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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

Fig. 3 in Habitat Use and Migratory Life History of Salangid Icefish (Salangidae) Revealed by Otolith Sr/Ca Ratios

Fig. 3. Consistently low otolith Sr/Ca ratios of the icefish, Neosalanx tangkahkeii (a) and, Protosalanx chinensis (b) collected from Taihu Lake and Protosalanx chinensis (c) collected from the Yangtze River estuary.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

Fig. 7. A in Habitat Use and Migratory Life History of Salangid Icefish (Salangidae) Revealed by Otolith Sr/Ca Ratios

Fig. 7. A diagram shows the habitat use and migratory life history of the icefish species reconstructed from their otolith Sr/ Ca profiles.

Fig. 1 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 1. Life cycle of Uncinaria sp. in South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis). Pups get infected through ingestion of colostrum that contains infective stage 3 larvae (L3s). Within 2-weeks, hookworms reach adulthood in the small intestine and shed eight-celled eggs in the pup's feces. Eggs larvate in the rookery soil and larvae develop into sheathed infective L3s which penetrate the skin and reach the subcutaneous tissues of all animals in the rookery. However, Uncinaria sp. larvae only have a chance to reach the next definitive host in females, which give birth and produce colostrum once a year, repeating the cycle. It is very likely that female pups can keep larvae in their tissues until they reach maturity and pass them to their pup (blue arrow). All males are dead end hosts. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 5. South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) pups that suffer the worst consequences of hookworm (Uncinaria sp.) infection contribute to most of the egg shedding in the environment. Hookworm egg shedding represents the product of the median number of eggs per fecal smear and the number of days a pup was infected with hookworms (Burden * infectious period). (a) Anemic pups shed on average more hookworm eggs compared to nonanemic pups (GLM with negative binomial distribution, Anemic pups = 1.36 ± 0.23, Z = 5.92, P = 3.09 × 10 −9). (b) Fur seal pups that died due to hookworm disease shed on average more hookworm eggs when compared to pups that survived (GLM with negative binomial distribution, Pups died = 1.40 ± 0.22, Z = 6.16, P = 7.24 × 10 −10).

Fig. 4 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 4. Anemia and mortality are driven by parasite burden. (a) Survival rates of pups with severe hookworm infection was 44.4%, compared to 90.6% survival of pups with mild hookworm infection and 93.4% survival of pups treated with the antiparasitic ivermectin (Log-rank Mantel-Cox test, Χ2 = 44.43, df = 2, P = 5.41 × 10−10). (b) Hemoglobin concentrations were markedly lower in the group with high parasitic burden (severe infection) (ANOVA, F = 31.47, df = 2, P = 2.12 × 10−12). Whiskers represent 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 2 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 2. Hookworm prevalence, egg shedding and abundance of larvae in the soil are correlated with adult females and pup density. (a) Prevalence reach over 90% when pups are between 20 and 30 days old, then substantially decline and by 75 days-old on average, all pups have cleared hookworm infection. Numbers in parenthesis indicate sample size. Bars represent binomial confidence intervals (b) Mean fecal hookworm egg count follow a similar curve with the highest number of eggs being shed when the number of adult fur seal females in the rookery is still high, between December 30 and January 15th, when pups are on average 15 to 30 days-old. (c) The soil from areas of the rookery with higher pup density had larger numbers of hookworm larvae (GLM, X2 = 1303, df = 3, P = 2.2 × 10−16). Whiskers represent 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 3 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 3. Correlations between hookworm burden, egg shedding and extraction of host resources. (a) Hookworm burden is highly correlated with egg shedding in pup's feces (third order polynomial regression, adj-r2 = 0.921, P = 2.2 × 10−16). (b) Hemoglobin concentration decreases as the number of hookworm eggs in pup's feces increase (second order polynomial regression, adj-r2 = 0.401, P = 2.09 × 10−14), suggesting that extraction of host resources depends on parasitic burden. (c) Female hookworms harbor similar number of eggs in their uterus regardless of parasitic burden (linear regression, adj- r2 = −0.03, F = 1.01, df = 36, P = 0.321), suggesting that there is no decline in egg output even at high hookworm densities. The solid lines represent the best fit model with 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines).

opencc-by-4.0May 2018View details →

Individual life histories Sanderlings Calidris alba at six non-breeding locations along East-Atlantic flyway

