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637 results for “monkey”
Data from: Individual differences in sociocognitive traits in semi-free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
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Data from: The birth hour of mammals: insights from intra-specific variation in wild blue monkeys
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Data from: Costs and benefits of allomaternal care to mothers and others in wild Phayre’s leaf monkeys
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Data from: The effect of sampling schedule on assessment of dietary measures: Evidence from blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni)
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WaveMAP analysis of extracellular waveforms from monkey premotor cortex during decision-making
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FIGURES 9–18 in First description of male worms of Enterobius Colobenterobius serratus Nematoda: Oxyuridae , the pinworm parasite of proboscis monkeys
FIGURES 9–18. Esophageal region of female pinworms. 9. Enterobius (Colobenterobius) serratus; 10. E. (C.) emodensis; 11. E. (C.) pygatrichus; 12. E. (Enterobius) macaci; 13. E. (E.) vermicularis; 14. E. (E.) anthropopitheci; 15. Trypanoxyuris (Buckleyenterobius) atelis; 16. T. (Trypanoxyuris) microon; 17. Lemuricola (Protenterobius) nycticebi; 18. L. (Madoxyuris) vauceli. Arrow indicates junction between light and dark portions. Scale bar: 100 µm.
FIGURES 19–22 in First description of male worms of Enterobius Colobenterobius serratus Nematoda: Oxyuridae , the pinworm parasite of proboscis monkeys
FIGURES 19–22. Cross section near caudal extremity of male (a) and enlarged view of the boxed part (b) showing spicular pouch. 19. Enterobius (Colobenterobius) serratus; 20. E. (C.) emodensis; 21. E. (Enterobius) vermicularis; 22. Lemuricola (Protenterobius) nycticebi. Thick arrows indicate dorso-ventral height of spicular pouch; thin arrows indicate dorso-ventral height of spicule.
FIGURES 1–8 in First description of male worms of Enterobius Colobenterobius serratus Nematoda: Oxyuridae , the pinworm parasite of proboscis monkeys
FIGURES 1–8. Male adult of Enterobius (Colobenterobius) serratus Hasegawa et al., 2003, collected from the feces of Nasalis larvatus in Sabah, Malaysia. 1. Entire worm, left lateral view; 2–4. Cephalic extremity, left lateral view (2), optical frontal section (3) and apical view (4); 5. Lateral ala in cross section through midbody; 6. Caudal extremity, left lateral view; 7. Spicular pouch, cross section; 8. Caudal papillae arrangement, ventral view. Abbreviations used: am. amphidial pore; an. anus; ce. cephalic expansion; co. corpus (of esophagus); cp. cephalic papilla; dl. dorsal lip; eb. esophageal bulb; ep. excretory pore; in. intestine; is. isthmus (of esophagus); la. lateral ala; mo. mouth; nr. nerve ring; pd. phasmidial duct; p1–p4. caudal papillae arrangement; ph. pharynx; sl. slot; sp. spicule; ss. specific structure (teeth) of pharynx; sv. seminal vesicle; svl. subventral lip; t. testis; vd. vas deferens.
