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14,965 results for “evolution”
Data from: The evolution of environmental tolerance and range size: A comparison of geographically restricted and widespread Mimulus
<p>The geographic ranges of closely related species can vary dramatically, yet we do not fully grasp the mechanisms underlying such variation. The niche breadth hypothesis posits that species that have evolved broad environmental tolerances can achieve larger geographic ranges than species with narrow environmental tolerances. In turn, plasticity and genetic variation in ecologically important traits and adaptation to environmentally variable areas can facilitate the evolution of broad environmental tolerance. We used five pairs of western North American monkeyflowers to experimentally test these ideas by quantifying performance across eight temperature regimes. In four species pairs, species with broader thermal tolerances had larger geographic ranges, supporting the niche breadth hypothesis. As predicted, species with broader thermal tolerances also had more within-population genetic variation in thermal reaction norms and experienced greater thermal variation across their geographic ranges than species with narrow thermal tolerances. Species with narrow thermal tolerance may be particularly vulnerable to changing climatic conditions due to a lack of plasticity and insufficient genetic variation to respond to novel selection pressures. Conversely, species experiencing high variation in temperature across their ranges may be buffered against extinction due to climatic changes because they have evolved tolerance to a broad range of temperatures.</p>
Data from: Predation drives the evolution of brain cell proliferation and brain allometry in male Trinidadian killifish, Rivulus hartii
<p>The external environment influences brain cell proliferation, and this might contribute to brain plasticity underlying adaptive behavioural changes. Additionally, internal genetic factors influence brain cell proliferation rate. However, to date, researchers have not examined the importance of environmental vs. genetic factors in causing natural variation in brain cell proliferation. Here, we examine brain cell proliferation and brain growth trajectories in free-living populations of Trinidadian killifish, Rivulus hartii, exposed to contrasting predation environments. Compared to populations without predators, populations in high predation environments exhibited higher rates of brain cell proliferation and a steeper brain growth trajectory (relative to body size). To test whether these differences in the wild persist in a common garden environment, we reared first generation fish originating from both predation environments in uniform laboratory conditions. Just as in the wild, brain cell proliferation and brain growth in the common garden were greater in high predation populations than in no predation populations. The similar results in field and common garden studies indicate that population differences in these brain features are intrinsic, probably genetic, differences arising from natural selection acting on overall brain growth and life history rather than differences arising through phenotypic plasticity.</p>
EvoBench: Benchmarking Schema Evolution in NoSQL
<p>Docker containers for reproducing the proof of concept measurements with our NoSQL Schema Evolution Benchmark.</p>
Novelty and emergent patterns in sperm: morphological diversity and evolution of spermatozoa and sperm conjugation in ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
<p>The beetle family Carabidae, with about 40,000 species, exhibits enough diversity in sperm structure and behavior to be an excellent model system for studying patterns and processes of sperm evolution. We explore their potential, documenting<b> </b>sperm form in 177 species of ground beetles using light microscopy and collecting data on 1 qualitative and 7 quantitative sperm phenotypic traits. Our sampling captures 61% of the tribal-level diversity of ground beetles. These data highlight the notable morphological diversity of sperm in ground beetles and suggest that sperm in the group have dynamic evolutionary histories with much morphological innovation and convergence. Sperm vary among species in total length (48–3,400mm), head length (0.5–270mm), and head width (0.2–6.3mm). Most ground beetles make sperm with heads that are indistinct from the flagella at the gross morphological level. However, some or all <i>Omophron</i>,<i>Trachypachus</i>, and Dyschiriini make broad-headed sperm that show morphological differences between species. Most ground beetles package their sperm into groups of sperm, termed conjugates, and ground beetles show variation in conjugate form and in the number and arrangement of sperm in a conjugate. Most ground beetles make sperm conjugates by embedding their sperm in a hyaline rod or spermatostyle. The spermatostyle is remarkably variable among species and varies in length from 17–41,000mm. Several unrelated groups of ground beetles make only singleton sperm, including Nebriinae, Cicindelinae, many Trechinae, and the tribe Paussini. In order to study patterns in sperm evolution, we combine these data with a low-resolution phylogeny of ground beetles. Results from modern comparative analyses suggest the following: sperm differ from conjugates in some aspect of their underlying evolutionary process, sperm have influenced conjugate evolution and vice versa, and conjugation with a spermatostyle likely evolved early within the history of Carabidae and it has been lost independently at least three times.</p>
