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North Temperate Lakes LTER: High Frequency Water Temperature Data - Sparkling Bog North Buoy 2008 - 2012

The instrumented buoy on Sparkling Bog North is equipped with a thermistor chain that measures water temperature at the surface, at 0.25 m and at every .5 m from 0.5 m to 4.5 m. The buoy is also equipped with a dissolved oxygen sensor, meteorological sensors, a CO2 sensor and a YSI AutoProfiler that provide fundamental information on lake thermal structure, weather conditions, and lake metabolism. Prior to May 2009, data were collected at 1 minute or 10 minute intervals. Since May 2009, data are being collected each minute. Hourly and daily water temperature averages are computed from high resolution data. Hourly and daily values may not be current with high resolution data. In 2008, the instrumented buoy was deployed in Sparkling Bog North from March 24 to November 10. In 2009, the buoy was deployed on the ice on March 7 and was not removed for the winter of 2009 to 2010. Sampling Frequency: varies for instantaneous sample. Generally 1 minute or 10 minutes. Number of sites: 1

North Temperate Lakes LTER: High Frequency CO2 and YSI AutoProfiler Data - Sparkling Bog North Buoy 2008

The instrumented buoy on Sparkling Bog North is equipped with a CO2 monitor and a YSI AutoProfiler that measures several parameters including dissolved oxygen, water temperature, conductivity, pH, ORP, turbulence and chlorophyll-a. The buoy is also equipped with a thermistor chain and a D-OPTO dissolved oxygen sensor at depth .5 m as well as meteorological sensors that provide fundamental information on lake thermal structure, weather conditions, and lake metabolism. Data are usually collected either at 1 minute or 10 minute intervals. Sampling Frequency: varies for instantaneous sample. Generally 1 minute or 10 minutes. Number of sites: 1

Little Rock Lake - CWH Study at North Temperate Lakes LTER - Benthic Macroinvertebrates 2002 - 2004

Benthic invertebrates were collected as part of CWH (coarse woody habitat) study on Little Rock Lake in Vilas county, WI. Pre-manipulation sampling of the macroinvertebrate communities was conducted in the summer of 2002 before the CWH reduction and six times after the reduction, in early, mid, and late summer (May-August) of 2003 and 2004. We divided the shoreline of Little Rock Lake into 50 m sections and randomly chose five sections from each basin for each separate sampling of macroinvertebrates. We collected two benthos and two CWH macroinvertebrate samples at each section. We constructed a benthos sampler by connecting a SCUBA tank to a 7.6 cm PVC pipe with a hose attached 10 cm from one end of the pipe (Wahle and Steneck 1991; Roth et al. 2007). A 500 m Nitex mesh bag was place at the top end of the pipe furthest from the attached hose. Once the tank was turned on, a vacuum formed that sucked the benthos sample into the bag. We used a 0.09 m2 hoop to delineate the benthos sampling area. We sampled CWH using a self-contained, battery-powered aquatic vacuum with a 500 m Nitex mesh bag (Vander Zanden et al. 2006). Sampling lasted for 30 seconds. All samples were stored in 95% ethanol until processed. Macroinvertebrates were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Helmus M.R. and Sass G.G. (2008) The rapid effects of a whole-lake reduction of coarse woody debris on fish and benthic macroinvertebrates. Freshwater Biology, 53, 1423-1433 Number of sites: 44 Sampling Frequency: once pre-manipulation, 6 sampling regimes after reduction

Cross Lake Comparison at North Temperate Lakes LTER - Benthic Macroinvertebrates 2003

Benthic invertebrates were collected in 2003 as part of Coarse Woody Habitat (CWH) study on 10 Biocomplexity - Cross Lake Comparison lakes in Vilas County, WI. We chose five lakes with high density of houses and five lakes with a low density of houses based on the lakes and housing quintiles developed by Anna Marburg. In each lake, we chose three sites with no wood and three sites with high wood based on the CLC surveys. We took two benthos samples at each site and for the sites with CWH, we took two wood samples. Macroinvertebrates were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Number of sites: 60 Sampling Frequency: once per site

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North Temperate Lakes LTER: Phytoplankton - Trout Lake Area 1984 - 2006

