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Figure 1. A in Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Figure 1. A, study location; distribution area of Scaphinotus petersi is circled. Habitats above 1830 m a.s.l. are shown in black, and habitats between 1500 and 1830 m a.s.l. are shown in grey. B, shaded relief map of study area. Black dots denote the sampling localities of S. petersi used in this study (see Table 1), abbreviated as follows: C, Chiricahua Mountains; H, Huachuca Mountains; P, Pinal Mountains; PN, Pinaleño Mountains; R, Rincon Mountains; SA, Sierra Ancha Mountains; SC, Santa Catalina Mountains; SR, Santa Rita Mountains; WM, White Mountains. Figure modified from Ober et al. (2011).
Figure 2. A in Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Figure 2. A, head shape landmarks on female Scaphinotus petersi biedermani from Rincon Mountains. Pronotum shape landmarks: (B) Scaphinotus petersi kathleenae male from Santa Rita Mountains; (C) Scaphinotus petersi biedermani female from Rincon Mountains.
Figure 5 in Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Figure 5. Scatter plots of canonical variate analyses (CVA) for pronotum shape: CV1 versus CV2 of (A) female and (B) male pronota. Legend indicates the mountain ranges from where the specimen was collected. For both plots, shape deformation of pronotum is shown for the extreme points of each axis. A dotted line separates populations in clade A of the phylogenetic tree from those in clade B.
Supplementary material 1 from: Degtjarenko P, Jüriado I, Mandel T, Tõrra T, Saag A, Scheidegger C, Randlane T (2019) Microsatellite based genetic diversity of the widespread epiphytic lichen Usnea subfloridana (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in Estonia: comparison of populations from the mainland and an island. MycoKeys 58: 27-45. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.58.36557
Supplementary material 1 from: Degtjarenko P, Jüriado I, Mandel T, Tõrra T, Saag A, Scheidegger C, Randlane T (2019) Microsatellite based genetic diversity of the widespread epiphytic lichen Usnea subfloridana (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in Estonia: comparison of populations from the mainland and an island. MycoKeys 58: 27-45. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.58.36557
Supplementary material 2 from: Degtjarenko P, Jüriado I, Mandel T, Tõrra T, Saag A, Scheidegger C, Randlane T (2019) Microsatellite based genetic diversity of the widespread epiphytic lichen Usnea subfloridana (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in Estonia: comparison of populations from the mainland and an island. MycoKeys 58: 27-45. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.58.36557
Supplementary material 2 from: Degtjarenko P, Jüriado I, Mandel T, Tõrra T, Saag A, Scheidegger C, Randlane T (2019) Microsatellite based genetic diversity of the widespread epiphytic lichen Usnea subfloridana (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in Estonia: comparison of populations from the mainland and an island. MycoKeys 58: 27-45. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.58.36557
Data from: Pleistocene island connectivity did not enhance dispersal or impact population size change in Galápagos geckos
<p>Patterns of biodiversity on remote archipelagos are largely shaped by intra-archipelago colonization followed by in situ diversification. Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations purportedly enhanced gene flow among terrestrial organisms by increasing connectivity during periods of lower sea level. Furthermore, changes in sea-level are hypothesized to impact population sizes as a result of fluctuations in island sizes. Here, we used genomic data to test the role of Pleistocene island connectivity on the diversification and demographics of leaf-toed geckos (Phyllodactylus) endemic to the Galápagos. Consistent with previous studies, we found that present diversity of Galápagos Phyllodactylus stems from three independent dispersal events. Contrary to the hypothesis of Pleistocene-driven diversification, we found no correspondence between lineage divergence, island ages, and island connectivity. Furthermore, we found no evidence of introgression, demographic modeling indicated that all species increased rapidly in effective population size between 20–150 kya, and these inferred demographic expansions were largely asynchronous and apparently unassociated with species or island age. Collectively these results indicate that more complex abiotic and/or biotic factors may better explain the recent demographic history of Phyllodactylus and underscore the need for additional population genomic studies of terrestrial taxa to understand the impact of past climate cycles on Galápagos island communities.</p>
Figure 3. Four dendrograms depicting the hierarchical relationship between the nine Chthamalus populations. A in Molecular analysis reveals a cryptic species of Chthamalus (Crustacea: Cirripedia) in the Cape Verde Islands
Figure 3. Four dendrograms depicting the hierarchical relationship between the nine Chthamalus populations. A, Pearson's correlation coefficient with UPGMA amalgamation. B, modified Morisita's similarity coefficient with farthest neighbour amalgamation. C, squared Euclidean distance with minimum variance amalgamation. D, Manhattan distance with nearest neighbour amalgamation.
