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479 results for “genomic evolution”
Figure 5 in Comparative genomics reveals the evolutionary history of the unicellular eukaryote class Litostomatea and its adaptive evolution based on biochemical metabolic capacity
Figure 5. Gene family and time-calibrated evolution analyses of 28 litostomateans and two spirotricheans. Ages are given as million years ago (Mya). Calibrated nodes are indicated with a star. Numbers asser "+" and "-" represent the expanded or contracted gene families in each branch* respectively. MRCA* the most recent common ancestor; H* subclass Haptoria; R* subclass Rhynchostomatia; º* subclass ºrichostomatia; CZ* Cenozoic; MZ* Mesozoic; NP* Neoproterozoic; PZ* Palaeozoic.
Figure 6 in Comparative genomics reveals the evolutionary history of the unicellular eukaryote class Litostomatea and its adaptive evolution based on biochemical metabolic capacity
Figure 6. Heatmap showing the bias of stop codon usage among 28 litostomatean ciliates. H* subclass Haptoria; R* subclass Rhynchostomatia; º* subclass ºrichostomatia.
Figure 3. Phylogenomic tree estimated from a in Comparative genomics reveals the evolutionary history of the unicellular eukaryote class Litostomatea and its adaptive evolution based on biochemical metabolic capacity
Figure 3. Phylogenomic tree estimated from a concatenated dataset of 1680 orthogroups of 28 litostomateans and two spirotricheans
Figure 3. Phylogenomic tree estimated from a in Comparative genomics reveals the evolutionary history of the unicellular eukaryote class Litostomatea and its adaptive evolution based on biochemical metabolic capacity
Figure 3. Phylogenomic tree estimated from a concatenated dataset of 1680 orthogroups of 28 litostomateans and two spirotricheans by maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. Sequences from the present study are in bold. Ŋe numbers at the nodes are the bootstrap values of ML out of 1000 pseudoreplicates and the posterior probability of Bayesian analysis* respectively. Ŋe black dots represent full support values both in the ML and in the BI trees. º* subclass ºrichostomatia; H* subclass Haptoria; R* subclass Rhynchostomatia.
Figure 2 in Comparative genomics reveals the evolutionary history of the unicellular eukaryote class Litostomatea and its adaptive evolution based on biochemical metabolic capacity
Figure 2. Comparative analysis of 28 litostomatean ciliates. A* UpSet plot of shared orthogroups among the three litostomatean subclasses. B* GO enrichment analysis of conserved orthogroups in Litostomatea. C* heatmap showing the number of shared genes among 28 litostomatean ciliates. º* subclass ºrichostomatia; H* subclass Haptoria; R* subclass Rhynchostomatia.
Figure 7 in Comparative genomics reveals the evolutionary history of the unicellular eukaryote class Litostomatea and its adaptive evolution based on biochemical metabolic capacity
Figure 7. Ŋe length distribution (A–C) and motif (C–E) of the introns detected in Monodinium sp.* Myriokaryon sp.* and Apodileptus visscheri.
Figure 1 in Comparative genomics reveals the evolutionary history of the unicellular eukaryote class Litostomatea and its adaptive evolution based on biochemical metabolic capacity
Figure 1. Maps showing the location of the sampling sites and photomicrographs showing the in vivo morphology of the 14 litostomatean ciliates for which omics' data were newly obtained.
Figure 4 in Comparative genomics reveals the evolutionary history of the unicellular eukaryote class Litostomatea and its adaptive evolution based on biochemical metabolic capacity
Figure 4. Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes Database (CAZy) annotation results of 28 litostomatean ciliates. A* comparison of the number of CAZymes in 28 litostomatean ciliates. B* CAZy function classification diagrams of three newly sequenced litostomateans (Didinium sp.1* Myriokaryon sp.* and Apodileptus visscheri). º* subclass ºrichostomatia; H* subclass Haptoria; R* subclass Rhynchostomatia.
Figure 2 in Comparative genomics reveals the evolutionary history of the unicellular eukaryote class Litostomatea and its adaptive evolution based on biochemical metabolic capacity
Figure 2. Comparative analysis of 28 litostomatean ciliates. A* UpSet plot of shared orthogroups among the three litostomatean subclasses. B*
Accelerated genome shuffling associated with rapid evolution of sexual conflicts in seed beetles
<p><strong><span>Accelerated genome shuffling associated with rapid evolution of sexual conflicts in seed beetles</span></strong></p>
Data from: Origin and evolution of the octoploid strawberry genome
Cultivated strawberry emerged from the hybridization of two wild octoploid species, both descendants from the merger of four diploid progenitor species into a single nucleus more than 1 million years ago. Here we report a near-complete chromosome-scale assembly for cultivated octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and uncovered the origin and evolutionary processes that shaped this complex allopolyploid. We identified the extant relatives of each diploid progenitor species and provide support for the North American origin of octoploid strawberry. We examined the dynamics among the four subgenomes in octoploid strawberry and uncovered the presence of a single dominant subgenome with significantly greater gene content, gene expression abundance, and biased exchanges between homoeologous chromosomes, as compared with the other subgenomes. Pathway analysis showed that certain metabolomic and disease-resistance traits are largely controlled by the dominant subgenome. These findings and the reference genome should serve as a powerful platform for future evolutionary studies and enable molecular breeding in strawberry.
