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622 results for “macaques”
Data from: Acquisition and functional consequences of social knowledge in macaques
To manoeuvre in complex societies, it is beneficial to acquire knowledge about the social relationships existing among group mates, so as to better predict their behaviour. Although such knowledge has been firmly established in a variety of animal taxa, how animals acquire such knowledge, as well as its functional significance, remains poorly understood. In order to understand how primates acquire and use their social knowledge, we studied kin-biased redirected aggression in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) relying on a large database of over 15 000 aggressive episodes. Confirming previous research, macaques redirected aggression preferentially to the kin of their aggressor. An analysis that controlled for the rate of affiliation between aggressors and targets of redirection showed that macaques identified the relatives of group mates on the basis of the frequency of their ongoing associations. By contrast, having observed group mates interact with their mother as infants did not increase the monkeys' success in correctly identifying kin relationships among third parties. Inter-individual variation in the successful identification of the kin of aggressors and in redirecting aggression accordingly translated into differences in the amount of aggression received, highlighting a selective advantage for those individuals that were better able to acquire and use social knowledge.
Data from: Competition is crucial for social comparison processes in long-tailed macaques
Humans modulate their self-evaluations and behaviour as a function of conspecific presence and performance. In this study we tested for the presence of human-like social comparison effects in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). The monkeys' task was to extract food from an apparatus by pulling drawers within reach and we measured latency between drawer-pulls. Subjects either worked on the task with a partner who could access the apparatus from an adjacent cage, worked in the absence of a conspecific but with food moving towards the partner's side or worked next to a partner who was denied apparatus access. We further manipulated partner performance and competitiveness of the setup. We found no indication that long-tailed macaques compare their performance to the performance of conspecifics. They were not affected by the mere presence of the partner but they paid close attention to the partner's actions when they were consequential for food availability. If social comparison processes are present in long-tailed macaques, the present study suggests they may only manifest in situations involving direct competition and would thus be different from social comparisons in humans, which manifest also in the absence of direct competition, for example in evaluative contexts.
Data from: Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) can use simple heuristics but fail at drawing statistical inferences from populations to samples
Human infants, apes, and capuchin monkeys engage in intuitive statistics: they generate predictions from populations of objects to samples based on proportional information. This suggests that statistical reasoning might depend on some core knowledge that humans share with other primate species. To aid the reconstruction of the evolution of this capacity, we investigated whether intuitive statistical reasoning is also present in a species of Old World monkey. In a series of 4 experiments, 11 long-tailed macaques were offered different pairs of populations containing varying proportions of preferred vs. neutral food items. One population always contained a higher proportion of preferred items than the other. An experimenter simultaneously drew one item out of each population, hid them in her fists and presented them to the monkeys to choose. Although some individuals performed well across most experiments, our results imply that long-tailed macaques as a group did not make statistical inferences from populations of food items to samples but rather relied on heuristics. These findings suggest that there may have been convergent evolution of this ability in New World monkeys and apes (including humans).
Data from: Development of visual cortical function in infant macaques: a BOLD fMRI study
Functional brain development is not well understood. In the visual system, neurophysiological studies in nonhuman primates show quite mature neuronal properties near birth although visual function is itself quite immature and continues to develop over many months or years after birth. Our goal was to assess the relative development of two main visual processing streams, dorsal and ventral, using BOLD fMRI in an attempt to understand the global mechanisms that support the maturation of visual behavior. Seven infant macaque monkeys (_Macaca mulatta_) were repeatedly scanned, while anesthetized, over an age range of 102 to 1431 days. Large rotating checkerboard stimuli induced BOLD activation in visual cortices at early ages. Additionally we used static and dynamic Glass pattern stimuli to probe BOLD responses in primary visual cortex and two extrastriate areas: V4 and MT-V5. The resulting activations were analyzed with standard GLM and multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) approaches. We analyzed three contrasts: Glass pattern present/absent, static/dynamic Glass pattern presentation, and structured/random Glass pattern form. For both GLM and MVPA approaches, robust coherent BOLD activation appeared relatively late in comparison to the maturation of known neuronal properties and the development of behavioral sensitivity to Glass patterns. Robust differential activity to Glass pattern present/absent and dynamic/static stimulus presentation appeared first in V1, followed by V4 and MT-V5 at older ages; there was no reliable distinction between the two extrastriate areas. A similar pattern of results was obtained with the two analysis methods, although MVPA analysis showed reliable differential responses emerging at later ages than GLM. Although BOLD responses to large visual stimuli are detectable, our results with more refined stimuli indicate that global BOLD activity changes as behavioral performance matures. This reflects an hierarchical development of the visual pathways. Since fMRI BOLD reflects neural activity on a population level, our results indicate that, although individual neurons might be adult-like, a longer maturation process takes place on a population level.