Subspecies and Distribution. V. t. tangalunga Gray, 1832 — Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, several Indonesian islands (Amboina I, Banggi I, Langkawi I, Rhio-Lingga Archipelago, Bangka I, Karimata I & Sulawesi), and the Philippines; also two records from Java, but no evidence of native population. V. t. lankavensis Robinson & Kloss, 1920 — Malaysia (Langkawi I). in Viverridae
Subspecies and Distribution. V. t. tangalunga Gray, 1832 — Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, several Indonesian islands (Amboina I, Banggi I, Langkawi I, Rhio-Lingga Archipelago, Bangka I, Karimata I & Sulawesi), and the Philippines; also two records from Java, but no evidence of native population. V. t. lankavensis Robinson & Kloss, 1920 — Malaysia (Langkawi I).
Distribution. Java. Several biogeographic reviews failed to list the genus for Bali, an island directly east of Java with strong biogeographic affinities to the latter. A sighting was, however, reported from Bali Barat National Park, in a birdwatching trip report. Given the live-animal trade of this species on Java, further records are needed to confirm whether or not there is a native population of the genus on Bali. If there is, biogeographic considerations suggest it would be most closely related to the Javan population and quite probably conspecific. in Tragulidae
Distribution. Java. Several biogeographic reviews failed to list the genus for Bali, an island directly east of Java with strong biogeographic affinities to the latter. A sighting was, however, reported from Bali Barat National Park, in a birdwatching trip report. Given the live-animal trade of this species on Java, further records are needed to confirm whether or not there is a native population of the genus on Bali. If there is, biogeographic considerations suggest it would be most closely related to the Javan population and quite probably conspecific.
Subspecies and Distribution. T.n.napuF.Cuvier,1822—SMyanmar,Thai/MalayPeninsula,islandsoffWMalayPeninsula(Langkawi&Pangkor),Borneo,SSumatra,BangkaI,islandsoffBorneo(Laut&Serasan). T.n.bangue:Chasen&Kloss,1931—BanggiIandBalembanganI,offNBorneo. T.n.bunguranensisMiller,1901—NatunaIs(=Bunguran),oftWBorneo. T.n.neubronneriSody,1931—NSumatra. T.n.nmiasisLyon,1916—NiasI,offWSumatra. T.n.rufulusMiller,1900—TiomanI,offEMalayPeninsula,RiauandLinggaArchipelagos. T. n. terutus Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 — Terutau I, off W Malay Peninsula. The species was recently reconfirmed for Singapore. Maps that include Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in the distribution range are based on the earlier assumption that 7. versicolor was a subspecies of 1. napu. Subsequent studies have indicated that 7. versicolor is a distinct species, and that the range of 1. napu therefore does not extend into Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The northern limit on the Thai-Malay peninsula is not well defined. Specimens of 1. napu have been collected from as far north as Bankachon in southern Myanmar (10° 08" N), but despite fairly intensive camera-trapping in Kui Buri National Park, Thailand (12° N), 7. napu has not been photographed there. At the northern margin ofits range, it is generally rare. It has been reported, for example, that during the flooding of the Chiew Larn Reservoir (Surat Thani Province; about 9° N, 98° 45' E), only six 7. napu were rescued compared with 172 71. kanchil. This area is the transition zone from wetter evergreen forest to drier deciduous types, and it might be that 7° napu is not well adapted to the drier forest types towards the northern limit ofits range. There are unconfirmed reports of the species on Java, where it may have been confused with one of the two color morphs of 7. javanicus. As explained in the Taxonomy section, the subspecific status of the populations of several islands remains unclear. in Tragulidae