Data from: Rapid evolution and the genomic consequences of selection against interspecific mating
While few species introduced into a new environment become invasive, those that do provide critical information on ecological mechanisms that determine invasions success and the evolutionary responses that follow invasion. Aedes albopictus (the Asian tiger mosquito) was introduced into the naturalized range of Aedes aegypti (the yellow fever mosquito) in the USA in the mid-1980s, resulting in the displacement of A. aegypti in much of the southeastern USA. The rapid displacement was likely due to the superior competitive ability of A. albopictus as larvae and asymmetric mating interference competition, in which male A. albopictus mate with and sterilize A. aegypti females, a process called "satyrization". The goal of this study was to examine the genomic responses of a resident species to an invasive species in which the mechanism of character displacement is understood. We used double-digest restriction enzyme DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to analyze outlier loci between selected and control lines of laboratory-reared A. aegypti females from two populations (Tucson, AZ and Key West, Florida, USA), and individual females classified as either "resisted" or "mated with" A. albopictus males via mating trials of wild-derived females from four populations in Florida. We found significant outlier loci in comparing selected and control lines and between mated and non-mated A. aegypti females in the laboratory and wild-derived populations, respectively. We found overlap in specific outlier loci between different source populations that support consistent genomic signatures of selection within A. aegypti. Our results point to regions of the A. aegypti genome and potential candidate genes that may be involved in mating behavior, and specifically in avoiding interspecific mating choices.
Extreme genomic volatility characterises the evolution of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in cyprinodontiform fishes
The evolution of the adaptive immune system has provided vertebrates with a uniquely sophisticated immune toolkit, enabling them to mount precise immune responses against a staggeringly diverse range of antigens. Like other vertebrates, teleost fishes possess a complex and functional adaptive immune system; however, our knowledge of the complex antigen-receptor genes underlying its functionality has been restricted to a small number of experimental and agricultural species, preventing a systematic investigation of how these crucial gene loci evolve. Here, we analyse the genomic structure of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) gene loci in the cyprinodontiforms, a diverse and important group of teleosts present in many different habitats across the world. We reconstruct the complete IGH loci of the turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) and the southern platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus) and analyse their in vivo gene expression, revealing the presence of species-specific splice isoforms of transmembrane IGHM. We further characterise the IGH constant regions of ten additional cyprinodontiform species, including guppy, amazon molly, mummichog and mangrove killifish. Phylogenetic analysis of these constant regions suggests multiple independent rounds of duplication and deletion of the teleost-specific antibody class IGHZ in the cyprinodontiform lineage, demonstrating the extreme volatility of IGH evolution. Focusing on the cyprinodontiforms as a model taxon for comparative evolutionary immunology, this work provides novel genomic resources for studying adaptive immunity and sheds light on the evolutionary history of the adaptive immune system.
Data from: Complex genome evolution in A. coluzzii associated with increased insecticide usage in Mali
In certain cases, a species may have access to important genetic variation present in a related species via adaptive introgression. These novel alleles may interact with their new genetic background, resulting in unexpected phenotypes. In this study, we describe a selective sweep on standing variation on the X chromosome in the mosquito Anopheles coluzzii, a principal malaria vector in West Africa. This event may have been influenced by the recent adaptive introgression of the insecticide resistance gene known as kdr from the sister species Anopheles gambiae. Individuals carrying both kdr and a nearly fixed X-linked haplotype, encompassing at least four genes including the P450 gene CYP9K1 and the cuticular protein CPR125, have rapidly increased in relative frequency. In parallel, a reproductively isolated insecticide-susceptible A. gambiae population (Bamako form) has been driven to local extinction, likely due to strong selection from increased insecticide-treated bed net usage.
