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Fig.4 in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy

Fig.4.Relative abundance of the different groups of encrusting foraminiferans (families and suborders) within Facies 1 (A), Facies 2 (B), and Facies 3 (C).

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Fig.5 in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy

Fig.5.Encrusting foraminiferans of Facies 1. A.IPUM 27825, foralgal crust with Placopsilina sp. (a) and Miniacina aff. multiformis Scheibner, 1968 (b) on the upper surface of the coral Cyathoseris. B. IPUM 27826, Miniacina sp. 1 encrusting the lower surface of the coral Cyathoseris. Scale bar 1 mm.

Fig.4. Osthimosiaglomerata. A in Palaeoecology of free-lying domal bryozoan colonies from the Upper Eocene of southeastern USA

Fig.4. Osthimosiaglomerata. A.NHM BZ4972.A 1.Surface of colony showing frontally budded autozooids in various stages of development.A 2.Detail of surface with complete suboral avicularium in left central zooid, incomplete chamber of suboral avicularium in right central and lower zooids, and incomplete brood chambers distal to left central and right central zooids. B.Lateral view of lower edge of colony, with frontally budded zooids extending to base of colony, which is visible at lower edge of photograph; NHM BZ4967. C.Fractured surface through colony showing chaotic stacking of frontally budded zooids; NHM BZ4973. Scale bar in A2 200 µm; all others 1000 µm.

Fig.3. Parasmittina collum. A in Palaeoecology of free-lying domal bryozoan colonies from the Upper Eocene of southeastern USA

Fig.3. Parasmittina collum. A.Distribution of colony diameters. B. Regression of colony height on colony diameter; Y = 0.408X + 0.632 mm. C.Distribu − tion of substratum diameters. D.Proportion of types of substrata on which colonies were established. E.Frequency distribution of encrusting organisms on lower surface. F.Frequency distribution of encrusting organisms on upper surface, with same identifying.Abbreviations: An, annelids (serpulids); Ar, Arca sp.; Bi, other bivalves; Br, bryozoan fragments; Ca, Cardium sp.; Ch, cheilostomes; Cy, cyclostomes; Ec, echinoid fragments; Fo, foraminiferans; Lu, Lunulites sp.; Mi, miscellaneous; Oy, oysters; Pe, pectinid bivalves, probably all Chlamys spp.; Po, poriferans.

Fig.1.Domal bryozoans from the Castle Hayne Formation. A–D in Palaeoecology of free-lying domal bryozoan colonies from the Upper Eocene of southeastern USA

Fig.1.Domal bryozoans from the Castle Hayne Formation. A–D. Parasmittina collum (Canu and Bassler). A.Upper surface with multiple subcolonies vis − ible; NHM BZ4963. B.Undersurface of colony established on Chlamys; NHM BZ4964. C.NHM BZ4965.C 1.Lateral view.C 2.Undersurface, established on bivalve fragment. D.Lateral view of colony with renewed growth indicated by second lateral flange; NHM BZ4966. E, F. Osthimosia glomerata (Gabb and Horn). E.NHM BZ4967.E 1.Upper surface.E 2.Undersurface, established on Lunulites sp.E 3.Lateral view. F.Lateral view of colony with renewed growth indicated by broader flange developed above short basal portion with a curved surface consisting of frontal surfaces of zooids; NHM BZ4968. G. Multispecies dome; NHM BZ4969. G1. Upper surface. G2. Undersurface showing Chlamys substratum. G3. Lateral view. Scale bars 1 cm.

Fig.2. Parasmittina collum. A in Palaeoecology of free-lying domal bryozoan colonies from the Upper Eocene of southeastern USA

Fig.2. Parasmittina collum. A.NHM BZ4963.A 1.Autozooids radiating from center of subcolony.A 2.Junction between two subcolonies, indicated by line of convergence of zooids that extends from top left to right end of scale bar. B.NHM BZ4970.B 1.Edge of colony growing across Chlamys sp.B 2.Fertile zooids, each with inflated ovicell distal to zooidal orifice. C.Underside of colony extending free beyond Chlamys substratum, with wrinkles suggestive of growth lines and larger−scale arc−shaped overlapped edges of successive subcolonies; NHM BZ4964. D.Fractured surface through colony showing moderately well defined layers of zooids that develop from a combination of local eruptive budding and lateral budding; NHM BZ4971.Scale bar in B 2 500 µm; all others 1000 µm.