Data from: Cold and hungry: combined effects of low temperature and resource scarcity on an edge-of-range temperate primate, the golden snub-nose monkey
<p>Both biotic and abiotic factors play important roles in influencing ecological distributions and niche limits. Where biotic and abiotic stressors co-occur in space and time, homeostatic systems face a different category of challenge in which stressors compound to impose a challenge that is greater than the sum of the separate factors. We studied the homeostatic strategies of the golden snub-nosed monkey (<i>Rhinopithecus roxellana</i>), a species living in temperate deciduous forests at the edge of the global distribution range for folivorous primates, to cope with the co-occurrence of cold temperatures and resource scarcity during winter. We discovered that in winter the monkeys experience a dietary energy deficit of 101 kJ/mbm·day<sup>-1</sup> compared with calculated needs, despite increased feeding. This is partly offset by behavioral changes (reduced locomotion and increased resting) and reducing skin temperature by an average of 3.2<sup> o</sup>C through a cutaneous vasoconstriction to decrease heat loss. However, their major strategy is ingesting surplus energy and accumulating fat reserves when food was not limiting during summer and autumn. Their 14% of body mass lost over the winter represented an energy yield of 102 kJ/mbm·day<sup>-1</sup>, which closely matched the calculated winter energy deficit of 101 kJ/mbm·day<sup>-1</sup>.<b> </b>However, the latter value assumes that all the 75.41kJ/mbm·day<sup>-1</sup> of protein ingested in winter was available for energy metabolism. This is almost certainly an over-estimate, suggesting that the study population was in negative energy balance over the study period. Our study therefore suggests that despite its suit of integrated homeostatic responses, the confluence of low temperatures and resource limitation during winter places this edge-of-range primate close the threshold of what is energetically viable. It also provides a framework for quantitative models predicting the vulnerability of temperate primates to global change.</p>
Data from: Down by the riverside: Riparian edge effects on three monkey species in a fragmented Costa Rican forest
<p>Rivers represent natural edges in forests, serving as transition zones between landscapes. Natural edge effects are important to study to understand how intrinsic habitat variations affect wildlife as well as the impact of human-induced forest fragmentation. We examined the influence of riparian and anthropogenic edge on mantled howler, white-faced capuchin, Central American spider monkeys, and vegetation structure at La Suerte Biological Research Station (abbreviated as LSBRS), Costa Rica. We predicted lower monkey encounter rate, tree species richness, and median DBH at both edge types compared to interior, and that monkeys would show species-specific responses to edge based on size and diet. We expected large, folivorous-frugivorous howler monkeys and small, generalist capuchins would be found at increased density in the forest edge, while large, frugivorous spider monkeys would be found at decreased density in the forest edge. We conducted population and vegetation surveys along interior, riparian, and anthropogenic edge transects at LSBRS and used GLMM to compare vegetation and monkey encounter rate. Tree species richness and median DBH were higher in the forest interior than in the anthropogenic edge zones. Although spider monkey encounter rate did not vary between forest edges and interior, howler monkeys were encountered at highest density in riparian edge, while capuchins were encountered at highest density in anthropogenic edge. Our results indicate that diverse forest edges have varying effects on biota. Vegetation was negatively affected by forest edges, while monkey species showed species-specific edge preferences. Our findings suggest that riparian zones should be prioritized for conservation in Neotropical forests.</p>
Data from: Daily protein prioritization and longterm nutrient balancing in a dietary generalist, the blue monkey
<p>Animals must make dietary choices to achieve adequate nutrient intake, however it is challenging to study in the field such nutritional strategies in wild populations. We explored the nutritional strategy of a generalist social primate, the blue monkey (<i>Cercopithecus mitis)</i>. We hypothesized that females balance the intake of nutrients, specifically non-protein energy and available protein (hereafter, protein), both on a daily and long-term basis. When balancing was not possible, we expected subjects to prioritize constant protein intake, allowing non-protein energy to vary more. To understand the ecology of nutrient balancing, we examined how <span>habitat use,</span> food availability, diet composition, social dominance rank and reproductive demand influenced nutrient intake. Over 9 months, we conducted 371 all-day focal follows on 24 adult females in Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Subjects exhibited short- and long-term nutritional strategies. On a daily basis, they balanced non-protein energy to protein intake but when balancing was impossible, monkeys prioritized protein intake. Over the long-term, they balanced non-protein energy:protein intake in a 3.8:1 ratio. The ratio related positively to <span>fruit in the diet and negatively to time in near-natural forest, but we found no evidence that it related to</span> <span>food availability, reproductive demand, or dominance rank. Lower-ranked females had broader daily diets, however, which may reflect </span>behavioral feeding strategies to cope with social constraints. Overall, females prioritized daily protein, allowing less variation in protein intake than other aspects such as non-protein energy:protein ratio and non-protein energy intake. The emerging pattern of nutrient balancing in primates suggests that diverse dietary strategies evolved to allow adherence to a balance of non-protein energy:protein despite various social and environmental constraints. The data from this study also add to a small but growing number of studies that document nutritional strategies in wild animal populations.</p>
The geometry of resource constraint: an empirical study of the golden snub-nosed monkey
