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The impact of within-host coinfection interactions on between-host parasite transmission dynamics varies with spatial scale
<p>Within-host interactions among coinfecting parasites can have major consequences for individual infection risk and disease severity. However, the impact of these within-host interactions on between-host parasite transmission, and the spatial scales over which they occur, remain unknown. We developed and applied a novel spatially explicit analysis to parasite infection data from a wild wood mouse (<em>Apodemus sylvaticus</em>) population. We previously demonstrated a strong within-host negative interaction between two wood mouse gastrointestinal parasites, the nematode <em>Heligmosomoides polygyrus,</em> and the coccidian <em>Eimeria hungaryensis</em>, using drug-treatment experiments. Here, we show this negative within-host interaction can significantly alter the between-host transmission dynamics of <em>E. hungaryensis</em>, but only within spatially-restricted neighbourhoods around each host. However, for the closely related species <em>E. apionodes</em>, which experiments show does not interact strongly with <em>H. polygyrus</em>, we did not find any effect on transmission over any spatial scale. Our results demonstrate that the effects of within-host coinfection interactions can ripple out beyond each host to alter the transmission dynamics of the parasites, but only over local scales that likely reflect the spatial dimension of transmission. Hence there may be knock-on consequences of drug treatments impacting the transmission of non-target parasites, altering infection risks even for non-treated individuals in the wider neighbourhood.</p>
Fig. 1. A in Distribution of Fish Parasites Argulus japonicus and Argulus coregoni (Crustacea: Branchiura: Argulidae) in the Lake Biwa Basin, Central Japan
Fig. 1. A map of Shiga Prefecture, central Japan, to show the distribution of Argulus japonicus (closed circles, in Lake Biwa; closed triangle, in Chirinsan-no-ike Pond) and A. coregoni (open circles) in the Lake Biwa Basin. Only large rivers are shown. Dashed lines indicate the borders of Shiga and neighboring prefectures. 1, Katayama; 2, Onoe; 3, near the mouth of the Uso River; 4, off Omi-maiko; 5, Wani-Imajuku; 6, Akanoi; 7, Shina; 8, Hiei-tsuji; 9, Chirinsan-no-ike Pond; 10, Otsu; 11, Harihata River; 12, lower Ado River; 13, Kawachidani Stream; 14, upper Ane River; 15, Oike River; 16, Kanzaki River. See Tables 1 and 2 for detailed information on the collection localities of A. japonicus and A. coregoni, respectively.
Figures 1-3 in Morphological and molecular identification of the hard ticks parasitizing Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora: Ursidae) from paramo of Ecuador
Figures 1-3. Ixodes boliviensis (male)— 1. Dorsal view, 2. Ventral view, 3. Ventral view of capitulum and idiosoma.
Fig. 1 in Description Of The Nematode Dirofilaria Repens (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) Parasitic In Dogs In Ukraine
Fig. 1. Head end of DiroFIlaria repens: a — mouth opening (Mo), cuticular layer (Cl); head papillae (Hp); b — esophagus (Es).
Fig. 2 in Description Of The Nematode Dirofilaria Repens (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) Parasitic In Dogs In Ukraine
Fig. 2. Tail end of Ơ DiroFIlaria repens: a — lateral alae (Wl), longer spicule (Sl), c — shorter spicule (Ssh); b — proximal end of the spicule (Sp), distal end of the spicule (Sd), wide part (Pw), narrow part (Pn), triangular widening (Wt); c — caudal papillae.
Figure 3. Amblyomma scutatum A in Amblyomma scutatum Neumann, 1899 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) parasitizing Ctenosaura similis (Gray, 1831) (Squamata: Iguanidae) in Costa Rica
Figure 3. Amblyomma scutatum A. Dorsal view, female, B. Ventral view, female. C. Dorsal view, male, D. Ventral view, male.
Figure 2 in Amblyomma scutatum Neumann, 1899 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) parasitizing Ctenosaura similis (Gray, 1831) (Squamata: Iguanidae) in Costa Rica
Figure 2. Ctenosaura similis parasitized by Amblyomma scutatum. A. Group of ticks at the ventral base of the tail, B. Partially and fully engorged females on the left side of the neck.
Fig. 3 in New Records of Monogeneans, Gyrodactylus cyprini (Gyrodactylidae) and Dactylogyrus extensus (Dactylogyridae), Parasitic on Reared Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in Mie Prefecture, Japan
Fig. 3. Sclerotized parts of Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller and Van Cleave, 1932 (MPM Coll.-No. 21981). Male copulatory organ, ventral view.
Fig. 1. