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Variable hybridization between two Lake Tanganyikan cichlid species in recent secondary contact
<p>Closely related taxa frequently exist in sympatry before the evolution of robust reproductive barriers, which can lead to substantial gene flow. Post-divergence gene flow can promote several disparate trajectories of divergence ranging from the erosion of distinctiveness and eventual collapse of the taxa to the strengthening of reproductive isolation. Among many relevant factors, understanding the demographic history of divergence (e.g. divergence time, extent of historical gene flow) can be particularly informative when examining contemporary gene flow between closely related taxa because this history can influence gene flow’s prevalence and consequences. Here, we used genotyping-by-sequencing data to investigate speciation and contemporary hybridization in two closely related and sympatrically distributed Lake Tanganyikan cichlid species in the genus <em>Petrochromis</em>. Demographic modeling supported a speciation scenario involving divergence in isolation followed by secondary contact with bidirectional gene flow. Further investigation of this recent gene flow found evidence of ongoing hybridization between the species that varied in extent between different co-occurring populations. Relationships between abundance and the degree of admixture across populations suggest that the availability of conspecific mates may influence patterns of hybridization. These results, together with the observation that sets of recently diverged cichlid taxa are generally geographically separated in the lake, suggest that ongoing speciation in Lake Tanganyikan cichlids relies on initial spatial isolation. Additionally, the spatial heterogeneity of admixture between the <em>Petrochromis</em> species illustrates the complexities of hybridization when species are in recent secondary contact.</p>
Fig. 8 Haplotype network for 44 in New insights into the phylogeny and taxonomy of Chinese species of Gagea (Liliaceae)-speciation through hybridization
Fig. 8 Haplotype network for 44 cpDNA haplotypes (psbA-trnH IGS+trnL-trnF IGS) including 38 sequences of representatives of Gagea sect. Gagea: G. aipetriensis (aip), G. ancestralis, G. angelae (ang), G. artemczukii (art), G. capusii (cap), G. erubescens (eru), G. helenae (hel), G. huochengensis (huo), G. lutea (lut), G. nakaiana (nak), G. paczoskii (pac), G. podolica (pod), G. pomeranica (pom), G. pratensis (pra), G. pusilla (pus), G. rubicunda (rub), G. shmakoviana (shm), G. terraccianoana (ter), G. tisoniana (tis), G.
FIGURE 4. Malesherbia hybrids. a in Notes on Malesherbia (Passifloraceae) in Peru: a new species from southern Peru, a new record and a first report on interspecific hybridization in Malesherbia
FIGURE 4. Malesherbia hybrids. a. Malesherbia fatimae × tenuifolia, inflorescence (M. Weigend et al. 9370); b. Malesherbia fatimae × tenuifolia, leaves (M. Weigend et al. 9370); c. Profesora Fatima Cáceres Huamaní with a bunch of Malesherbia fatimae × tenuifolia and Malesherbia tenuifolia; d. Inflorescence of Malesherbia arequipensis (left), M. ardens (right), Malesherbia ardens × arequipensis (middle; same collections as in e, f, and g); e. Leaves of M. ardens (M. Weigend et al. 7866); f. Leaves of M. ardens × arequipensis (M. Weigend et al. 7868). g. Leaves of M. arequipensis (M. Weigend et al. 7865).
FIGURE 3. Malesherbia fatimae and M in Notes on Malesherbia (Passifloraceae) in Peru: a new species from southern Peru, a new record and a first report on interspecific hybridization in Malesherbia
FIGURE 3. Malesherbia fatimae and M. tenuifolia in native habitat. a. M. fatimae, inflorescence (M. Weigend et al. 9370). b. M. fatimae growing on rock face. c. Habitat of M. fatimae. d. M. tenuifolia (M. Weigend et al. 9368). e. M. tenuifolia (M. Weigend et al. 9369). f. habitat of M. tenuifolia.
FIGURE 2. Malesherbia fatimae, photographic plate. a in Notes on Malesherbia (Passifloraceae) in Peru: a new species from southern Peru, a new record and a first report on interspecific hybridization in Malesherbia
FIGURE 2. Malesherbia fatimae, photographic plate. a. inflorescence; b. flower; c. leaf, abaxial and adaxial side; d. androgynophore (with bracts and bractoles attached); e. Perianth, seen from adaxial side; f. corona and perianth seen from adaxial side (M. Weigend et al. 9372).
FIGURE 1. Malesherbia fatimae, line drawing. a in Notes on Malesherbia (Passifloraceae) in Peru: a new species from southern Peru, a new record and a first report on interspecific hybridization in Malesherbia
FIGURE 1. Malesherbia fatimae, line drawing. a. habit and inflorescence; b. leaf; c. calyx lobe; d. petal; e. corona; f. calyx and corolla seen from adaxial side, corona removed; g. androgynophore, stamens, ovary, and styles [drawn from Weibel 05 (USM) by Hamilton Beltrán].
FIGURE 6 in Emerging natural hybrid between Invasive Species and Native Congener of Emilia (Asteraceae) Found in Northern Taiwan
FIGURE 6. (A) Morphology of styles of E. praetermissa (E. p.), E. × latens (Hybrid) and E. sonchifolia var. javanica (E. s. j.) respectively. The ovary has been removed. (B, C, D) A close-up view of the style branches and stigma of E. praetermissa, E. ×latens and E. sonchifolia var. javanica respectively. The brownish stains result from the damage of forceps when we isolated the style even very carefully. (E, F, G) The morphology of stigma under 100× field of microscope, in the same order as prior. (Photographer: WANG, JEN-YU).
FIGURE 3 in Emerging natural hybrid between Invasive Species and Native Congener of Emilia (Asteraceae) Found in Northern Taiwan
FIGURE 3. The result of flow cytometry of Emilia in Taiwan. (A) & (B) Emilia sonchofolia var. javanica. (C) Emilia praetermissa. (D) Emilia fosbergii. (E) & (F) Emilia ×latens, the strength level at the nuclear count peak is similar to all the other samples (2n=20), which indicates E. ×latens is also 2n=20.
FIGURE 2 in Emerging natural hybrid between Invasive Species and Native Congener of Emilia (Asteraceae) Found in Northern Taiwan
FIGURE 2. (A) Pollen stainability of E. sonchifolia var. javanica (E. s. j.), E. praetermissa (E. p.) and E. ×latens (Hybrid). (B) Representative photo for the staining of the pollens from E. ×latens. (Photographer: WANG, JEN-YU).
FIGURE 1 in Emerging natural hybrid between Invasive Species and Native Congener of Emilia (Asteraceae) Found in Northern Taiwan
FIGURE 1. Morphology of capitula and florets of E. praetermissa (E. p.), E. sonchifolia var. javanica (E. s. j.) and E. ×latens (Hybrid). (A) Lateral view of the capitula, the florets of E. praetermissa and E. ×latens extend more outwardly, which makes the capitula looks more open. (B) Top view. (C) Dissected involucre, showing the intermediate trichome density in E. ×latens. (D) Florets, showing corolla lobes, color of corolla and stigma. (Photographer: WANG, JEN-YU).
FIGURE 1 in On the Romanian endemic species of Salvia (Lamiaceae) and its natural hybrids: nomenclatural and taxonomic aspects
FIGURE 1. Lectotype of Salvia pratensis var. transsylvanica, the basionym of Salvia transsylvanica (GOET038101).