<p>1. Apposite conceptualization and measurement of resource variation is critical for understanding many issues in ecology, including ecological niches, persistence and distribution of populations, the structure of communities, and population resilience to perturbations.</p> <p>2. We apply the nutritional geometry framework to conceptualise and quantify the responses of a temperate-living primate, the golden snub-nosed monkey (<i>R</i><i>hinopithecus</i><i> roxellana</i>) to variation in resource quality and quantity and in nutrient requirements associated with seasonal environments.</p> <p>3. We present a geometric model distinguishing qualitative constraint, quantitative constraint, and "pseudo-constraint" whereby nutrient intakes resemble response to qualitative resource constraint but are in fact driven by variation in nutrient requirements. The model is applied to analyse nutrient intakes recorded in 164 full day observations of monkeys from two populations, one wild and the other captive, across seasons. Additionally, we recorded the diet of a single animal over 32 consecutive days in the wild.</p> <p>4. Despite considerable differences in available resources, the captive and wild populations showed marked similarities in nutrient intakes, including indistinguishable amounts and ratios of ingested macronutrients during summer and autumn and strong year-round maintenance of protein compared to seasonally variable fat and carbohydrate intakes. These similarities suggest homeostatically regulated nutritional targets and provide reference points to identify factors driving population differences in macronutrient intake in winter and spring.</p> <p>5. Our framework enabled us to distinguish examples of quantitative, qualitative, and "pseudo-constraint". We suggest that this approach can increase the resolution at which resource constraint is conceptualised and measured in ecological studies.</p>
Diet variation driven by color vision phenotype in wild capuchin monkeys
<p>The polymorphic color vision of platyrrhine monkeys is a fascinating example of balancing selection acting on multiple genetic and phenotypic morphs. Yet, the mechanism of natural selection maintaining this variation remains elusive. Past research has demonstrated task-specific foraging advantages to dichromatic (two-opsin vision, red-green colorblind) and trichromatic (three-opsin vision, human "normal") monkeys, raising the potential for dietary niche differentiation. We ask whether color vision type influences diet variation in a population of wild, white-faced capuchins (<i>Cebus imitator</i>) in Costa Rica. To assess this, we record food intake during simultaneous focal follows of adult female dichromats and trichromats, and classify the conspicuity of diet items in capuchin visual space. We assess the degree of dietary and nutritional niche overlap during periods of high and low fruit abundance using nutritional geometry and Pianka's index. We find that in months of high fruit abundance, trichromats have higher intake of conspicuously-colored fruits, while dichromats have higher intake of camouflaged invertebrates, resulting in lower niche overlap. These differences disappear in months of low habitat-wide fruit abundance, a time when overall dietary breadth collapses. Our results support the hypothesis that niche differentiation in diet contributes to maintaining color vision variation without compromising species-specific nutritional intake.</p>
Testing the niche differentiation hypothesis in wild capuchin monkeys with polymorphic color vision
<p>The polymorphic color vision system of most North, Central, and South American monkeys is a textbook case of balancing selection, yet the mechanism behind it is poorly understood. Previous work has established task-specific foraging advantages to different color vision phenotypes: dichromats (red-green colorblind) are more efficient foraging for invertebrates, while trichromats (color "normal" relative to humans) are more efficient foraging for "reddish" ripe fruit, suggesting that niche differentiation may underlie the maintenance of color vision variation. We explore a prediction of the niche differentiation hypothesis by asking whether dichromatic and trichromatic capuchin monkeys (<i>Cebus imitator</i>) diverge in their foraging activity budget, specifically testing whether dichromats forage more frequently for invertebrates and trichromats forage more frequently for "reddish" ripe fruit. To assess this, we analyze a large dataset of behavioral scan samples (n = 21,984) from 48 wild adult female capuchins of known color vision genotype, dominance rank and reproductive status, together with models of food conspicuity. We find no significant differences between dichromats and trichromats in the frequency of scans spent foraging for different food types but do find that nursing females forage less overall than cycling females. Our results suggest that the potential for color vision-based niche differentiation in foraging time may be curtailed by the energetic requirements of reproduction, behavioral synchrony caused by group-living, and/or individual preferences. While niche differentiation in activity budgets by color vision type is not apparent, fine-scale niche differentiation may be occurring. This research enhances our understanding of the evolutionary processes maintaining sensory polymorphisms.</p>
Data from: The biogeography of introgression in the critically endangered African monkey Rungweceubs kipunji
In the four years since its original description, the taxonomy of the kipunji (Rungwecebus kipunji), a geographically restricted and critically endangered African monkey, has been the subject of much debate, and recent research suggesting that the first voucher specimen of Rungwecebus has baboon mitochondrial DNA has intensified the controversy. We show that Rungwecebus from a second region of Tanzania has a distinct mitochondrial haplotype that is basal to a clade containing all Papio species and the original Rungwecebus voucher, supporting the placement of Rungwecebus as the sister taxon of Papio and its status as a separate genus. We suggest that the Rungwecebus population in the Southern Highlands has experienced geographically localized mitochondrial DNA introgression from Papio, while the Ndundulu population retains the true Rungwecebus mitochondrial genome.