Data from: The acacia ants revisited: convergent evolution and biogeographic context in an iconic ant/plant mutualism
Phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses can enhance our understanding of multispecies interactions by placing the origin and evolution of such interactions in a temporal and geographical context. We use a phylogenomic approach—ultraconserved element sequence capture—to investigate the evolutionary history of an iconic multispecies mutualism: Neotropical acacia ants (Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus group) and their associated Vachellia hostplants. In this system, the ants receive shelter and food from the host plant, and they aggressively defend the plant against herbivores and competing plants. We confirm the existence of two separate lineages of obligate acacia ants that convergently occupied Vachellia and evolved plant-protecting behaviour, from timid ancestors inhabiting dead twigs in rainforest. The more diverse of the two clades is inferred to have arisen in the Late Miocene in northern Mesoamerica, and subsequently expanded its range throughout much of Central America. The other lineage is estimated to have originated in southern Mesoamerica about 3 Myr later, apparently piggy-backing on the pre-existing mutualism. Initiation of the Pseudomyrmex/Vachellia interaction involved a shift in the ants from closed to open habitats, into an environment with more intense plant herbivory. Comparative studies of the two lineages of mutualists should provide insight into the essential features binding this mutualism.
Fig. 6 in An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into Paraceratherium evolution
Fig. 6 Phylogenetic relationship of giant rhinos. Correlated with the geographical and geochronological distribution, based on the single mostparsimonious tree (length 327, consistency index 0.60, and retention index 0.79, with Bremer support values nearby the node).
Fig. 4 in An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into Paraceratherium evolution
Fig. 4 Type horizon of Paraceratherium linxiaense. Exposures of fluvial and lacustrine sediments of the Linxia Basin (LX 1808) at the type locality of this new species (HMV 2006, yellow square) and where the axis and thoracic vertebrae were also found in Wangjiachuan Village, Dongxiang County, Gansu Province, China.
Fig. 5 in An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into Paraceratherium evolution
Fig. 5 Cenozoic section of the Linxia Basin. Deposits with correlation to ATNTS 201249 (left) for the magnetostratigraphic results50 (middle) and the Wangjiachuan section bearing the fossils of Paraceratherium linxiaense sp. nov. (right).
Fig. 3 in An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into Paraceratherium evolution
Fig. 3 Type locality of Paraceratherium linxiaense. Map showing the giant rhino fossil locality of the Linxia Basin in Wangjiachuan Village, Dongxiang County, Gansu Province, China.
Fig. 2 in An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into Paraceratherium evolution
Fig. 2 Vertebrae of Paraceratherium linxiaense. a atlas (HMV 2006); b axis (HMV 2007); c 4th–5th articulated thoracic vertebrae (HMV 2007). 1, right view; 2, posterior view; 3, left view; 4, dorsal view; 5, anterior view; 6, ventral view; 7, postero-ventral view. The articular facets on 4th-5th thoracic vertebrae are marked with the red semitransparent outline whatever it is intact or has been damaged.
Fig. 7 in An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into Paraceratherium evolution
Fig. 7 Distribution and dispersal of Paraceratherium. Localities of the early Oligocene species were marked by the yellow color, and the red indicates the late Oligocene species. Dispersals of Paraceratherium between South Asia and other localities have to pass the Tibetan region, because most part of Central Asia, including southeastern Kazakhstan, Turpan Basin, and Tarim Basin was covered by the Tethys Ocean during the Oligocene. Paleogeography map is modified from Deep Time Maps (https://deeptimemaps.com) with license and a recent study51.
Fig. 1 in An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into Paraceratherium evolution
Fig. 1 Holotype (HMV 2006) of Paraceratherium linxiaense sp. nov. Skull: a lateral view; b ventral view; c dorsal view; d anterior view; e occipital view. Mandible: f, h lateral view and medial view of left ramus, respectively; g occlusal view. Skull and mandible share the scale bar, but both anterior and nuchal views have an independent scale bar.
