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opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

Fig. 3 in The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives

Fig. 3. Extracted ion chromatograms (A–F) for m/z 340.1 (A), m/z 296.1 (B), m/z 252.1 (C), m/z 310.1 (D), m/z 352.1 (E), and m/z 253.1 (F) corresponding to azaphilones, and HR-MS spectra (A′–F′) of azaphilones 6a (flavochlorine E), 7 (flavochlorine A), 8 (flavochlorine B), 9 (flavochlorine C), 10 (flavochlorine G) and 11 (flavochlorine D), respectively, along with their chemical structures (note: HR-MS spectrum of 6b (flavochlorine F) comparable with that of compound 6a, was not depicted). Chromatograms and spectra were obtained from a HPLC separation of the extract prepared from Flavomyces fulophazii culture sample HF-3A.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

Fig. 2. A in The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives

Fig. 2. A HPLC separation of the extract prepared from Flavomyces fulophazii culture sample HF-3A [full chromatogram A was recorded using UV detection (λ = 280 nm), and trace chromatograms (B, C, D, E, F) were obtained by MS detection, monitoring the extracted ion current for m/z 252.1 (B), m/z 236.1 (C), m/z 234.1 (D), m/z 250.1 (E) and m/z 218.1 (F), corresponding to tetramic acids] and HR-MS spectra (B′, C′, D′, E′, F′) of tetramic acids 1 (dihydroxyvermelhotin), 2 (hydroxyvermelhotin), 3 (oxovermelhotin), 4 (methoxyvermelhotin) and 5 (vermelhotin), respectively, along with their chemical structures.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives

Fig. 1. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of ITS sequences of representative species in Periconiaceae and Massarinaceae in the suborder Massarineae (Pleosporales). Highlighted sections indicate affiliations to families. Flavomyces fulophazii isolates and the vermelhotin producing CRI247-01 strain (see Kasettrathat et al., 2008) are shown in bold. ML bootstrap support values (≥70) are shown at branches. GenBank accession numbers of the sequences and strain numbers are shown before and after the species names, respectively. Three representative species of the family Lentitheciaceae served as multiple outgroups (highlighted with blue). The scale bar indicates 0.05 expected changes per site per branch.. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 7 in Molecular insights of fungal endophyte co-inoculation with Trichoderma viride for the augmentation of forskolin biosynthesis in Coleus forskohlii

Fig. 7. Effect of endophyte (s) and TV1 colonization alone or in co-inoculation on photosynthetic pigments. (a) chlorophyll a, (b) chlorophyll b, and (c) carotenoids. Standard deviation of mean (SD) of three biological replicates. Asterisks indicate a significant variance between control and treatment plants (*p <0.05, **p <0.01).

Fig. 5 in Molecular insights of fungal endophyte co-inoculation with Trichoderma viride for the augmentation of forskolin biosynthesis in Coleus forskohlii

Fig. 5. Impact of RF1+TV1 combination on forskolin pathway genes analyzed by Real-time qPCR. Data are mean ±SD (n =3 replicates). The relative quantity (RQ) of each gene was estimated using the formula RQ =2-ΔΔCt. Expression level of gene (a) CfTPS1, (b) CfTPS2, (c) CfTPS3, (d) CfTPS4, (e) CfCYP76AH15 and (f) CfACT1- 8. Asterisks indicate significant variation between control and endophyte inoculations (**p <0.01).

Fig. 4 in Molecular insights of fungal endophyte co-inoculation with Trichoderma viride for the augmentation of forskolin biosynthesis in Coleus forskohlii

Fig. 4. Schematic representation of forskolin biosynthetic pathway. Inoculation of CFRF1+TV1 combination differentially modulated the expression of different genes involved in forskolin biosynthesis. Intensity of grey to dark color with circles indicates expression level of specific gene in control (C) and RF1+TV1 (R + T) treated plants (i. e., grey color less expression and dark color more expression). The higher expression of CfTPS2 and CfACT1-8 followed by CfCY- P76AH15, CfTPS4, and CfTPS3.

Fig. 3 in Molecular insights of fungal endophyte co-inoculation with Trichoderma viride for the augmentation of forskolin biosynthesis in Coleus forskohlii

Fig. 3. Forskolin relative yield in various treatments tested under field conditions were analyzed by TLC method. (a) TLC plate and (b) graphical view of forskolin relative yield in roots. F: forskolin standard, Con: control, T1: RF1, T2: SF1, T3: SF2, T4: TV1, T5: RF1 + TV1, T6: SF1 + TV1 and T7: SF2 + TV1. Standard deviation of mean (SD). Asterisks indicate a significant variation between control and treatment plants (*p <0.05, **p <0.01).

Fig. 2 in Molecular insights of fungal endophyte co-inoculation with Trichoderma viride for the augmentation of forskolin biosynthesis in Coleus forskohlii

Fig. 2. Effect of endophytes and TV1 colonization on C. forskohlii. The beneficial effects of various treatments on plant height, branch number and total biomass. The graphical bar represents the effect of total of seven treatments, RF1, SF1, SF2, TV1, RF1+TV1, SF1+TV1, and SF2+TV2 and one control. (a) Plant height and (b) Number of branches. The fresh weights of shoots and roots (c) and dry weights of shoots and roots (d) were analyzed. The root length and number of tuberous roots per plant also recorded from 4 biological replicates. Error bars represents the standard deviation of mean (SD). Asterisks indicate a significant difference between control and endophyte treatments (*p <0.05, **p <0.01).

Fig. 1 in Molecular insights of fungal endophyte co-inoculation with Trichoderma viride for the augmentation of forskolin biosynthesis in Coleus forskohlii

Fig. 1. Scanning electron microscopic images of fungal endophytes, P. cornearis (SF1), M. pseudophaseolina (SF2), and F. redolens (RF1) grown on PDA. The magnified images of conidia and mycelia were captured. SF1 (A) and SF1 (B) are magnified images of chlamydospore (arrows) and scale = 10 μM (5000 ×) and 5 μM (10000 ×), respectively. SF2 (A) and SF2 (B) are magnified images of mycelia (arrows) and scale = 20 μM (2500 ×) and 5 μM (10000 ×), respectively. RF1 (A) and RF1 (B) are magnified images of chlamydospore (arrow) and scale = 5 μM (10000 ×) and 2 μM (20000 ×), respectively.

opennotspecifiedMar 2023View details →

Fig. 4 in Neuropyrones A-E, five undescribed α-pyrone derivatives with tyrosinase inhibitory activity from the endophytic fungus Neurospora dictyophora WZ-497

Fig. 4. Ligand interaction map of the predicted binding mode of 3, and 3D molecular modeling interaction of the 3 in the binding site of the tyrosinase (PDB ID: 2Y9X).

opennotspecifiedMar 2023View details →

Fig. 1 in Antimalarial and antimicrobial substances isolated from the endophytic actinomycete, Streptomyces aculeolatus MS1-6

Fig. 1. Chemical structures of compounds isolated from the endophytic actinomycete, Streptomyces aculeolatus MS1-6.

Fig. 7. Selected 1H–1H in Kadanguslactones A-E, further oxygenated terpenoids from Kadsura angustifolia fermented by a symbiotic endophytic fungus, Penicillium ochrochloron SWUKD4.1850

Fig. 7. Selected 1H–1H COSY (red bold), HMBC (blue arrow), and ROESY (blue double-headed arrow) correlations of compound 6. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 6. Selected 1H–1H in Kadanguslactones A-E, further oxygenated terpenoids from Kadsura angustifolia fermented by a symbiotic endophytic fungus, Penicillium ochrochloron SWUKD4.1850

Fig. 6. Selected 1H–1H COSY (red bold), HMBC (blue arrow), and ROESY (blue double-headed arrow) correlations of compound 5. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5. Selected 1H–1H in Kadanguslactones A-E, further oxygenated terpenoids from Kadsura angustifolia fermented by a symbiotic endophytic fungus, Penicillium ochrochloron SWUKD4.1850

Fig. 5. Selected 1H–1H COSY (red bold), HMBC (blue arrow), and ROESY (blue double-headed arrow) correlations of compound 4. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3. Selected 1H–1H in Kadanguslactones A-E, further oxygenated terpenoids from Kadsura angustifolia fermented by a symbiotic endophytic fungus, Penicillium ochrochloron SWUKD4.1850

Fig. 3. Selected 1H–1H COSY (red bold), HMBC (blue arrow), and ROESY (blue double-headed arrow) correlations of compound 3. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2. Selected 1H–1H in Kadanguslactones A-E, further oxygenated terpenoids from Kadsura angustifolia fermented by a symbiotic endophytic fungus, Penicillium ochrochloron SWUKD4.1850

Fig. 2. Selected 1H–1H COSY (red bold), HMBC (blue arrow), and ROESY (blue double-headed arrow) correlations of compound 2. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Recent advances in inducing endophytic fungal specialized metabolites using small molecule elicitors including epigenetic modifiers

Fig. 4. Epigenetic alterations include DNA methyl transferase (DNMT) mediated methylation of DNA (A) and Histone acetyl transferase (HAT) mediated acetylation or Histone deaetylase (HDAC) mediated deacetylation of Histones (B). These tags are associated with chromatin modulation required for expression of cryptic genes.

Fig. 3 in Recent advances in inducing endophytic fungal specialized metabolites using small molecule elicitors including epigenetic modifiers

Fig. 3. Small molecular weight compounds with potential to induce specialized metabolites production in fungi.

Fig. 2 in Recent advances in inducing endophytic fungal specialized metabolites using small molecule elicitors including epigenetic modifiers

Fig. 2. Attenuation of Camptothecin and Paclitaxel production on subculture over five generations of endophytic fungi Fusarium solani and Periconia sp. respectively. Notice the 12-fold decrease of camptothecin production with F. solani in going from the first to the fifth generation (Kusari et al., 2009). Similarly,,b) reported a reduction of 2.96-fold in the yield of Paclitaxel produced by Periconia sp. in going from generation one to generation five.

Fig. 1. A in Recent advances in inducing endophytic fungal specialized metabolites using small molecule elicitors including epigenetic modifiers

Fig. 1. A glimpse of the chemical diversity of specialized metabolites produced by endophytic fungi.