow bugs increased throughout the study, while survival of birds from parasite-free nests decreased over time. Swallow bug abundance per nest, bug body size, and bug age ratios did not change during the study. Between-colony transmission of bugs shifted toward greater immigration into smaller colonies than in earlier studies, but there was no net change in transmission. Cliff swallows did not reduce their exposure to bugs over time by being more likely to avoid infested nest or colony sites. Parents increased the number of food deliveries to their offspring over time in the presence of parasites, but the total amount of food delivered was unchanged. The reduced cost of swallow bug ectoparasitism does not seem related to changes in parasite narrow-sense virulence, the host's avoidance of parasites, the presence of alternative hosts for bugs, or climate-driven phenological mismatches. The results probably reflect the cliff swallow's evolving of greater tolerance to swallow bugs, brought about by the bird's shift from natural cliff nesting sites to artificial structures that may harbor more bugs than natural cliffs. This study shows that hosts can respond relatively rapidly to high levels of parasitism, and provides support for models that suggest the evolution of tolerance should be expected in some host-parasite systems. </p>
FIGURE 1 in New records of ectoparasites for Mexico and their prevalence in the montane shrew Sorex monticolus (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae) at Cerro del Mohinora, Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua, Mexico
FIGURE 1. Sampling localities in the Flora and Fauna Protection Area (Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna—ÁPFF) Cerro del Mohinora, Guadalupe y Calvo, Chihuahua, Mexico.
Data from: An experimental demonstration that house finches add cigarette butts in response to ectoparasites
Urban species encounter resources that are uncommon in nature, such as materials found in city waste. Many studies have shown that these can be harmful to wildlife. In Mexico City, house finches bring cigarette butts to their nests, which reduces the amount of ectoparasites, but also induces genotoxic damage in chicks and parents. Yet, the reason for this behaviour is unknown. One possibility is that birds extract the cellulose fibres from discarded butts simply because they resemble feathers. Alternatively, disassembled cigarette butts may be brought to the nests because they repel ectoparasites. Here we tested the latter hypothesis by assessing whether house finches Carpodacus mexicanus increase the amount of cigarette butts in their nests in response to a raise in ectoparasite load. When present, fibres from butts are concentrated in the nest lining. By taking it away, we simultaneously removed most of the butt material and collected the bulk of the tick population infesting each nest, as these parasites cluster in the lining. We removed the bedding of nests when chicks had recently hatched, and randomly assigned each nests to one of the following treatments: 1) addition of live ticks, 2) addition of dead ticks and 3) simulation of tick addition. Females in the live ticks' treatment added more butt fibres to their nests than parents in control treatments. Additionally, the amount of butt fibres in the original lining also predicted the amount of fibres added after the manipulation. It seems that the tendency to bring to the nest cigarette butts is at least partially a response to current, and perhaps also past, parasite load.
Figure 3 in Ectoparasite insects of bats from the fields and weedlands eco-region of Argentina
Figure 3. Hesperoctenes cartus (CMLA 766 ♀) (dorsal view).
Data from: Use it or lose it: reproductive implications of ecological specialization in a haematophagous ectoparasite
Using experimentally induced disruptive selection, we tested two hypotheses regarding the evolution of specialization in parasites. The 'trade-off' hypothesis suggests that adaptation to a specific host may come at the expense of a reduced performance when exploiting another host. The alternative 'relaxed selection' hypothesis suggests that the ability to exploit a given host would deteriorate when becoming obsolete. Three replicate populations of a flea Xenopsylla ramesis were maintained on each of two rodent hosts, Meriones crassus and Dipodillus dasyurus, for nine generations. Fleas maintained on a specific host species for a few generations substantially decreased their reproductive performance when transferred to an alternative host species, whereas they generally did not increase their performance on their maintenance host. The results support the 'relaxed selection' hypothesis of the evolution of ecological specialization in haematophagous ectoparasites, while suggesting that trade-offs are unlikely drivers of specialization. Further work is needed to study the extent by which the observed specializations are based on epigenetic or genetic modifications.