Macaque Coronal Section
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Figure 1 in Population status and distribution assessment of Nicobar Long-Tailed Macaque Macaca Fascicularis Umbrosus (Miller, 1902) in Nicobar Group of Islands
Figure 1. Forest cover map of study area. Showing the different forest types across the Nicobar group of Islands. Forest cover map has been classified in to open-forest, moderate-dense forest, very dense forest, Scrubland, no forest and water bodies.
Figure 2 in Population status and distribution assessment of Nicobar Long-Tailed Macaque Macaca Fascicularis Umbrosus (Miller, 1902) in Nicobar Group of Islands
Figure 2. Elevation map of study area. SRTM 1-Arc Sec. Global data sets depicting elevation profiles across the Nicobar group of Islands. The colour ramp signifies the ranging from high to low elevation across the landscape, where red colour indicates the high elevation ranges and green showing the lower elevation ranges.
Fig. 1 in Seasonal Variations in the Assembly of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae and Scarabaeidae) Attracted to Macaque Feces in Temperate Forests in Japan
Fig. 1. Map of the study sites in Japan.
Single-neuron Reconstruction of the Macaque Primary Motor Cortex
<div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div>Here are 26 reconstructed neuron SWC files of the primary motor cortex from a one-year-old cynomolgus monkey.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div>In this study, we achieved visualization of neurons through sparse labeling and volumetric imaging with synchronized on-the-fly-scan and readout (VISoR) technique. Following whole-brain 3D reconstruction (<a href="https://github.com/SMART-pipeline/Volume-reconstruction" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub - SMART-pipeline/Volume-reconstruction</a>), we employed Lychnis for single-neuron reconstruction (<a href="https://github.com/SMART-pipeline/Lychnis-tracing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GitHub - SMART-pipeline/Lychnis-tracing</a>). Within Lychnis, the visualization toolkit (VTK) and virtual finger are utilized for 3D rendering and interactive labeling purposes.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div>The complete image datasets (raw and processed) of macaque brains exceed 1 petabyte, rendering it impractical to upload the entirety to a public data repository. This part of datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Object color knowledge representation occurs in the macaque brain despite the absence of a developed language system
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Data from: A quantitative theory of gamma synchronization in macaque V1
Gamma-band synchronization coordinates brief periods of excitability in oscillating neuronal populations to optimize information transmission during sensation and cognition. Commonly, a stable, shared frequency over time is considered a condition for functional neural synchronization. Here, we demonstrate the opposite: instantaneous frequency modulations are critical to regulate phase relations and synchronization. In monkey visual area V1, nearby local populations driven by different visual stimulation showed different gamma frequencies. When similar enough, these frequencies continually attracted and repulsed each other, which enabled preferred phase relations to be maintained in periods of minimized frequency difference. Crucially, the precise dynamics of frequencies and phases across a wide range of stimulus conditions was predicted from a physics theory that describes how weakly coupled oscillators influence each other's phase relations. Hence, the fundamental mathematical principle of synchronization through instantaneous frequency modulations applies to gamma in V1, and is likely generalizable to other brain regions and rhythms.
Data from: Faster processing of moving compared to flashed bars in awake macaque V1 provides a neural correlate of the flash lag illusion
When the brain has determined the position of a moving object, due to anatomical and processing delays, the object will have already moved to a new location. Given the statistical regularities present in natural motion, the brain may have acquired compensatory mechanisms to minimize the mismatch between the perceived and the real position of moving objects. A well-known visual illusion — the flash lag effect — points towards such a possibility. Although many psychophysical models have been suggested to explain this illusion, their predictions have not been tested at the neural level, particularly in a species of animal known to perceive the illusion. Towards this, we recorded neural responses to flashed and moving bars from primary visual cortex (V1) of awake, fixating macaque monkeys. We found that the response latency to moving bars of varying speed, motion direction and luminance was shorter than that to flashes, in a manner that is consistent with psychophysical results. At the level of V1, our results support the differential latency model positing that flashed and moving bars have different latencies. As we found a neural correlate of the illusion in passively fixating monkeys, our results also suggest that judging the instantaneous position of the moving bar at the time of flash — as required by the postdiction/motion-biasing model — may not be necessary for observing a neural correlate of the illusion. Our results also suggest that the brain may have evolved mechanisms to process moving stimuli faster and closer to real time compared with briefly appearing stationary stimuli.
