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377 results for “evolution of complexity”
Supplementary material 1 from: Prötzel D, Lambert SM, Andrianasolo GT, Hutter CR, Cobb KA, Scherz MD, Glaw F (2018) The smallest 'true chameleon' from Madagascar: a new, distinctly colored species of the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata, Chamaeleonidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 409-423. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.27305
Genetic distances of ND2 : Explanation note: Uncorrected genetic distances for all pairwise comparisons of ND2.
Supplementary material 4 from: Prötzel D, Lambert SM, Andrianasolo GT, Hutter CR, Cobb KA, Scherz MD, Glaw F (2018) The smallest 'true chameleon' from Madagascar: a new, distinctly colored species of the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata, Chamaeleonidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 409-423. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.27305
Movie of 3D model of the skull : Explanation note: Movie of micro-CT scan of the skull of the female Calummaroaloko (KU 343168).
Supplementary material 3 from: Prötzel D, Lambert SM, Andrianasolo GT, Hutter CR, Cobb KA, Scherz MD, Glaw F (2018) The smallest 'true chameleon' from Madagascar: a new, distinctly colored species of the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata, Chamaeleonidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 409-423. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.27305
Movie of 3D model of the skull : Explanation note: Movie of micro-CT scan of the skull of the male holotype of Calummaroaloko (KU 343178).
Supplementary material 2 from: Prötzel D, Lambert SM, Andrianasolo GT, Hutter CR, Cobb KA, Scherz MD, Glaw F (2018) The smallest 'true chameleon' from Madagascar: a new, distinctly colored species of the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata, Chamaeleonidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 409-423. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.27305
Genetic distances of COI : Explanation note: Uncorrected genetic distances for all pairwise comparisons of COI.
Data from: The evolution of a complex trait: cuticular hydrocarbons in ants evolve independent from phylogenetic constraints
Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) are ubiquitous and highly diverse in insects, serving as communication signal and waterproofing agent. Despite their vital function, the causes, mechanisms and constraints on CHC diversification are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated phylogenetic constraints on the evolution of CHC profiles, using a global dataset of the species-rich and chemically diverse ant genus Crematogaster. We decomposed CHC profiles into quantitative (relative abundances, chain length) and qualitative traits (presence/absence of CHC classes). A species-level phylogeny was estimated using newly generated and previously published sequences from five nuclear markers. Moreover, we reconstructed a phylogeny for the chemically diverse C. levior species group using cytochrome oxidase I. Phylogenetic signal was measured for these traits on genus and clade level and within the chemically diverse C. levior group. For most quantitative CHC traits, phylogenetic signal was low and did not differ from random expectation. This was true on the level of genus, clade and species-group, indicating that CHC traits are evolutionary labile. In contrast, the presence or absence of alkenes and alkadienes was highly conserved within the C. levior group. Hence, the presence or absence of biosynthetic pathways may be phylogenetically constrained, especially at lower taxonomic levels. Our study shows that CHC composition can evolve rapidly, allowing insects to quickly adapt their chemical profiles to external selection pressures, while the presence of biosynthetic pathways appears more constrained. However, our results stress the importance to consider the taxonomic level when investigating phylogenetic constraints.
Data from: Complex genome evolution in A. coluzzii associated with increased insecticide usage in Mali
In certain cases, a species may have access to important genetic variation present in a related species via adaptive introgression. These novel alleles may interact with their new genetic background, resulting in unexpected phenotypes. In this study, we describe a selective sweep on standing variation on the X chromosome in the mosquito Anopheles coluzzii, a principal malaria vector in West Africa. This event may have been influenced by the recent adaptive introgression of the insecticide resistance gene known as kdr from the sister species Anopheles gambiae. Individuals carrying both kdr and a nearly fixed X-linked haplotype, encompassing at least four genes including the P450 gene CYP9K1 and the cuticular protein CPR125, have rapidly increased in relative frequency. In parallel, a reproductively isolated insecticide-susceptible A. gambiae population (Bamako form) has been driven to local extinction, likely due to strong selection from increased insecticide-treated bed net usage.
Figure 1 in New dietary data from Compsophis and Alluaudina species (Squamata: Lamprophiidae: Pseudoxyrhophiinae), and implications for their dietary complexity and evolution
Figure 1. Specimens of Compsophis laphystius with dietary records from Marojejy. (a) An adult specimen (MSZC 0251), which had ingested an adult Mantella laevigata. (b) An adult specimen (MSTIS 00084) photographed beside (i.e. to scale with) its regurgitated prey item, Gephyromantis cf. granulatus (MSTIS 00085).
Figure 5 in New dietary data from Compsophis and Alluaudina species (Squamata: Lamprophiidae: Pseudoxyrhophiinae), and implications for their dietary complexity and evolution
Figure 5. An adult Compsophis sp. aff. laphystius (MSTIS 01010) (a) before and (b) after regurgitating an adult female Calumma ambreense (MSTIS 00999) and an adult Uroplatus alluaudi (MSTIS 01000), to scale.
Figure 4 in New dietary data from Compsophis and Alluaudina species (Squamata: Lamprophiidae: Pseudoxyrhophiinae), and implications for their dietary complexity and evolution
Figure 4. Two Compsophis sp. aff. laphystius diet records. (a) An adult specimen (MSZC 0783) after regurgitating a large specimen of Platypelis grandis (MSZC 0755). (b, c) A juvenile specimen (MSZC 0657) (b) before and (c) after regurgitation beside (i.e. to scale with) the Lygodactylus sp. specimen (MSZC 0650) it had eaten.