Data from: "De novo assembly transcriptome for the rostrum dace (Leuciscus burdigalensis, Cyprinidae: fish) naturally infected by a copepod ectoparasite" in Genomic Resources Notes accepted 1 December 2014 to 31 January 2015
The emergence of pathogens represents substantial threats to public health, livestock, domesticated animals, and biodiversity. How wild populations respond to emerging pathogens has generated a lot of interest in the last two decades. With the recent advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies it is now possible to develop large transcriptomic resources for non-model organisms, hence allowing new research avenues on the immune responses of hosts from a large taxonomic spectra. We here focused on a wild population of the rostrum dace (Leuciscus burgiladensis) that is infected by Tracheliastes polycolpus, an emerging freshwater ectoparasite copepod. We used next generation Illumina sequencing technology to sequence the transcriptome of eight L. burdigalensis adult individuals collected in natura from the same sampling site. Four individuals were non-infected and four individuals were infected by T. polycolpus. We specifically focused on the spleen, the head kidney and epithelial cells and mucus from the fins, three tissues known to be involved in the immune response of fish. We used the Trinity methodology to reconstruct a de novo full-length transcriptome for L. burdigalensis. The resulting transcriptome will serve as an important broad-scale genomic resource for further studying the response of local population of L. burdigalensis to T. polycolpus pressures.
Data from: Biogeography and host-related factors trumps parasite life-history: limited congruence among the genetic structures of specific ectoparasitic lice and their rodent hosts
Parasites and hosts interact across both micro- and macroevolutionary scales where congruence among their phylogeographic and phylogenetic structures may be observed. Within southern Africa, the four-striped mouse genus, Rhabdomys, is parasitized by the ectoparasitic sucking louse, Polyplax arvicanthis. Molecular data recently suggested the presence of two cryptic species within P. arvicanthis that are sympatrically distributed across the distributions of four putative Rhabdomys species. We tested the hypotheses of phylogeographic congruence and cophylogeny among the two parasite lineages and the four host taxa, utilizing mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Despite the documented host-specificity of P. arvicanthis, limited phylogeographic correspondence and nonsignificant cophylogeny was observed. Instead, the parasite–host evolutionary history is characterized by limited codivergence and several duplication, sorting and host-switching events. Despite the elevated mutational rates found for P. arvicanthis, the spatial genetic structure was not more pronounced in the parasite lineages compared with the hosts. These findings may be partly attributed to larger effective population sizes of the parasite lineages, the vagility and social behaviour of Rhabdomys, and the lack of host-specificity observed in areas of host sympatry. Further, the patterns of genetic divergence within parasite and host lineages may also be largely attributed to historical biogeographic changes (expansion-contraction cycles). It is thus evident that the association between P. arvicanthis and Rhabdomys has been shaped by the synergistic effects of parasite traits, host-related factors and biogeography over evolutionary time.
Data from: Limited consequences of infestation with a blood-feeding ectoparasite for the nestlings of two North Pacific seabirds
The seabird tick (Ixodes uriae) parasitizes over 60 host species in the circumpolar regions of both hemispheres, and acts as a vector for a number of potentially virulent pathogens. On Triangle Island, British Columbia, Canada, the nestlings of Cassin's Auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) and Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata) are often parasitized by seabird ticks, which may affect their growth and survival in the nest. We used a logistic growth model to interpolate between successive measures of mass (g) and wing chord (mm) for 558 Cassin's Auklet and 344 Rhinoceros Auklet chicks over 11 years from 1996 to 2007. From the model, we estimated the asymptotic measure and the age at inflection point for each chick's growth trajectory, and assessed the effect of tick load relative to other sources of annual and seasonal variation in growth. Most chicks (72.4% of Cassin's Auklets, and 62.2% of Rhinoceros Auklets) hosted ≥1 ticks at least once while in the nest, and the median tick load was two in both species. The probability of hosting a tick declined strongly with chick age, such that by day 40 after hatching less than 1% hosted ticks. We found evidence that tick load had a negative effect on asymptotic weights and wing lengths of both species, but the effect was minor relative to that of other sources of annual and seasonal variation. Only at very high loads – which were rare – did ticks have effects on growth that were likely to be biologically relevant. Tick load had little effect on survival to fledging in either species.We argue that these mild effects of ticks on their hosts are consistent with a co-evolutionary process that results in intermediate virulence when parasite transmission is linked to host recovery.