Subspecies and Distribution. T.n.napuF.Cuvier,1822—SMyanmar,Thai/MalayPeninsula,islandsoffWMalayPeninsula(Langkawi&Pangkor),Borneo,SSumatra,BangkaI,islandsoffBorneo(Laut&Serasan). T.n.bangue:Chasen&Kloss,1931—BanggiIandBalembanganI,offNBorneo. T.n.bunguranensisMiller,1901—NatunaIs(=Bunguran),oftWBorneo. T.n.neubronneriSody,1931—NSumatra. T.n.nmiasisLyon,1916—NiasI,offWSumatra. T.n.rufulusMiller,1900—TiomanI,offEMalayPeninsula,RiauandLinggaArchipelagos. T. n. terutus Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 — Terutau I, off W Malay Peninsula. The species was recently reconfirmed for Singapore. Maps that include Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in the distribution range are based on the earlier assumption that 7. versicolor was a subspecies of 1. napu. Subsequent studies have indicated that 7. versicolor is a distinct species, and that the range of 1. napu therefore does not extend into Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The northern limit on the Thai-Malay peninsula is not well defined. Specimens of 1. napu have been collected from as far north as Bankachon in southern Myanmar (10° 08" N), but despite fairly intensive camera-trapping in Kui Buri National Park, Thailand (12° N), 7. napu has not been photographed there. At the northern margin ofits range, it is generally rare. It has been reported, for example, that during the flooding of the Chiew Larn Reservoir (Surat Thani Province; about 9° N, 98° 45' E), only six 7. napu were rescued compared with 172 71. kanchil. This area is the transition zone from wetter evergreen forest to drier deciduous types, and it might be that 7° napu is not well adapted to the drier forest types towards the northern limit ofits range. There are unconfirmed reports of the species on Java, where it may have been confused with one of the two color morphs of 7. javanicus. As explained in the Taxonomy section, the subspecific status of the populations of several islands remains unclear.
Subspecies and Distribution. T.k.kanchilRaffles,1822—Sumatra,islandsoffESumatra(Mendol&Berhala). T.k.abruptusChasen,1935—SubiI,oftWBorneo. T.k.affinisGray,1861—Vietnam,Laos,SE&EThailand,Cambodia. T.k.anambensisChasen&Kloss,1928—AnambasArchipelago(MatakI). T.k.angustiaeKloss,1918—SMyanmar,SWThaimainland(probablylimitedtoWoftheChaoPhrayaRiver). T.k.everettiBonhote,1903—NatunaIs(Bunguran),offWBorneo. T.k.fulviventerGray,1836—SMalayPeninsula(Sof7°N). T.k.hosetBonhote,1903—Borneo(Sarawak,West,Central,East&SouthKalimantan). T.k.klossiChasen,1935—NBorneo(NEastKalimantan,E&CSabah,andpossiblyWSabahandBrunei. T.k.luteicollisLyon,1906—BangkaI,offESumatra. T.k.pidonisChasen,1940—KohPipidonI(=PhiPhiDon),offWMalayPeninsula. T.k.ravulusMiller,1903—islandsoffWMalayPeninsula(KohAdang&KohRawi). T.k.ravusMiller,1902—SThailand,NMalayPeninsula. T.k.rubeusMiller,1903—RiauArchipelago(BintanI). T.k.siantanicusChasen&Kloss,1928—AnambasArchipelago(SiantanI). T. k. subrufus Miller, 1903 — Lingga Archipelago (Lingga & Singkep Is). The range on the Asian mainland is poorly known and could occur as far north as China (S Yunnan). As stated in the Taxonomy section, the subspecific status of the populations of some areas of Borneo (W Sabah, Brunei & N Sarawak) and several other islands remains unclear. in Tragulidae