Fig. 3 in Magneto-biostratigraphic age constraints on the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the South Caspian basin during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Kura basin, Azerbaijan)
Fig. 3. Sedimentary log, paleontological sampling points, microfauna assemblages and paleosalinity estimation in the Goychay section.
Fig. 8 in Magneto-biostratigraphic age constraints on the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the South Caspian basin during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Kura basin, Azerbaijan)
Fig. 8. Sedimentary log, paleontological sampling points, microfauna assemblages and paleosalinity estimation in the Hajigabul section.
Fig. 7 in Magneto-biostratigraphic age constraints on the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the South Caspian basin during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Kura basin, Azerbaijan)
Fig. 7. Magnetostratigraphy of the Goychay section. In columns, from left to right: Regional (local) stages; Depositional units; Lithological log; Biostratigraphic sampling points: green - mollusc samples, blue - microfauna samples; Magnetic susceptibility (plotted on a logarithmic scale; black line - values for each sample, red line - averaged 3); Inclination; Declination; Interpreted polarity (black - normal, white - reversed). The Akchagylian - Apsheronian transition is drawn based on microfauna (lower limit) and macrofauna (upper limit). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 12 in Magneto-biostratigraphic age constraints on the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the South Caspian basin during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Kura basin, Azerbaijan)
Fig. 12. Magnetostratigraphy of the Hajigabul section. In columns from left to right: Regional stages; Depositional units; Lithological log; Biostratigraphic sampling points, where green points are mollusc samples and blue points - microfauna samples; Magnetic susceptibility (plotted on a logarithmic scale)); Inclination; Declination; Interpreted polarity. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 in Magneto-biostratigraphic age constraints on the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the South Caspian basin during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Kura basin, Azerbaijan)
Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Goychay section (A) and the Hajigabul section (B). Logs, general view and characteristic photos of each sedimentary unit.
Fig. 1 in Magneto-biostratigraphic age constraints on the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the South Caspian basin during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Kura basin, Azerbaijan)
Fig. 1. Location map of the Goychay and Hajigabul sections. Columns on the left: Global polarity time scale (Hilgen et al., 2012) Epoch/Age; Regional Stages: a* classical definition (Shantser, 1982; Arslanov et al., 1988; Nevesskaya et al., 2003, 2004), b* this study. Position of the studied sections in relation to the Caspian Sea (A) and to the Kura Basin (B) (The map base is taken from www.maps-for-free.com); Geological maps for the Goychay section (C) and the Hajigabul section (D) modified after Bairamov et al. (2008).
Fig. 13 in Magneto-biostratigraphic age constraints on the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the South Caspian basin during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Kura basin, Azerbaijan)
Fig. 13. Correlation of polarity patterns to the Global Polarity Time Scale (GPTS), the main paleoenvironmental events and characteristic mollusc fauna in the Goychay and Hajigabul sections. Sedimentation rate curves: Hajigabul section (A), the Goychay section (B).
Fig. 11 in Magneto-biostratigraphic age constraints on the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the South Caspian basin during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Kura basin, Azerbaijan)
Fig. 11. Equal area plots, Zijderveld diagrams and thermomagnetic curves for samples of the Hajigabul section. Equal are plots for: B. The low temperature component (20 oC-300 o C, LT_N): in situ and in tectonic coordinates (tc); E. All normal ChRM directions - in situ and in tectonic coordinates (tc); F. All reversed ChRM directions - in situ and in tectonic coordinates (tc); G. All mean directions for all reversed (MT_R and HT_R), all normal (HT_N and MT_N) and LT_N groups; L. Remagnetized samples marked as "Full overprint" (FO) - in situ and in tectonic coordinates (tc); A, C, H- Characteristic Zijderveld diagrams for various samples. D, M - thermomagnetic runs for various samples; Zijderveld diagrams with separate (H) and overlapped (I) demagnetization of two components. J - Zijderveld diagram given for one sample measured with different techniques: th - thermally demagnetized, af - demagnetized in alternating field.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.