Data from: Validation of diffusion tensor imaging measures of nigrostriatal neurons in macaques
Objective: Interpretation of diffusion MRI in the living brain requires validation against gold standard histological measures. We compared diffusion values of the nigrostriatal tract to PET and histological results in non-human primates (NHPs) with varying degrees of unilateral nigrostriatal injury induced by MPTP, a toxin selective for dopaminergic neurons. Methods: Sixteen NHPs had MRI and PET scans of three different presynaptic radioligands and blinded video-based motor ratings before and after unilateral carotid artery infusion of variable doses of MPTP. Diffusion measures of connections between midbrain and striatum were calculated. Then animals were euthanized to quantify striatal dopamine concentration, stereologic measures of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostained fiber density and unbiased stereologic counts of TH stained nigral cells. Results: Diffusion measures correlated with MPTP dose, nigral TH-positive cell bodies and striatal TH-positive fiber density but did not correlate with in vitro nigrostriatal terminal field measures or in vivo PET measures of striatal uptake of presynaptic markers. Once nigral TH cell count loss exceeded 50% the stereologic terminal field measures reached a near zero floor effect but the diffusion measures continued to correlate with nigral cell counts. Conclusion: Diffusion measures in the nigrostriatal tract correlate with nigral dopamine neurons and striatal fiber density, but have the same relationship to terminal field measures as a previous report of striatal PET measures of presynaptic neurons. These diffusion measures have the potential to act as non-invasive index of the severity of nigrostriatal injury. Diffusion imaging of the nigrostriatal tract could potentially have diagnostic value in humans with Parkinson disease or related disorders.
Figure 3 from: Md Zain B, Muhammad Abu Bakar A, Ruslin F, vui fui v, Abu M, Japning J, Abdul-Patah p, lakim m, Roos C, Yaakop S (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Malaysia's long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis, based on cytochrome b sequences. ZooKeys 407: 121-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.407.6982
Figure 3 - Neighbor joining phylogenetic tree using Kimura-2-Parameter algorithm with bootstrap values indicated on the branch.
Figure 1 from: Md Zain B, Muhammad Abu Bakar A, Ruslin F, vui fui v, Abu M, Japning J, Abdul-Patah p, lakim m, Roos C, Yaakop S (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Malaysia's long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis, based on cytochrome b sequences. ZooKeys 407: 121-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.407.6982
Figure 1 - Distribution of the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in Southeast Asia (Gumert et al. 2011).
Figure 4 from: Md Zain B, Muhammad Abu Bakar A, Ruslin F, vui fui v, Abu M, Japning J, Abdul-Patah p, lakim m, Roos C, Yaakop S (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Malaysia's long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis, based on cytochrome b sequences. ZooKeys 407: 121-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.407.6982
Figure 4 - The Bootstrap 50% majority rule consensus maximum parsimony tree of Macaca fascicularis populations. Bootstrap values are indicated on the branch.
Figure 5 from: Md Zain B, Muhammad Abu Bakar A, Ruslin F, vui fui v, Abu M, Japning J, Abdul-Patah p, lakim m, Roos C, Yaakop S (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Malaysia's long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis, based on cytochrome b sequences. ZooKeys 407: 121-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.407.6982
Figure 5 - Bayesian inference of the 50% majority rule consensus tree of Cyt b sequence of Macaca fascicularis populations with Bayesian posterior probability (PP) are accordingly indicated on the branch.
Social network community structure and the contact-mediated sharing of commensal E. coli among captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
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Data associated with Balasubramaniam, Beisner et al. (PeerJ, 2016): "Social buffering and contact transmission: Network connections have beneficial and detrimental effects on Shigella infection risk among captive rhesus macaques"
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Data from: Family network size and survival across the lifespan of female macaques
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.