Data from: Ecosystem services and disservices by birds, bats and monkeys change with macadamia landscape heterogeneity
1.The relative importance of ecosystem services and disservices can change with landscape structure in a poorly understood way. 2.We compare the impact of biocontrol, provided by bats and birds, with that of crop raiding by vervet monkeys on yield in South African macadamia orchards. Insectivorous bats and birds are known to feed on macadamia pest insect species, like the macadamia nut borer or the green vegetable bug. Vervet monkeys move into the orchards during the day to feed on premature macadamia nuts. Bats, birds and monkeys benefit from patches of natural vegetation adjacent to orchards. 3.With exclusion experiments (four treatments: day, night, day & night, control) we quantified the relative importance of biocontrol and crop raiding on yield, comparing two different landscape settings of the orchards, a natural and a human‐modified. 4.Crop raiding occurred only close to natural vegetation and caused yield losses of about 26%. Biocontrol by bats and birds was higher near natural vegetation, but still significant in human‐modified landscapes, at up to 530m distance to forest patches. Prevented biocontrol through the exclusion of bats and birds resulted in yield losses of up to 60%. 5.Effects of biocontrol by bats and birds (USD ~5000/ha/yr) were economically more important than the losses of crop raiding (USD ~1600/ha/yr). As both are linked to the vicinity of forest patches, the removal of natural vegetation to limit monkey abundances would also limit biocontrol service provision. 6.Synthesis and applications. This study highlights the high economic benefits of biocontrol by bats and birds, which outweighed negative impacts through yield losses caused by crop‐raiding monkeys. Management practices to prevent crop damage, such as guarding, excluding vertebrates or removal of adjacent natural vegetation, would also limit access for bats and birds and the great economic benefits provided by their biocontrol. Ecosystem services by bats and birds can be promoted by the exposure of artificial roost and nest sites, but research into species‐specific preferences is needed. The education of farmers is crucial, as many are unaware of the benefits from birds and bats and the fact that these benefits can outweigh the disadvantages of the monkeys' crop‐raiding.
Data from: Flexible gaze-following in rhesus monkeys
Humans are characterized by complex social cognitive abilities that emerge early in development. Comparative studies of nonhuman primates can illuminate the evolutionary history of these social capacities. We examined the cognitive skills that rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) use to follow gaze, a foundational skill in human social development. While rhesus monkeys can make inferences about others' gaze when competing, it is unclear how they think about gaze information in other contexts. In study 1, monkeys (n = 64) observed a demonstrator look upwards either in a barrier condition where a box was overhead, so that monkeys could not see the target of her gaze, or a no barrier condition where nothing blocked her view. In study 2, monkeys (n = 59) could approach to observe the target of the demonstrator's gaze when the demonstrator looked behind a barrier on the ground or, in the no barrier condition, behind a window frame in the same location. Monkeys were more likely to directly look up in study 1 if they could initially see the location where the demonstrator was looking, but they did not preferentially reorient their bodies to observe the out-of-view location when they could not see that location. In study 2, monkeys did preferentially reorient, but at low rates. This indicates that rhesus monkeys can use social cognitive processes outside of competitive contexts to model what others can or cannot see, but may not be especially motivated to see what others look at in non-competitive contexts, as they reorient infrequently or in an inconsistent fashion. These similarities and differences between gaze-following in monkeys and children can help to illuminate the evolution of human social cognition.
