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FIGURE 8. Strongylacidon zanzibarense Lendenfeld, 1897. A in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 8. Strongylacidon zanzibarense Lendenfeld, 1897. A, Sponge encrusting Carijoa riisei in situ; B, Close up of the sponge showing polyps clear of the sponge covering; C, Smooth surface pierced by groups of pores; D, Choanosomal skeleton organized in plumose, multispicular tracts; E, Strongyle; F, Unguiferate chela.

FIGURE 14. A–D in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 14. A–D, Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) prostrata Thiele, 1903 holotype ZMB Por 3160. A, Anisotornotes and chelae; B–C, Small acanthostyles; D, Isochelae; E–I, Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) dichela (Hentschel, 1911) syntype ZMB Por 4438. E, Anisotornote and close up of the extremities; F–G, Acanthostyles; H, Isochela I; I, Isochela II.

FIGURE 23 in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 23. Mycale (Aegogropila) cf. lilianae Carballo & Hajdu, 1998. A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ; B, Sponge growing on several fragments of C. riisei; C, Ectosome of paucispicular tracts of mycalostyles forming a reticulum; D, Choanosome formed by ascending tracts of mycalostyles; E, Mycalostyle; F, Sigma I; G, Sigma II; H, Anisochela I; I, Anisochela II; J, Anisochela III; K, Toxas; L, Micracanthoxeas.

FIGURE 26. A–F in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 26. A–F, Spicules of Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata n. sp. A, Mycalostyle with magnification of the head; B, Anisochelae I; C. Anisochelae II; D, Sigma I with typical bifurcate extremity; E, Thin sigma II; F, Toxa very similar to raphidotoxa. G–N, Spicules of Mycale (Carmia) hentscheli Hooper & Wiedenmayer, 1994 holotype ZMB Por 4402. G, Mycalostyle and close up of the head; H, Anisochelae I; I, Anisochelae II; J, Sigma I; K, Sigma II (with a broken extremity); L, Toxa I; M, Toxa II; N, Micracanthoxeas.

FIGURE 33. Gelliodes hamata Thiele, 1903. A in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 33. Gelliodes hamata Thiele, 1903. A, Sponge covering the basal stolons of Paratelesto rosea; B. Close up of the sponge; C–D, Ectosomal skeleton of an irregular, tangential network of spongin fibres; E–F, Choanosomal skeleton formed by irregular network of spongin fibres; G, Oxea; H, Flabellate sigma I; I, Sigma II.

FIGURE 22. A–I in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 22. A–I, Mycale (Aegogropila) crassissima (Dendy, 1905). A, Specimen of the sponge on Carijoa riisei; B, Ectosomal skeleton; C, Choanosomal skeleton formed by ascending tracts of mycalostyles opening in a fan; D, Mycalostyle; E, Anisochela I; F, Anisochela II; G, Sigma; H, Raphides in trichodragma; I, Smooth microxea. J–O, Mycale (Aegogropila) crassissima Dendy, 1905 holotype BMNH 1907.2.1.56. J, Anisochelae II; K, Smooth microxeas; L, Mycalostyle; M, Anisochelae I; N, sigma; O, Raphides in trichodragma.

FIGURE 29 in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 29. Mycale (Carmia) sp. A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ; B, Examined sample on C. riisei; C, Choanosome of plumose tracts of mycalostyles; D, Mycalostyle with magnification of the extremities; E, Anisochela with evident central tooth; F, Toxa.

FIGURE 6. Chondropsis subtilis n in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 6. Chondropsis subtilis n. sp. A–B, Living sponge encrusting Carijoa riisei in situ. Note in B the pink massive sponge close to C. riisei might be the holotype of this species; C, Holotype encrusting several branches of C. riisei; D, Sand and spicules creating a fine and regular network on the sponge surface; E, Sponge surface showing a homogeneous layer of sand, foreign spicules and strongyles; F, Choanosomal skeleton of ascending tracts of spongin, embedded with sand grains, strongyles and foreign spicules; G, Straight and very thin strongyle; H, Very thin sigmas.

FIGURE 28 in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 28. Mycale (Carmia) cf. toxifera (Dendy, 1896). A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ; B, Preserved sample on fragments of C. riisei; C, Choanosome of small tracts of mycalostyles running to the surface; D, Mycalostyle with the magnification of the head; E, Palmate anisochelae; F, Sigma; G, Toxa.