Phytoplankton samples from the seven northern Wisconsin LTER lakes in the Trout Lake area (Allequash, Big Muskellunge, Crystal, Sparkling, and Trout lakes and bog lakes 27-02 [Crystal Bog], and 12-15 [Trout Bog]) are collected six times per year at the deep hole sampling station at the same time as our other limnological sampling is conducted. We use a peristaltic pump and tubing, collecting a separate sample from the epilimnion, metalimnion and hypolimnion for most of the lakes. For 27-2 Bog Lake, which is only 2m deep, we collect one 0-2m composite sample. The samples are preserved with Lugols iodine solution. We create a single hypsometrically pooled composite sample per lake from subsamples of the strata samples. The pooled samples are sent to PhycoTech, Inc., a private lab specializing in phytoplankton analysis, to be made into permanent slide mounts. The slide mounts, 3 slides per sample, are archived at the University of Wisconsin - Madison Zoology Museum Phytoplankton are identified to species using an inverted microscope (Utermohl technique) and are reported as natural unit (i.e., colonies, filaments, or single cells) densities per mL, cell densities per mL, and algal biovolume densities per mL. Multiple entries for the same species on the same date may be due to different variants or vegetative states - (e.g., colonial or attached vs. free cell.) Biovolumes for individual cells of each species are determined during the counting procedure by obtaining cell measurements needed to calculate volumes for geometric solids (e.g., cylinders, spheres, truncated cones) corresponding to actual cell shapes. Biovolume concentrations are then computed by mulitplying the average cell biovolume by the cell densities in the water sample. Note that one million cubicMicrometers of biovolume PerMilliliter of water are equal to a biovolume concentration of one cubicMillimeterPerMilliliter. Assuming a cell density equal to water, a cubicMillimeterPerMilliliter of biovolume conv

Lake Wingra Exclosure Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Sampledate Conditions 2005 - 2008

Starting in late summer 2005, Wisconsin Dept of Natural Resources (WDNR), Dane County, Friends of Lake Wingra (FOLW), and NTL-LTER initiated a 3-year experiment in Lake Wingra to test the response of the native macrophyte community to clearer water produced from a major carp reduction program. This demonstration-scale experiment includes the construction of a 1.0-hectare rectangular carp exclosure with its solid vinyl walls extending from the lake shoreline to a water depth of 2.9 meters. NTL-LTER conducts the routine limnological monitoring of the lake and exclosure and is leading the science evaluation of potential lake restoration activities. The exclosure experiment was terminated in the fall of 2008. The exclosure was removed from Lake Wingra at that time. Sampling is done both within the exclosure and at a control site located nearby in the littoral zone. The sample location within the exclosure is equidistant from the side walls and approximately 75 meters from the shore in a water depth of approximately 2.5 meters. The control site sample location is approximately 75 meters west of the exclosure sample site at the same approximate distance from shore and water depth. Samples are taken at the same time and on the same schedule as the NTL-LTER limnological sampling on Lake Wingra, e.g., biweekly spring through summer, every 4 weeks in the fall, and once during the winter depending on ice conditions. Parameters measured within the exclosure and at the control site include water temperature, dissolved oxygen, secchi depth and chlorophyll-a. Additional parameters measured only within the exclosure include total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate + nitrite nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved reactive phosphorus and dissolved reactive silica. Auxiliary data collected while sampling for the exclosure experiment. Data include time of day, air temperature, cloud cover, wave height, bottom depth, wind speed and direction. Sampling Frequency: generally bi-we

Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Nutrients 1996 - 2000

The Little Rock Acidification Experiment was a joint project involving the USEPA (Duluth Lab), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, University of Wisconsin-Superior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Little Rock Lake is a bi-lobed lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. In 1983 the lake was divided in half by an impermeable curtain and from 1984-1989 the northern basin of the lake was acidified with sulfuric acid in three two-year stages. The target pHs for 1984-5, 1986-7, and 1988-9 were 5.7, 5.2, and 4.7, respectively. Starting in 1990 the lake was allowed to recover naturally with the curtain still in place. Data were collected through 2000. The main objective was to understand the population, community, and ecosystem responses to whole-lake acidification. Funding for this project was provided by the USEPA and NSF. Parameters characterizing the nutrient chemistry of the treatment and reference basins of Little Rock Lake are measured at one station in the deepest part of each basin at the top and bottom of the epilimnion, mid-thermocline, and top, middle, and bottom of the hypolimnion. These parameters include total nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen, nitrate, ammonia, total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, dissolved reactive phosphorus, bicarbonite-reactive filtered and unfiltered silica, dissolved reactive silica, total inorganic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon, total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and total particulate matter. Sampling Frequency: varies - Number of sites: 2

Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Major Ions 1996 - 2000

The Little Rock Acidification Experiment was a joint project involving the USEPA (Duluth Lab), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, University of Wisconsin-Superior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Little Rock Lake is a bi-lobed lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. In 1983 the lake was divided in half by an impermeable curtain and from 1984-1989 the northern basin of the lake was acidified with sulfuric acid in three two-year stages. The target pHs for 1984-5, 1986-7, and 1988-9 were 5.7, 5.2, and 4.7, respectively. Starting in 1990 the lake was allowed to recover naturally with the curtain still in place. Data were collected through 2000. The main objective was to understand the population, community, and ecosystem responses to whole-lake acidification. Funding for this project was provided by the USEPA and NSF. Parameters characterizing the major ions of the treatment and reference basins of Little Rock Lake are measured at one station in the deepest part of each basin at the top and bottom of the epilimnion, mid-thermocline, and top, middle, and bottom of the hypolimnion. These parameters include chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, and manganese Sampling Frequency: varies - Number of sites: 2

Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Physical Limnology 1983 - 2000

The Little Rock Acidification Experiment was a joint project involving the USEPA (Duluth Lab), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, University of Wisconsin-Superior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Little Rock Lake is a bi-lobed lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. In 1983 the lake was divided in half by an impermeable curtain and from 1984-1989 the northern basin of the lake was acidified with sulfuric acid in three two-year stages. The target pHs for 1984-5, 1986-7, and 1988-9 were 5.7, 5.2, and 4.7, respectively. Starting in 1990 the lake was allowed to recover naturally with the curtain still in place. Data were collected through 2000. The main objective was to understand the population, community, and ecosystem responses to whole-lake acidification. Funding for this project was provided by the USEPA and NSF. Parameters characterizing the physical limnology of the treatment (north basin, stations 1 and 3) and reference basin (south basin, station 2 and 4) are usually measured at one station in the deepest part of each basin (stations 1 and 2) at 0.5 to 1-m depth intervals depending on the parameter. Parameters measured at depth include water temperature, vertical penetration of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll and phaeopigments. Additional derived parameters include fraction of surface PAR at each depth and percent oxygen saturation. Auxiliary data include time of day, air temperature, cloud cover, and wind speed and direction and secchi depth. Sampling Frequency: varies - Number of sites: 4

Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Snow and Ice Depth 1984 - 2000

North Temperate Lakes LTER: Macrophyte Biomass in Trout Lake Summary 1983 - current

These data are collected to document and characterize the submersed macrophytes of Trout Lake, to evaluate the long-term stability of this component, and to interface with investigations of other compartments of the ecosystem. Four sites along the shoreline of Trout Lake have been sampled annually in August along permanent line transects. This dataset includes biomass per m2 for individual species summarized by depth along the transect. Derived data include the mean and standard deviation of macrophyte biomass. These data are useful in determining the annual variability of the submersed macrophytes and providing information on the effects of the invasion of an introduced crayfish. Sampling Frequency: annually during summer Number of sites: 4

Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Secchi Disk Depth; Other Auxiliary Sample Data 1983 - 2000

The Little Rock Acidification Experiment was a joint project involving the USEPA (Duluth Lab), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, University of Wisconsin-Superior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Little Rock Lake is a bi-lobed lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. In 1983 the lake was divided in half by an impermeable curtain and from 1984-1989 the northern basin of the lake was acidified with sulfuric acid in three two-year stages. The target pHs for 1984-5, 1986-7, and 1988-9 were 5.7, 5.2, and 4.7, respectively. Starting in 1990 the lake was allowed to recover naturally with the curtain still in place. Data were collected through 2000. The main objective was to understand the population, community, and ecosystem responses to whole-lake acidification. Funding for this project was provided by the USEPA and NSF. Secchi Disk data were collected from the treatment and reference basins of Little Rock Lake at one station in the deepest part of each basin. Auxiliary data associated with each sampling event include time of day, air temperature, wind direction and speed, wave height, and cloud cover at the time of sampling. Sampling Frequency: varies - Number of sites: 2

Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Zooplankton count 1983 - 2000

The Little Rock Acidification Experiment was a joint project involving the USEPA (Duluth Lab), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, University of Wisconsin-Superior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Little Rock Lake is a bi-lobed lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. In 1983 the lake was divided in half by an impermeable curtain and from 1984-1989 the northern basin of the lake was acidified with sulfuric acid in three two-year stages. The target pHs for 1984-5, 1986-7, and 1988-9 were 5.7, 5.2, and 4.7, respectively. Starting in 1990 the lake was allowed to recover naturally with the curtain still in place. Data were collected through 2000. The main objective was to understand the population, community, and ecosystem responses to whole-lake acidification. Funding for this project was provided by the USEPA and NSF. Zooplankton samples are collected from the treatment and reference basins of Little Rock Lake at at two to nine depths using a 30L Schindler Patalas trap (53um mesh). Zooplankton samples are preserved in buffered formalin and archived. Data are summed over sex and stage and integrated volumetrically over the water column to provide a lake-wide estimate of organisms per liter for each species. Sampling Frequency: varies - Number of sites: 2

Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: pH and Alkalinity 1983 - 2000

The Little Rock Acidification Experiment was a joint project involving the USEPA (Duluth Lab), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, University of Wisconsin-Superior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Little Rock Lake is a bi-lobed lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. In 1983 the lake was divided in half by an impermeable curtain and from 1984-1989 the northern basin of the lake was acidified with sulfuric acid in three two-year stages. The target pHs for 1984-5, 1986-7, and 1988-9 were 5.7, 5.2, and 4.7, respectively. Starting in 1990 the lake was allowed to recover naturally with the curtain still in place. Data were collected through 2000. The main objective was to understand the population, community, and ecosystem responses to whole-lake acidification. Funding for this project was provided by the USEPA and NSF. pH and alkalinity of the treatment and reference basins of Little Rock Lake are measured at one station in the deepest part of each basin at the top and bottom of the epilimnion, mid-thermocline, and top, middle, and bottom of the hypolimnion. During the course of the study, three different types of electrodes were used to measure pH. Sampling Frequency: varies - Number of sites: 2

North Temperate Lakes LTER: Northern Highlands Stream Chemistry Survey 2006

We compared regional patterns in lake and stream biogeochemistry in the Northern Highlands Lake District (NHLD), Wisconsin, USA to ask how regional biogeochemistry differs as a function of the type of ecosystem considered (i.e., lakes versus streams); if lake-stream comparisons reveal regional patterns and processes that are not apparent from studies of a single ecosystem type; and if characteristics of streams and lakes scale similarly.Â Fifty-two streams were sampled using a stratified random design to determine regional distribution of 21 water chemistry variables during summer baseflow conditions. Sampling Frequency: once per site Number of sites: 52

Lake Mendota Phosphorus Entrainment at North Temperate Lakes LTER 2005

This dataset contains total (TP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) data collected in Lake Mendota during the summer of 2005 between 6/28/2005 and 10/14/2005 as well as high-resolution temperature data for that same time period . The phosphorus data were taken at five different locations where buoys were deployed. The buoys were deployed with HOBO temperature data loggers attached at 2 - 4 m intervals. Similarly the phosphorus samples were collected at 2 - 4 m intervals throughout the water column. The position of the five buoys changed a few times during the summer in an effort to monitor circulation patterns due to different wind directions and speeds. Manuscript using this dataset: Kamarainen, A.M., H. Yuan, C. Wu, S.R. Carpenter. 2009. One-dimensional and three-dimensional approaches converge on similar estimates of phosphorus entrainment in Lake Mendota. Limnology and Oceanography Methods 7:553-567 Sampling frequency: Water temperature: generally 1 min; some at 5 min. TP and SRP: approximately at 2 weeks intervals Number of sites: 12

North Temperate Lakes LTER: Macrophyte Species at Quadrat Level - Trout Lake 1993 - current

These data are collected to document and characterize the submersed macrophytes of Trout Lake, to evaluate the long-term stability of this component, and to interface with investigations of other compartments of the ecosystem. Four sites along the shoreline of Trout Lake have been sampled annually in August along permanent line transects. These are quadrat-species level data. This dataset only contains information on species that were present. It includes a row for every species-quadrat present. If a quadrat is missing, that quadrat was either empty or was not sampled. Sampling Frequency: annually during summer Number of sites: 4