Climate induced stress and mortality in vervet monkeys
As the effects of global climate change become more apparent, animal species will become increasingly affected by extreme climate and its effect on the environment. There is a pressing need to understand animal physiological and behavioural responses to climatic stressors. We used the reactive scope model as a framework to investigate the influence of drought conditions on vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) behaviour, physiological stress and survival across 2.5-years in South Africa. Data were collected on climatic, environmental and behavioural variables and physiological stress via faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCMs). There was a meaningful interaction between water availability and resource abundance: when food availability was high but standing water was unavailable, fGCMs were higher compared to when food was abundant and water was available. Vervet monkeys adapted their behaviour during a drought period by spending a greater proportion of time resting at the expense of feeding, moving, and social behaviour. As food availability decreased, vervet mortality increased. Peak mortality occurred when food availability was at its lowest and there was no standing water. A survival analysis revealed that higher fGCMs were associated with an increased probability of mortality. Our results suggest that with continued climate change, the increasing prevalence of drought will negatively affect vervet abundance and distribution in our population. Our study contributes to knowledge of the limits and scope of behavioural and physiological plasticity among vervet monkeys in the face of rapid environmental change.
Data from: Non-clinical safety assessment of CFZ533, a Fc-silent anti-CD40 antibody, in Cynomolgus monkeys
CFZ533 is a pathway blocking, non-depleting anti-CD40 antibody that is in clinical development for inhibition of transplant organ rejection and therapy for autoimmune diseases. A 26-week GLP toxicity study in sexually mature Cynomolgus monkeys was conducted in order to support chronic application of CFZ533. CFZ533 was subcutaneously administered at doses up to 150 mg/kg/week and was safe and generally well tolerated. CFZ533 showed no adverse effects for cardiovascular, respiratory and neurobehavioral endpoints, and no changes were observed for blood lymphocyte and platelet counts or blood coagulation markers. In line with the non-depleting nature of CFZ533, CD20+ B cells in the blood were only marginally reduced. A complete suppression of germinal center (GC) development in lymph nodes and spleen was the most prominent result of post-mortem histological investigations. This was corroborated by an abrogated T-dependent antibody response (TDAR) to the antigen Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) as well as an absence of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) in the absence of B cell depletion as seen with immunophenotyping and histology. When serum levels of CFZ533 in recovery animals dropped levels necessary for full CD40 occupancy on B cells, all animals were able to mount a TDAR to KLH. All histological changes also reverted to normal appearance after recovery. In summary, CFZ533 was shown to be well tolerated and safe in the 26-week toxicity study with a distinct pharmacodynamic profile in histology and immune function.
Rarangi Monkey Bay West
When geologists can't look at rocks because they are several kilometers underground, they go look at similar rocks on surface. A type of rock (greywacke schist), similar to rocks deep under the Taupō Volcanic Zone in the central North Island, is exposed at Rarangi near Blenheim. The team took numerous pictures using a standard camera. All these pictures were then combined to make this 3D view. The data will be used to measure the organization of fractures and veins at Rarangi then extrapolate to what could be deep under the Taupō Volcanic Zone. Western side of Monkey Bay along the walking track. [North and Eastern side here](https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/rarangi-monkey-bay-3093fc77659f48a28ded702ece2cef65) More info on outcrop analogue studies for the [Geothermal Next Generation project](https://www.geothermalnextgeneration.com/updates/exploring-deep-basement-rocks-from-the-surface) * Images by Sarah D. Milicich, Cécile Massiot and Siru Jylhänkangas * Model edited by Andrew Boyes in Agisoft Metashape Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.