The genome of a daddy-long-legs (Opiliones) illuminates the evolution of arachnid appendages
<p>Chelicerate arthropods exhibit dynamic genome evolution, with ancient whole genome duplication (WGD) events affecting several orders. Yet, genomes remain unavailable for a number of poorly studied orders, such as Opiliones (daddy-long-legs), which has hindered comparative study. We assembled the first opilionid draft genome for the species <i>Phalangium opilio</i>, which bears elongate, prehensile appendages, made possible by numerous distal articles called tarsomeres. Here, we show that the genome of <i>P. opilio</i> exhibits a single Hox cluster and no evidence of WGD. To investigate the developmental genetic basis for the quintessential trait of this group—the elongate legs—we interrogated the function of the Hox genes <i>Deformed </i><u>(</u><i>Dfd</i>)<i> </i>and <i>Sex combs reduced</i> (<i>Scr</i>), and a homolog of <i>Epidermal growth factor receptor </i>(<i>Egfr</i>). Knockdown of <i>Dfd </i>incurred homeotic transformation of two pairs of legs into pedipalps, with dramatic shortening of leg segments in the longest leg pair, whereas homeosis in L3 is only achieved upon double <i>Dfd+Scr</i> knockdown. Knockdown of <i>Egfr</i> incurred shortened appendages and the loss of tarsomeres. The similarity of <i>Egfr </i>loss-of-function phenotypic spectra in insects and this arachnid suggest that repeated cooption of EGFR signaling underlies the independent gains of supernumerary tarsomeres across the arthropod tree of life.</p>
Figure 3 in The tight genome size of ants: diversity and evolution under ancestral state reconstruction and base composition
Figure 3. Mean genome size (in picograms and megabase pairs) estimated for Formicidae subfamilies. The phylogenetic tree generated in the present study was redrawn, with collapsed branches corresponding to species of the same subfamily.
Figure 2 in The tight genome size of ants: diversity and evolution under ancestral state reconstruction and base composition
Figure 2. Bayesian consensus tree resulting from the LW-Rh and Wg gene alignments (871 bp). Coloured dots on the branches indicate the values of posterior probability (PP): green dots represent values between 1.00 and 0.95, yellow dots between 0.94 and 0.90, and red dots ≤ 0.89. The nodes are indicated with numbers. Values above and below the branches represent the ancestral genome size (GS; 1C-values, in picograms) at particular nodes: in blue is the value generated by the maximum likelihood (ML) [asterisks are related to confidence interval (CI) values shown in Supporting Information, Table S4]; orange is the value generated by maximum parsimony (MP); and black, given below the branches, is the value generated by Bayesian inference (BI). Genome size data (1C-values) were obtained in the present work (pink dots) or taken from the literature (grey dots).
Figure 5 in The complete mitochondrial genome of the mackerel icefish, Champsocephalus gunnari (Actinopterygii: Channichthyidae), with reference to the evolution of mitochondrial genomes in Antarctic notothenioids
Figure 5. Phylogenetic relationships of control regions inferred by the maximum likelihood (ML) method. Statistical support is shown on the branches: bootstrap values (above) and posterior probability (below). BI, Bayesian inference; CR, control region.
Figure 1 in The complete mitochondrial genome of the mackerel icefish, Champsocephalus gunnari (Actinopterygii: Channichthyidae), with reference to the evolution of mitochondrial genomes in Antarctic notothenioids
Figure 1. Evolution of mitochondrial genomes in Antarctic notothenioids modified from Zhuang & Cheng (2010). Abbreviations: 12S, 12S ribosomal RNA; CR, control region; Cyt b, cytochrome b; E, tRNAGlu; F, tRNAPhe; ND, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form) dehydrogenase; P, tRNAPro; T, tRNAThr.
Figure 4. A in The complete mitochondrial genome of the mackerel icefish, Champsocephalus gunnari (Actinopterygii: Channichthyidae), with reference to the evolution of mitochondrial genomes in Antarctic notothenioids
Figure 4. A, linear representation of three types of gene content from the partial cytochrome b (Cyt b) to 12S rRNA in the mitochondrial (mt) genome of the mackerel icefish. Black and dark grey arrows respectively represent the first and the second duplicates. The first duplicate of the type-1 genome contains full-length nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form) dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) and tRNAGlu. Type-2 contains a half-sized ND6 only. Type-3 does not contain ND6 or tRNAGlu. B, PCR amplifications for detecting ND6 and tRNAGlu in the three types of mt genome of the mackerel icefish. PCR fragments between Cyt b and control region (CR) 2 (Cyt b-CR2) and between CR2 and CR3 (CR2-CR3) contain the first and second copies of ND6, respectively. The PCR fragment between ND5 and Cyt b (ND5-Cyt b) did not contain ND6 or tRNAGlu. M, size marker. Lanes 1, 2, 7, and 10 are type-1 individuals. Lanes 3, 4, 8 and 11 are type-2 individuals. Lanes 5, 6, 9, and 12 are type-3 individuals. Abbreviations: E, tRNAGlu; F, tRNAPhe; P, tRNAPro; T, tRNAThr.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.