Data from: Characterising a hybrid zone between a cryptic species pair of freshwater snails
Characterising hybrid zones and their dynamics is a central goal in evolutionary biology, but this is particularly challenging for morphologically cryptic species. The lack of conspicuous divergence between parental types means intermediate hybrid forms often go undetected. We aimed to detect and characterise a suspected hybrid zone between a pair of morphologically cryptic lineages of the freshwater snail, Radix. We sampled Radix from across a contact zone between two mitochondrial lineages (Radix balthica and an undescribed lineage termed MOTU3) and detected admixture between two nuclear genotype clusters, which were significantly but not categorically associated with the mitochondrial lineages. In a model selection approach, we show that the admixture cline is best explained by an interaction between precipitation and temperature gradients over the area, rather than geographic distance. We thus hypothesise that the correlation with climatic gradients suggests environmental selection has played a role in maintaining the hybrid zone. In a 2050 climate change scenario, we furthermore predict an expansion of one of the nuclear clusters and a widening of the hybrid zone as the climate warms and dries.
Data from: Strongly asymmetric hybridization barriers shape the origin of a new polyploid species and its hybrid ancestor
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Hybridization between diploids and tetraploids can lead to new allopolyploid species, often via a triploid intermediate. Viable triploids are often produced asymmetrically, with greater success observed for "maternal-excess" crosses where the mother has a higher ploidy than the father. Here we investigated the evolutionary origins of Mimulus peregrinus, an allohexaploid recently derived from the triploid M. ×robertsii, to determine whether reproductive asymmetry has shaped the formation of this new species. METHODS: We used reciprocal crosses between the diploid (M. guttatus) and tetraploid (M. luteus) progenitors to determine the viability of triploid M. ×robertsii hybrids resulting from paternal- vs. maternal-excess crosses. To investigate whether experimental results predict patterns seen in the field, we performed parentage analyses comparing natural populations of M. peregrinus to its diploid, tetraploid, and triploid progenitors. Organellar sequences obtained from pre-existing genomic data, supplemented with additional genotyping was used to establish the maternal ancestry of multiple M. peregrinus and M. ×robertsii populations. KEY RESULTS: We found strong evidence for asymmetric origins of M. peregrinus, but opposite to the common pattern, with paternal-excess crosses significantly more successful than maternal-excess crosses. These results successfully predicted hybrid formation in nature: 111 of 114 M. ×robertsii individuals, and 27 of 27 M. peregrinus, had an M. guttatus maternal haplotype. CONCLUSION: This study, which includes the first Mimulus chloroplast genome assembly, demonstrates the utility of parentage analysis through genome skimming. We highlight the benefits of complementing genomic analyses with experimental approaches to understand asymmetry in allopolyploid speciation.
Data from: A hybrid phylogenetic–phylogenomic approach for species tree estimation in African Agama lizards with applications to biogeography, character evolution, and diversification
Africa is renowned for its biodiversity and endemicity, yet little is known about the factors shaping them across the continent. African Agama lizards (45 species) have a pan-continental distribution, making them an ideal model for investigating biogeography. Many species have evolved conspicuous sexually dimorphic traits, including extravagant breeding coloration in adult males, large adult male body sizes, and variability in social systems among colorful versus drab species. We present a comprehensive time-calibrated species tree for Agama, and their close relatives, using a hybrid phylogenetic-phylogenomic approach that combines traditional Sanger sequence data from five loci for 57 species (146 samples) with anchored phylogenomic data from 215 nuclear genes for 23 species. The Sanger data are analyzed using coalescent-based species tree inference using *BEAST, and the resulting posterior distribution of species trees is attenuated using the phylogenomic tree as a backbone constraint. The result is a time-calibrated species tree for Agama that includes 95% of all species, multiple samples for most species, strong support for the major clades, and strong support for most of the initial divergence events. Diversification within Agama began approximately 23 million years ago (Ma), and separate radiations in Southern, East, West, and Northern Africa have been diversifying for > 10 Myr. A suite of traits (morphological, coloration, and sociality) are tightly correlated and show a strong signal of high morphological disparity within clades, whereby the subsequent evolution of convergent phenotypes has accompanied diversification into new biogeographic areas.