Fig.7.Multispecies domes. A in Palaeoecology of free-lying domal bryozoan colonies from the Upper Eocene of southeastern USA

Fig.7.Multispecies domes. A.Distribution of dome diameters. B.Regression of colony height on colony diameter; Y = 0.512X +0.927 mm. C.Distribution of substratum diameters. D.Proportion of types of substrata on which colonies were established; see Fig.3D for identifying abbreviations. E.Frequency distribution of encrusting organisms on lower surface. F.Frequency distribution of non−bryozoan encrusting organisms on upper surface.Abbreviations: An, annelids (serpulids); Ar, Arca sp.; Bi, other bivalves; Br, bryozoan fragments; Ca, Cardium sp.; Ch, cheilostomes; Cy, cyclostomes; Ec, echinoid fragments; Fo, foraminiferans; Lu, Lunulites sp.; Mi, miscellaneous; Oy, oysters; Pe, pectinid bivalves, probably all Chlamys spp.; Po, poriferans. Ą

Fig.5. Osthimosia glomerata. A in Palaeoecology of free-lying domal bryozoan colonies from the Upper Eocene of southeastern USA

Fig.5. Osthimosia glomerata. A.Distribution of colony diameters. B.Regression of colony height on colony diameter; Y = 0.715X – 1.579 mm. C.Distri − bution of substratum diameters. D.Proportion of types of substrata on which colonies were established. E.Frequency distribution of encrusting organisms on lower surface. F.Frequency distribution of encrusting organisms on upper surface.Abbreviations: An, annelids (serpulids); Ar, Arca sp.; Bi, other bivalves; Br, bryozoan fragments; Ca, Cardium sp.; Ch, cheilostomes; Cy, cyclostomes; Ec, echinoid fragments; Fo, foraminiferans; Lu, Lunulites sp.; Mi, miscellaneous; Oy, oysters; Pe, pectinid bivalves, probably all Chlamys spp.; Po, poriferans.

Fig. 7 in Phylogeny, palaeoecology, and invasion of non-marine waters by the late Miocene hemicytherid ostracod Tyrrhenocythere from Lake Pannon

Fig. 7. Length (l) and height (h) ratio of early Tyrrhenocythere species from Pezinok (Danube Basin). The male valves are longer than the female ones.

Fig. 6 in Phylogeny, palaeoecology, and invasion of non-marine waters by the late Miocene hemicytherid ostracod Tyrrhenocythere from Lake Pannon

Fig. 6. Marginal pore canals on anterior margin and their transformation from straight Hemicytheria arrangement to brush−like Tyrrhenocythere one. A. Hemicytheria reniformis (Reuss, 1850), Hemicytheria folliculosa (Reuss, 1850), Hemicytheria omphalodes (Reuss, 1850), original by author. B. Hemicytheria biornata (Zalányi, 1944), original by author, Hemicytheria maeotica Olteanu 1989 after Olteanu and Vekua (1989). C. Hemicytheria major Sokač, 1972. D. Hemicytheria marginata Sokač, 1972 after Sokać (1972). E. Tyrrhenocythere transitivum sp. nov. F. Tyrrhenocythere pezinokensis (Jiříček, 1985). G. Tyrrhenocythere rastislavi sp. nov. original by author.

Fig. 2 in Phylogeny, palaeoecology, and invasion of non-marine waters by the late Miocene hemicytherid ostracod Tyrrhenocythere from Lake Pannon

Fig. 2. Geographical sketch (A) and lithological column (B) of Pezinok clay pit (Pipík 1998). C. Detail of the sequence with Tyrrhenocythere mirror swamps and shallow water sedimentation on the bord of freshwater−/miohaline lake (Baráth et al. 1999).

Fig. 5. Late Miocene hemicytherid ostracods from the layer 36 in Phylogeny, palaeoecology, and invasion of non-marine waters by the late Miocene hemicytherid ostracod Tyrrhenocythere from Lake Pannon