FIGURE 25 in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 25. Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata n. sp. A, Sponge covering a colony of Paratelesto rosea in situ (holotype); B, Holotype; C, Reproductive paratype (arrows); D–E, Ectosomal skeleton; F, Choanosomal tracts of mycalostyles opening in loose fans.

FIGURE 32 in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 32. Halichondria (Halichondria) cf. melanadocia de Laubenfels, 1936. A, Sponge covering a fragment of a colony of Carijoa riisei; B, Hispid surface of the sponge; C, Oxea and magnification of the tips.

FIGURE 50 in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 50. Virgularia presbytes, preserved specimens (S2125); A, showing polyp leaves and autozooids (scale bar = 5 mm); B, showing dorsal track; C, whole colony (length approximately 15 cm).

FIGURE 46 in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 46. Viminella barbadensis: A, sclerites (USNM 50395); a–e) double heads from coenenchyme; f) flattened double cone from calyx; g) small flattened rod from polyp (scale bar = 0.02 mm); B, stem, preserved specimen (S2629) (scale bar = 1 mm).

FIGURE 37 in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 37. Paramuricea sp. (S2922); A, sclerites; a–d) thornscales from calyx; e, f) thornscales from colony base; g, h) forked scales from colony base; i) antler sclerites from stem tip and (j) base; k) bent spindle from branch tip coenenchyme; l) bent rod from anthocodia; (m, n) bent spindles from colony base; (scale bar = 0.2 mm); B, C, Paramuricea sp., dried specimen, showing calyces and arrangement of thornscales and anthocodial points (scale bars = 0.5 mm); D, whole colony, live specimen (scale bar = 20 mm); E, branchlets showing stem tips.

FIGURE 43 in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 43. Leptogorgia punicea: A, sclerites (USNM 61096); a–c) spindles from coenenchyme; d) capstan from coenenchyme; e–g) anthocodial rods (scale bar = 0.02 mm); B, branch (preserved specimen, S2743; scale bar = 1 cm).

FIGURE 36 in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 36. Muricea pendula: A, sclerites (S1328); a–c) large spindles from calyx; d, e) elongate spindles from coenenchyme; f, g) small spindles from inner coenenchyme; h, i) spindles from coenenchyme (scale bar for a–c = 0.05 mm; d, e = 0.1 mm; f, g = 0.05 mm; h, i = 0.1 mm); B, live specimen (S1328), whole colony (height approximately 30 cm); C, preserved specimen (USNM 49748), showing orientation of sclerites in calyx and surrounding coenenchyme (scale bar = 0.5 mm); SEM image by F. M. Bayer/Smithsonian Institution.

FIGURE 33 in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 33. Titanideum frauenfeldii: A, sclerites (S2658); a–e) tuberculated branched bodies from cortex; f) triradiate from cortex; g) tuberculated spheroid from cortex; h-j) branching rods from medulla (scale bar for a-e = 0.02 mm; f, g = 0.01 mm; h-j = 0.05 mm); B, whole colony (preserved, height approximately 26 cm); C, live colony (in situ), showing expanded polyps.

FIGURE 40 in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 40. Leptogorgia cardinalis (preserved specimen, USNM 72437); A, sclerites; a, b) anthocodial rods; c, d) elongate spindles from coenenchyme; e–h) small spindles from coenenchyme (scale bar = 0.05 mm); B, colony, showing branching (scale bar = 5 mm).

FIGURE 35 in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 35. Bebryce parastellata (USNM 56422); A, sclerites; a) lateral and top view of cup-like rosette from outer coenenchyme; b) stellate plate; c) bent foliated spindle (scale bar = 0.1 mm); (SEM images by S. Cairns/NMNH); B, stem and calyces (scale bar = 1 mm).

FIGURE 30. A in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 30. A, Pseudodrifa nigra (USNM 55234) sclerites; a, b) foliated clubs from polyp wall; c–g) sclerites from stalk (scale bar = 0.05 mm); B, Pseudodrifa nigra (live specimen), base width approximately 27 mm; C, Nidalia occidentalis (live specimen, S1384), height approximately 20 mm; D, Nidalia occidentalis (S1384) sclerites; a, b) large spindles from capitulum; c, d) small spindles from capitulum; e–g) small platelets from polyp; h–j) spindles from polyp (scale bar for a, b = 0.2 mm; c, d, h–j = 0.1 mm; e–g = 0.02 mm).