FIGURE 1 in Wetapolipus jamiesoni gen. nov., spec. nov. (Acari: Podapolipidae), an ectoparasite of the mountain stone weta, Hemideina maori (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae) from New Zealand
FIGURE 1. Wetapolipus jamiesoni Husband & Zhang gen. nov., spec. nov. (adult female). A. Ventral aspect, B. Prodorsal plate, C. Top to bottom, legs I, II, III dorsal and ventral aspects.
FIGURES 1013 in New ectoparasitic mites of the family Syringophilidae (Acari: Prostigmata: Cheyletoidea) associated with birds from Argentina
FIGURES 1013. Aulobia paraguaiae sp. n. Female. 10 dorsal view; 11 ventral view; 12 hypostomal apex on ventral side; 13 peritremes.
FIGURES 59 in New ectoparasitic mites of the family Syringophilidae (Acari: Prostigmata: Cheyletoidea) associated with birds from Argentina
FIGURES 59. Syringophiloidus tarnii sp. n. 5 dorsal view (male); 6 ventral view (male); 7 peritremes (female); 8 p' of legs III (female); 9 peritremes (male).
FIGURE 3 in Biacanthus pleuronichthydis (Yamaguti, 1939) gen. n., comb. n. (Copepoda: Taeniacanthidae), an ectoparasite of flatfishes from Japanese waters
FIGURE 3. Biacanthus pleuronichthydis (Yamaguti, 1939) comb. n., adult female, P.70248. A, maxilliped, posterior view; B, maxilliped, medial view; C, leg 1, anterior view; D, leg 2 intercoxal sclerite and protopod, anterior view; E, leg 2 exopod, anterior view; F, leg 2 endopod, anterior view; G, leg 3 intercoxal sclerite, anterior view. Scale bars: 25 µm for A–B; 100 µm for C; 50 µm for D–G.
FIGURE 5 in Biacanthus pleuronichthydis (Yamaguti, 1939) gen. n., comb. n. (Copepoda: Taeniacanthidae), an ectoparasite of flatfishes from Japanese waters
FIGURE 5. Biacanthus pleuronichthydis (Yamaguti, 1939) comb. n., adult male, P.68816 (A) and P.70245 (B–D). A, habitus, dorsal view; B, maxilliped, posterior view; C, maxilliped, anterior view; D, leg 5, ventral view. Scale bars: 300 µm for A; 50 µm for B; 25 µm for C, D.
FIGURE 4 in Biacanthus pleuronichthydis (Yamaguti, 1939) gen. n., comb. n. (Copepoda: Taeniacanthidae), an ectoparasite of flatfishes from Japanese waters
FIGURE 4. Biacanthus pleuronichthydis (Yamaguti, 1939) comb. n., adult female, P.70248. A, leg 3 exopod, anterior view; B, leg 3 endopod, anterior view; C, leg 4 intercoxal sclerite, anterior view; D, leg 4 endopod, anterior view; E, leg 5, lateral view; F, leg 5, dorsomedial view; G, leg 6, dorsal view. Scale bars: all 50 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Biacanthus pleuronichthydis (Yamaguti, 1939) gen. n., comb. n. (Copepoda: Taeniacanthidae), an ectoparasite of flatfishes from Japanese waters
FIGURE 2. Biacanthus pleuronichthydis (Yamaguti, 1939) comb. n., adult female, P.70248. A, distal end of antennule, ventral view; B, antenna, medial view; C, postantennal process, medial view; D, labrum, ventral view; E, mandible, posterior view; F, paragnath, ventral view; G, maxillule, ventral view; H, maxilla, posterior. Scale bars: 25 µm for A, F–G; 50 µm for B–E, H.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.