Fig. 5. Late Miocene hemicytherid ostracods from the layer 36+37A in Pezinok, Slovakia. A–C, I, L. Tyrrhenocythere transitivum sp. nov. A. RV♂, paratype, SNM RP27−21, external lateral view. B. LV♂, paratype, SNM RP27−18, external lateral view. C. LV♀, paratype, SNM RP26−4−4, external lateral view. I. LV♀, paratype, SNM RP27−19, internal lateral view; I1, central muscle scars; I2, detail of hinge. L. RV♀, paratype, SNM RP27−22, internal lateral view, detail of hinge. D. Tyrrhenocythere sp. 1, RV, SNM RP27−2, external lateral view; D1, SEM photo; D2, valve in transparent light. F. Tyrrhenocythere sp. 2, RV♀, SNM RP28−2, external lateral view. G, J. Tyrrhenocythere pezinokensis (Jiříček, 1985). G. LV♀, SNM RP27−8, internal lateral view, G1, central muscle scars; G2, detail of hinge. J. RV♀, paratype, SNM RP27−5, internal lateral view, detail of hinge. E, H, K. Tyrrhenocythere rastislavi sp. nov. E. RV♂, paratype, SNM RP26−16−1, external lateral view. H. RV♀, paratype, SNM RP27−15, internal lateral view; H1, central muscle scars; H2, detail of hinge. K. LV♀, paratype, SNM RP27−12, internal lateral view, detail of hinge.

Fig. 8 in Phylogeny, palaeoecology, and invasion of non-marine waters by the late Miocene hemicytherid ostracod Tyrrhenocythere from Lake Pannon

Fig. 8. Change of salinity tolerance in the course of phylogeny from fully marine/brackish Aurila through brackish Hemicytheria to brackish/freshwater Tyrrhenocythere; black, fully marine; grey, brackish; white, freshwater/oligohaline.

Fig. 1. A in Phylogeny, palaeoecology, and invasion of non-marine waters by the late Miocene hemicytherid ostracod Tyrrhenocythere from Lake Pannon

Fig. 1. A. Palaeogeographical map of Europe in the upper Miocene (9.5 Ma) (after Steininger and Rögl 1985). B. Lake Pannon in a time of maximum flooding surface in Pannonian zone E (Spiniferites paradoxus Biochron) (after Kováč 2000).

Fig. 2 in New Records of Plio-Pleistocene Koalas from Australia: Palaeoecological and Taxonomic Implications

Fig. 2. Phascolarctid gen et sp. indet. dentary (QMF52287) from site QML7, Chinchilla, eastern Australia. (A) External view, (B) Internal view, and (C) Occlusal view.

Fig. 3 in New Records of Plio-Pleistocene Koalas from Australia: Palaeoecological and Taxonomic Implications

Fig. 3. Morphometrics of fossil koala specimens. (A) Depth versus width of dentaries of modern Phascolarctos cinereus from eastern Queensland (Appendix), fossil Cundokoala (?Ph.) yorkensis (SAMP24904) from Corra Lynn Cave (South Australia), and phascolarctid gen et. sp. indet (QMF52287) from Chinchilla, eastern Australia. Note that the depth of the Chinchilla koala dentary is a minimum measurement because the specimen is broken along the alveolar border (Fig. 2). (B) Anterior versus posterior width of Phascolarctos spp. M2 (See Appendix for list of modern Ph. cinereus specimens examined).

Fig. 4 in New Records of Plio-Pleistocene Koalas from Australia: Palaeoecological and Taxonomic Implications

Fig. 4. Photographs of fossil koala teeth from eastern Australia. (A) QMF52288, LM2 of Phascolarctos sp., site QML1384, Mt. Etna. (B) QMF52289, RM1, 2 or 3 metacone fragment of Ph.?stirtoni, Chinchilla. (C) QMF52290, RM2 protocone fragment of Ph.?stirtoni, Marmor.

Fig. 1 in New Records of Plio-Pleistocene Koalas from Australia: Palaeoecological and Taxonomic Implications

Fig. 1. Oligocene-Pleistocene fossil localities where koalas have been recovered, including present study sites (Chinchilla, Marmor and Mt. Etna). Shaded area indicates historic (i.e., post-European settlement in Australia) geographic range of the modern Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus.

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FIG. 7 in Early Eocene Caenogastropods (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from Haymana-Polatl Basin, Central Anatolia (Turkey): taxonomy and palaeoecology

FIG. 7. — Caenogastropods (deposited in the repositories of the Natural History Museum of Vienna and in the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara): A, Tympanotonos sp.; B,?Melanoides sp.; C, Terebralia sp. 1; D, Terebralia sp. 2; E, Vicinocerithium seni n. sp. (paratype-Vienna museum); F, Vicinocerithium seni n. sp. (paratype-MTA, Ankara); G, Vicinocerithium seni n. sp. (holotype-MTA, Ankara); H, "Cerithiid" indet.; I, Haustator granulosa (Deshayes, 1824); J, Haustator sp.; A-D, G, H, NHMV; E, F, I, J, MTA. Scale bars: 1 cm.