The data file contains individual encounter histories of 1,358 adult Sanderlings (Calidris alba) that winter in six different areas, England, France, Portugal, Mauritania, Ghana or Namibia and were observed between 2007-2013 in the main study site, their winter area (between 1 November – 1 March) and/or outside the main study site, during the interval between encounter occasions at the main study sites (during migration in Europe between 15 March and 15 October and at least 2 latitudinal degrees north of the median winter latitude). Encounter histories are coded as ‘LDLD’ (“Live, dead, live, dead”), where L codes for life encounters in the main study site (0: not observed, 1: observed) and D for (life or dead) encounters outside the main study sites (0: not observed, 1: observed dead, 2: observed alive). The encounter history of an individual starts with the first observation in its wintering region in the year after marking. Winter regions are indicated by the last six columns of the data file which are separated by spaces, where a 1 in the first column indicates England, the second column indicates France, the third Portugal, the fourth Mauritania, the fifth Ghana and the sixth Namibia. Further details can be found in the methods section in the manuscript.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →

Data and code for Nettle and Frankenhuis, 'The evolution of life history theory'

Data and code for 'The evolution of life history theory: Bibliometric analysis of an interdisciplinary research area', by Daniel Nettle and Willem E Frankenhuis. Version of March 4 2019 This archive contains the raw data (Web of Science records), plus VOS Viewer files and R code for performing the analyses and making the bibliometric maps. Please see 'Files read me.txt' for explanation of the different files.

Figures 16-19 in On the enigmatic troglobitic scorpion Troglorhopalurus translucidus: distribution, description of adult females, life history and comments on Rhopalurus lacrau (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 16-19. (16-18) SEM of pectinal tooth showing peg sensilla: (16-17) female Troglorhopalurus translucidus: (14) peg sensilla shape; (15) detail of peg sensilla; (18) female Rhopalurus lacrau peg sensilla shape; (19) Troglorhopalurus translucidus live female adult specimen from Lava Pé cave. Scale bars: 16, 18 = 40 µm, 17 = 10 µm.

Figures 14-15 in On the enigmatic troglobitic scorpion Troglorhopalurus translucidus: distribution, description of adult females, life history and comments on Rhopalurus lacrau (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 14-15. Female Troglorhopalurus translucidus: metasoma. (14) dorso-lateral view of metasomal segments and telson; (15) telson in detail showing vesicle, subaculear tooth and aculeus. Scale bars: 14 = 5 mm, 15 = 2 mm.

Figures 8-13 in On the enigmatic troglobitic scorpion Troglorhopalurus translucidus: distribution, description of adult females, life history and comments on Rhopalurus lacrau (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 8-13. Female Troglorhopalurus translucidus: (8-9) right pedipalp patella showing trichobothrial pattern; (8) dorsal view; (9) external view; (10-13) right chela manus and fingers showing trichobothrial pattern and carinae; (10) dorso-external view in white light; ventro-internal view in white light; (12) above – dorsal view, underneath – ventral view; both in ultraviolet light; (13) above – external view, underneath – internal view, both in ultraviolet light. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Figures 2-7 in On the enigmatic troglobitic scorpion Troglorhopalurus translucidus: distribution, description of adult females, life history and comments on Rhopalurus lacrau (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 2-7. Female Troglorhopalurus translucidus: (2-3) carapace; (2) prosoma and chelicerae under white light; (3) prosoma and chelicerae under ultraviolet light; (4) right chelicerae in detail; (5) ventral aspect showing genital operculum, pectines and sternite III; (6-7) right pedipalp femur showing trichobothrial pattern; (6) dorsal view; (7) internal view. Scale bars: 2, 5, 6 = 2 mm, 4, 7 = 0.5 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2019View details →

Fig. 5 in A redescription of Antispastis clarkei Pastrana (Lepidoptera, Glyphipterigidae) immature stages, with notes on the life history and phylogenetic placement of the genus

Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Antispastis clarkei fourth (last) larval instar: A–C, head, under lateral, dorsal and ventral views, respectively; D, stemmata, lateral; E, labrum, dorsal; F, antenna, dorsal (asterisk indicates expanded antocoria); G,labium,lateral (asterisk indicates the spinneret); H, prothoracic dorsal shield,dorsal;I, prothoracic upper-coxal plate, lateral; J, spiracle of second abdominal segment, latero-ventral; K, mesothoracic leg, mesal; L, pretarsus in detail, latero-posterior; M, pseudopodium of third abdominal segment, latero-ventral; N, O, last abdominal segments, lateral and posterior, respectively. Scale bars = 200, 150, 200, 30, 50, 40, 10, 200, 80, 40, 100, 20, 80, 150, 150 µm, respectively.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2019View details →

Fig. 4 in A redescription of Antispastis clarkei Pastrana (Lepidoptera, Glyphipterigidae) immature stages, with notes on the life history and phylogenetic placement of the genus

Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Antispastis clarkei egg (A–C) and first larval instar (D–N): A, general view of egg, latero-dorsal; B, micropylar region on anterior pole, lateral; C, aeropyle, dorsal; D, general view of first instar, lateral; E, F, head, dorsal and anterior, respectively; G, detail of mandible, antenna and maxilla, antero-lateral (asterisk indicates corrugated nature of the mandibular base in association with the antennal antocoria); H, labium, antero-lateral (arrow indicates spinneret); I, stemmata, lateral; J, mesothoracic leg, postero-dorsal; K, tarsal claw in detail, mesal (asterisk indicates associated spatulate seta); L, M, prothoracic and third abdominal spiracles lateral; N, last abdominal segments postero-dorsal. Scale bars = 150, 15, 5, 100, 50, 30, 15, 10, 10, 10, 5, 10, 5, 20 µm, respectively.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2019View details →

Fig. 8 in A redescription of Antispastis clarkei Pastrana (Lepidoptera, Glyphipterigidae) immature stages, with notes on the life history and phylogenetic placement of the genus

Fig. 8. Transverse histological sections of Antispastis clarkei mine on Solanum johannae leaves. A, initial, filiform portion (location indicated by unbroken line in Fig. 7E); B, detail of initial portion (enlarged area marked with a rectangle in A) with cut anticlinal cell wall of palisade parenchyma cells; C, final, blotch portion (location indicated by dashed line in Fig. 7E); D, E, details of blotch portion (enlarged areas marked with rectangles in C) with intact cells in adaxial epidermis and spongy parenchyma. Asterisks indicate intact cells of palisade parenchyma. Open arrows indicate cellular fragments left on palisade parenchyma after insect feeding. Ab, abaxial epidermis; Ad, adaxial epidermis; Lm, leaf mine; Pp, palisade parenchyma; Sp, spongy parenchyma. Scale bars = 50, 40, 100, 50, 50 µm, respectively.

Figs. 44–49 in Description and life history of a new cecidogenous species of Palaeomystella Fletcher (Lepidoptera, Momphidae) from Brazil

Figs. 44–49. Life history of Palaeomystella beckeri: (44) host-plant [Tibouchina trichopoda (DC.) Baill. (Melastomataceae)]; (45) galls on T. trichopoda branch; (46) gall in detail, showing exit orifice (pointed by arrow); (47) middle sectioned gall, showing larval chamber; (48) dissected gall, showing last-instar larva weaving cocoon; (49) detail of area pointed by arrrow in (48). Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figs. 41–45. Elachista synethes Meyrick, 1897 in A morphological reappraisal of the immature stages and life history of Elachista synethes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Elachistidae), an Australian leaf miner alien to Chile

Figs. 41–45. Elachista synethes Meyrick, 1897. Life history: 41, mine on leaf of Bromus catharticus, Azapa Valley, Arica municipality, Chile (open arrows indicate empty chorion and beginning of linear section of the mine; closed arrow indicates last-instar larva visible through transparent blotch section of the mine); 42, egg on leaf upper surface; 43, young mine in detail (open and closed arrows indicate respectively the empty chorion and first-instar larva seen by transparence); 44, last-instar larva weaving the cocoon; 45, pupa seen by transparence within cocoon. Scale bars = 2, 0.5, 0.5, and 1 mm, respectively.

Figs. 14–25. Elachista synethes Meyrick, 1897 in A morphological reappraisal of the immature stages and life history of Elachista synethes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Elachistidae), an Australian leaf miner alien to Chile

Figs. 14–25. Elachista synethes Meyrick, 1897. Scanning electron micrographs of last larval instar: 14, head, lateral view; 15, stemmata, lateral; 16, antenna, lateral; 17, head and prothorax, dorsal; 18, labrum and dorsal stemmata in detail, dorsal; 19, maxilla and labium, ventral; 20, prothorax, ventral; 21, detail of prothorax left portion, dorsal; 22, spiracle of abdominal segment A1, lateral; 23, prothoracic leg, posterolateral; 24, proleg of abdominal segment A4, ventral; 25, last abdominal segments, lateral. Scale bars = 100, 15, 10, 200, 50, 20, 150, 50, 20, 50, 50 and 100 µm, respectively.

Figs. 5–9. Elachista synethes Meyrick, 1897 in A morphological reappraisal of the immature stages and life history of Elachista synethes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Elachistidae), an Australian leaf miner alien to Chile

Figs. 5–9. Elachista synethes Meyrick, 1897.First larval instar: 5, general, dorsal view; 6, head, ventral; 7, mouth parts, ventral; 8, antenna, laterodorsal; 9, prothoracic spiracle, anterolateral. Scale bars = 100, 25, 5, 5 and 2 µm, respectively.