North Temperate Lakes LTER: Snail Survey in Northern Wisconsin Lakes 2006

The Chinese mystery snail (Bellamya chinensis) is a large invasive gastropod that achieves high densities in waters across North America, yet little is known about its ecological significance in invaded systems. We surveyed 44 lakes to describe the patterns and determinants of B. chinensis distributions in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A., and to assess the likelihood of effects on native snail communities in the invaded systems. B. chinensis was widespread among surveyed lakes (21 of 42 lakes with snails) and its occurrence was correlated with indicators of lake productivity and anthropogenic dispersal vectors (boat landings, distance to population centers, shoreline housing density). Some native snail species tended not to occur at sites where B. chinensis was abundant; among these was Lymnaea stagnalis, which suffered reduced survival in the presence of B. chinensis in a recently published mesocosm study. However, there was no difference in overall snail assemblage structure at either the site or lake level as a function of B. chinensis presence or abundance. Lake occurrences of many snail species have apparently been lost over time, but a comparison to a 1930's survey showed that there was no increased likelihood of species loss in lakes invaded by B. chinensis (or by the invasive crayfish Orconectes rusticus). Although B. chinensis is widespread and sometimes abundant in northern Wisconsin lakes, it does not appear to have strong systematic impacts on native snail assemblages. Solomon, C.T., J.D.Olden, P.T. J. Johnson, R.T. Dillon Jr., and M. Jake Vander Zanden. 2010. Distribution and community-level effects of the Chinese mystery snail (Bellamya chinensis) in northern Wisconsin lakes. Biological Invasions 12:1591–1605. Number of sites: Sites surveyed within 44 lakes. Sampling Frequency: Each lake surveyed once in summer of 2006

Food Web Isotope Study at North Temperate Lakes LTER 2004 - 2010

Stable isotope ratios (d13C and d15N) were measured in archived scale samples of seven fish species captured in Sparkling Lake over the period 1981 through 2009. Stable isotopes of benthic and pelagic food web end members (macroinvertebrates and zooplankton, respectively) were also measured. Zooplankton were from samples taken in Sparkling Lake, Allequash Lake, and Big Muskellunge Lake. Zoobenthos were from samples taken in Sparkling Lake. Isotope Study abstract paragraph 2 Number of sites: 3 

Madison Wisonsin Lakes Zooplankton 1976 - 1994

Zooplankton of the four Yahara River chain of lakes (Mendota, Monona, Waubesa, and Kegonsa) were sampled and analyzed by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) during 1976 to 1994 as part of a long-term limnological sampling program directed by Richard C. Lathrop. Methods for zooplankton sampling and laboratory analyses were previously summarized for Lake Mendota (Lathrop 1998); methods were similar for the other three Yahara lakes although Waubesa and Kegonsa were only sampled for zooplankton during 1976-1985. In general, zooplankton were sampled at the deepest location of each lake by pulling a conical net vertically through the water column (i.e., vertical tow sample) during 1976-1994. Sampling was usually done on a biweekly schedule during the open water period and at least once through the ice at the deepest region of each lake, although in some years lakes Waubesa and Kegonsa were only sampled monthly during the open-water period. On a few dates during high winds or during winter, sampling was conducted in slightly shallower water than at the deepest lake location. Tow depths for Mendota and Monona are included in the data set. Tow depths for Waubesa and Kegonsa have not been transcribed yet, but generally ranged between 9.5-10.0 meters and 7.5-8.0 meters, respectively. The conical zooplankton net had a 15-cm diameter opening ("small net") and a net filtering area to opening area ratio of about 11. The net was made of Nitex screening with a mesh size of 75-80 um (#20 net) for all years except for 1976 when the mesh size was about 153 um (#10 net). The smaller-meshed net was initially chosen so that rotifers would be quantitatively collected along with crustacean zooplankton. For the small net, a vertical tow sample was taken from approximately 0.5 m off the lake bottom. The net was pulled to the lake surface at approximately 0.3 m per sec. After the net was raised and the sides rinsed, the sample was transferred to a bottle and preserved with for