Subspecies and Distribution. T.k.kanchilRaffles,1822—Sumatra,islandsoffESumatra(Mendol&Berhala). T.k.abruptusChasen,1935—SubiI,oftWBorneo. T.k.affinisGray,1861—Vietnam,Laos,SE&EThailand,Cambodia. T.k.anambensisChasen&Kloss,1928—AnambasArchipelago(MatakI). T.k.angustiaeKloss,1918—SMyanmar,SWThaimainland(probablylimitedtoWoftheChaoPhrayaRiver). T.k.everettiBonhote,1903—NatunaIs(Bunguran),offWBorneo. T.k.fulviventerGray,1836—SMalayPeninsula(Sof7°N). T.k.hosetBonhote,1903—Borneo(Sarawak,West,Central,East&SouthKalimantan). T.k.klossiChasen,1935—NBorneo(NEastKalimantan,E&CSabah,andpossiblyWSabahandBrunei. T.k.luteicollisLyon,1906—BangkaI,offESumatra. T.k.pidonisChasen,1940—KohPipidonI(=PhiPhiDon),offWMalayPeninsula. T.k.ravulusMiller,1903—islandsoffWMalayPeninsula(KohAdang&KohRawi). T.k.ravusMiller,1902—SThailand,NMalayPeninsula. T.k.rubeusMiller,1903—RiauArchipelago(BintanI). T.k.siantanicusChasen&Kloss,1928—AnambasArchipelago(SiantanI). T. k. subrufus Miller, 1903 — Lingga Archipelago (Lingga & Singkep Is). The range on the Asian mainland is poorly known and could occur as far north as China (S Yunnan). As stated in the Taxonomy section, the subspecific status of the populations of some areas of Borneo (W Sabah, Brunei & N Sarawak) and several other islands remains unclear.
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.
Figure 1 in Effects of islanding on the genetics of Niviventer confucianus (Mamalia: Rodentia: Muridae) populations in the Thousand Island Lake region
Figure 1. Distribution of 13 islands and three peninsulas in the study. There are 16 populations in total. We collected samples from 5 to 10 points randomly on each island. Here, we have not shown the collection points in Figure 1 because of the different sizes of islands (i.e. collection points cannot be plotted clearly enough on small islands in Figure 1).
Figure 2 in Effects of islanding on the genetics of Niviventer confucianus (Mamalia: Rodentia: Muridae) populations in the Thousand Island Lake region
Figure 2. Bayesian clustering assignment of individual Niviventer confucianus to three clusters based on nuclear (microsatellite) genetic data. Each vertical column represents one individual, with the length of coloured segments proportional to the assignment strength of that individual to each of the three clusters. Most individuals of populations CS, G, D, DM, LW, L and TS are assigned to Cluster 1 (light grey); most individuals of populations Q, Y, JS and ZD are assigned to Cluster 2 (grey); and most individuals of populations WS, WT, ZD and CF are assigned to Cluster 3 (dark). Combined with the island distribution (Figure 1), a reasonable dispersion history of populations could be postulated: population L and TS might be the dispersion centre of Cluster 1, population Y might be the dispersion centre of Cluster 2, and population WT might be the dispersion centre of Cluster 3. Populations in Clusters 1 and 2 are more closely related based on the value of allele frequency divergence (0.0145).
Distribution. Endemic to Chile, with a disjunct distribution in the forests of Chiloé Island, and on the mainland coastal mountains in Nahuelbuta National Park. Evidence of a new population was foud recently at Punta Chan Chan, N of Valdivia. in Canidae
Distribution. Endemic to Chile, with a disjunct distribution in the forests of Chiloé Island, and on the mainland coastal mountains in Nahuelbuta National Park. Evidence of a new population was foud recently at Punta Chan Chan, N of Valdivia.