FIGURE 3. A–F. Comparison between the two species and the hybrid. A–B. Sinningia macrostachya. A. Habit. B in Sinningia × vacariensis (Gesneriaceae) from Southern Brazil, the first natural hybrid described for the genus
FIGURE 3. A–F. Comparison between the two species and the hybrid. A–B. Sinningia macrostachya. A. Habit. B. Detail of flower. C–E. S. × vacariensis. C. Habit. D. Detail of inflorescence. E. Detail of flower F–G. S. lineata. F. Habit. G. Detail of flower.
Data from: Low levels of hybridization across two contact zones among three species of woodpeckers (Sphyrapicus sapsuckers)
Three species of closely related woodpeckers (sapsuckers; Sphyrapicus) hybridize where they come into contact, presenting a rare 'λ‐shape' meeting of hybrid zones. Two of the three arms of this hybrid zone are located on either side of the Interior Plateau of British Columbia, Canada bordering the foothills of the Coast Mountains and the Rocky Mountains. The third arm is located in the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The zones of hybridization present high variability of phenotypes and alleles in relatively small areas and provide an opportunity to examine levels of reproductive isolation between the taxa involved. We examined phenotypes (morphometric traits and plumage) and genotypes of 175 live birds across the two hybrid zones. We used the Genotyping By Sequencing (GBS) method to identify 180 partially diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to generate a genetic hybrid index (GHI) for each bird. Phenotypically diverged S. ruber and S. nuchalis are genetically closely related, while S. nuchalis and S. varius have similar plumage but are well separated at the genetic markers studied. The width of both hybrid zones is narrower than expected under neutrality, and analyses of both genotypes and phenotypes indicate that hybrids are rare in the hybrid zone. Rarity of hybrids indicates assortative mating and/or some form of fitness reduction in hybrids, which might maintain the species complex despite close genetic distance and introgression. These findings further support the treatment of the three taxa as distinct species.
FIGURE 5. Hybrids. A, C in Exhuming Saint-Hilaire: revision of the Drosera villosa complex (Droseraceae) supports 200 year-old neglected species concepts
FIGURE 5. Hybrids. A, C, Drosera villosa × D. tomentosa var. glabrata at the Serra do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais. B, Drosera latifolia × D. tomentosa var. tomentosa (bottom two rosettes) and D. latifolia (top rosette) at Couto de Magalhães de Minas, Minas Gerais. D, E, Drosera latifolia × D. tomentosa var. glabrata at Diamantina, Minas Gerais. (A, C, by Adilson Peres; B by F. Rivadavia; D, E, by P.M. Gonella.)
FIGURE 3 in A new species and a new natural hybrid of Laelia (Orchidaceae) from Oaxaca, Mexico
FIGURE 3. Laelia ×oaxacana. A. Flowering plant. B. Flower. C. Labellum and column from side. D. Dorsal sepal. E. Petal. F. Lateral sepal. G. Labellum. H. Column, ventral view. I. Column, side view. J. Column in longitudinal section. K. Anther. L. Pollinarium. Drawn by Rolando Jiménez-Machorro from Lau sub Hágsater 9539.
FIGURE 1. Laelia halbingeriana. A. Flowering plant. B. Flower. C. Labellum and column from side. D. Dorsal sepal. E. Petal. F. Lateral sepal. G. Labellum. H. Column, ventral view. I in A new species and a new natural hybrid of Laelia (Orchidaceae) from Oaxaca, Mexico
FIGURE 1. Laelia halbingeriana. A. Flowering plant. B. Flower. C. Labellum and column from side. D. Dorsal sepal. E. Petal. F. Lateral sepal. G. Labellum. H. Column, ventral view. I. Column apex, ventral view after removal of the pollinarium. J. Ovary and column, longitudinal section. K. Anther. L. Pollinarium. Drawn by Rolando Jiménez-Machorro from Guzmán sub Soto 7934.
FIGURE 4 in A new species and a new natural hybrid of Laelia (Orchidaceae) from Oaxaca, Mexico
FIGURE 4. Distribution of Laelia anceps, L. halbingeriana, L. superbiens and L. ×oaxacana. Symbols indicate point locality records of each species; colours indicate potential distribution areas according to the best models obtained with GARP (see text).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.