Figure 6 in New dietary data from Compsophis and Alluaudina species (Squamata: Lamprophiidae: Pseudoxyrhophiinae), and implications for their dietary complexity and evolution
Figure 6. Two specimens of Alluaudina bellyi. (a) ZSM 383/2016 (ZCMV 15092) after regurgitation of its meal. (b) KU 347513 (CRH 1663) curled up in a ball during photography of the specimen. Note that its snout is poking out and at least one of its eyes is not completely occluded by coils.
Figure 3 in New dietary data from Compsophis and Alluaudina species (Squamata: Lamprophiidae: Pseudoxyrhophiinae), and implications for their dietary complexity and evolution
Figure 3. Compsophis laphystius photographed about one minute after observing it eat the eggs of Spinomantis perracae. The snake was startled and began to flee after we arrived at the event.
Figure 2 in New dietary data from Compsophis and Alluaudina species (Squamata: Lamprophiidae: Pseudoxyrhophiinae), and implications for their dietary complexity and evolution
Figure 2. Time series of Compsophis laphystius ingesting an adult Boophis entingae. The time series begins (a) with the head and torso of the frog already consumed, and ends (h) 22 minutes later with the disappearance of the toes (note the degree of swelling visible in the inset of g), and the lateral undulation of the body involved in swallowing.
Figure 4 in Cryptic complexity in felid vertebral evolution: shape differentiation and allometry of the axial skeleton
Figure 4. Vertebral profile plots of locomotory groups (i.e. arboreal, terrestrial and scansorial species) showing variation in vertebral measurements along the vertebral column number. A, centrum length (CL); B, centrum height (CH); C, centrum width (CW); D, centrum shape (CS); E, lamina width (LW); F, neural spine lever arm (NSLA); J, transverse process dorsoventral angle (TPDV); K, transverse process anteroposterior angle (TPAP); L, interzygapophyseal length (IZL); M, accessory process distance (APD). Regular vertical bars mark the boundaries between vertebral regions (i.e. cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions) and the corresponding analytical bins, while dotted vertical lines mark boundaries only related to vertebral bins.
Figure 3 in Cryptic complexity in felid vertebral evolution: shape differentiation and allometry of the axial skeleton
Figure 3. PCA plots of PC1 X PC2 (A) and PC1 X PC3 (B) showing species distribution in vertebral morphospace. Species are grouped according to their locomotory mode (i.e. cross: arboreal species; triangle: scansorial species; squares: terrestrial species).
Figure 2 in Cryptic complexity in felid vertebral evolution: shape differentiation and allometry of the axial skeleton
Figure 2. Vertebral measurements: A–C, atlas; D and E, axis; F, C6; G–J, L2. Abbreviations: LDA, length of dorsal arch; Pre_Z-D, prezygapophyseal distance; Post_Z-D, postzygapophyseal distance; TPLA, transverse process lever arm; WDA, width of dorsal arch. B. LVA, length of ventral arch; WVA, width of ventral arch. C. HNC, height of the neural canal. D. DW, dens width. E. DA, dens angle; DL, dens length; NSL, neural spine anteroposterior length at tip. F. LIL, length of inferior lamella. G. CL, centrum length; IZL, interzygapophyseal length; NSL, neural anteroposterior length at tip; NSLA, neural spine lever arm. H. APD, accessory process distance; CH, centrum height; CW, centrum width; NSLA, neural spine lever arm. I. TPDV, transverse process dorsoventral angle; TPLA, transverse process lever arm. J. LW, lamina width; TPAP, transverse process anteroposterior angle. Vertebral images are from of a CT scan of Acinonyx jubatus (cheetah).
Figure 1. Felid phylogeny showing studied species, from a in Cryptic complexity in felid vertebral evolution: shape differentiation and allometry of the axial skeleton
Figure 1. Felid phylogeny showing studied species, from a subset of Nyakatura & Bininda-Emonds (2012), with felid lineage designation according to Johnson et al. (2006), and locomotory (A, S, and T) and prey size specialization (circles at tip of phylogeny) according to Meachen-Samuels & Van Valkenburgh (2009b). Abbreviations: arboreal (A), scansorial (S) and terrestrial (T). Prey size symbols: black circles – large prey specialist; dark grey circles – mixed prey specialist; and light grey with black rim circles – small prey specialist.
Figure 9 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 9. Haplotype networks of the Bombus trifasciatus lineage for each of three nuclear genes: internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and arginine kinase (ArgK). Each circle represents a sampled or intermediate haplotype and each connecting line a base change. Haplotypes are coloured to represent similarly coloured sublineages in Figure 6. Numbers refer to voucher specimens listed in Table S1. Dashed lines connect heterozygous alleles (a1, a2) from an individual. Grey circles and lines for PEPCK and ArgK represent reconstruction using alternative phase haplotypes with the percentages of those haplotypes indicated.
Figure 3 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 3. Distribution of colour patterns of Bombus (Orientalibombus) haemorrhoidalis sensu Williams (1998) with previously recognized species outlined using dashed lines. Localities with yellow markers were sampled for DNA sequencing.
Figure 6. A in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 6. A, Bayesian phylogeny of the Bombus trifasciatus lineage inferred using the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase I (COI) + 16S. Unique sublineages are highlighted on the tree in different colours and their localities are circumscribed on the map (B). Average per cent sequence divergence is indicated on deeper nodes with COI divergences above and 16S divergences below. Voucher numbers for each specimen (Table S1) are listed in parentheses after colour pattern names and distribution.
Figure 2 in Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics
Figure 2. Distribution of colour patterns of Bombus (Megabombus) trifasciatus sensu Williams (1998) with previously recognized species outlined using dashed lines. Localities with yellow markers were sampled for DNA sequencing.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.