Data from: Population genomics of Sitka black-tailed deer supports invasive species management and ecological restoration on islands
<p>Invasive mammals represent a critical threat to island biodiversity; eradications can result in ecological restoration yet may fail in the absence of key population parameters. Over-browsing by invasive Sitka black-tailed deer (<em>Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis</em>) is causing severe ecological and cultural impacts across the Haida Gwaii archipelago (Canada). Previous eradication attempts demonstrate forest regeneration upon deer removal, but reinvasion reverses conservation gains. Here we use restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (12,947 SNPs) to investigate connectivity and gene flow of invasive deer (n=181) across 15 islands, revealing little structure throughout Haida Gwaii and identifying the large, central island of Moresby (>2,600 km2) as the greatest source of migrants. As a result, the archipelago itself should be considered the primary eradication unit, with the exception of geographically isolated islands like SGang Gwaay. Thus, limiting eradications to isolated islands combined with controlled culling and enhanced biosecurity may be the most effective strategies for achieving ecological restoration goals.</p>
Subspecies and Distribution. R.m.mariannaDesmarest,1822—Luzon|andassociatedsmallerIs. R.m.barandanaHeude,1888—MindoroI. R. m. nigella Hollister, 1813 — Mindanao, Basilan, Samar, and Leyte Is. In addition to its native range, introduced populations of this species are found on the islands of Guam, Saipan and Rota in the Mariana Is and Pohnpei in the Caroline Is. The Philippine Brown Deer was also introduced to the Japanese Bonin Islands, where it later became extinct. in Cervidae
Subspecies and Distribution. R.m.mariannaDesmarest,1822—Luzon|andassociatedsmallerIs. R.m.barandanaHeude,1888—MindoroI. R. m. nigella Hollister, 1813 — Mindanao, Basilan, Samar, and Leyte Is. In addition to its native range, introduced populations of this species are found on the islands of Guam, Saipan and Rota in the Mariana Is and Pohnpei in the Caroline Is. The Philippine Brown Deer was also introduced to the Japanese Bonin Islands, where it later became extinct.
Distribution. Arctic and subarctic waters S to ¢.50° N, Greenlandic and E European populations have their S distributional limits farther to the N at c.64° N. Young Belugas occasionally stray S of their normal distribution, and they have been seen near Long Island, New York, USA, and in the Seine River, France. in Monodontidae
Distribution. Arctic and subarctic waters S to ¢.50° N, Greenlandic and E European populations have their S distributional limits farther to the N at c.64° N. Young Belugas occasionally stray S of their normal distribution, and they have been seen near Long Island, New York, USA, and in the Seine River, France.
Subspecies and Distribution. L.g.granatensisRosenhauer,1856—IberianPeninsulaexceptN&NE. L.g.gallaeciusMiller,1907—Galicia,andWAsturias(NWSpain). L. g. solisi Palacios & Fernandez, 1992 — Mallorca (Balearic Is), but this population may have been introduced by early settlers on the islands. in Leporidae
Subspecies and Distribution. L.g.granatensisRosenhauer,1856—IberianPeninsulaexceptN&NE. L.g.gallaeciusMiller,1907—Galicia,andWAsturias(NWSpain). L. g. solisi Palacios & Fernandez, 1992 — Mallorca (Balearic Is), but this population may have been introduced by early settlers on the islands.
Subspecies and Distribution. G.v.variegatusAudebert,1799—WJavaandnearbyMaduraI. G.v.borneanusLyon,1911—BorneoandnearbyBalembangan,Banggi,andLautIs. G.v.peninsulaeThomas,1908—mainlandSouth-eastAsia(ELaos,Vietnam,SECambodia,extremeSEMyanmar,andSThailand)andtheMalayPeninsula(includingButang,Tarutao,Langkawi,Penang,Pangkor,Singapore,Perhentians,Tioman,andAurIs). G. v. temminckit Waterhouse, 1839 — Sumatra and nearby Nias, Batu, Siberut, and Rupat Is, also on Bangka. It is unknown to which subspecies colugo populations on more distant islands belong to, such those on Belitung, Karimata, Anambas and Natuna Is, and the Riau and Lingga archipelagos. in Cynocephalidae
Subspecies and Distribution. G.v.variegatusAudebert,1799—WJavaandnearbyMaduraI. G.v.borneanusLyon,1911—BorneoandnearbyBalembangan,Banggi,andLautIs. G.v.peninsulaeThomas,1908—mainlandSouth-eastAsia(ELaos,Vietnam,SECambodia,extremeSEMyanmar,andSThailand)andtheMalayPeninsula(includingButang,Tarutao,Langkawi,Penang,Pangkor,Singapore,Perhentians,Tioman,andAurIs). G. v. temminckit Waterhouse, 1839 — Sumatra and nearby Nias, Batu, Siberut, and Rupat Is, also on Bangka. It is unknown to which subspecies colugo populations on more distant islands belong to, such those on Belitung, Karimata, Anambas and Natuna Is, and the Riau and Lingga archipelagos.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.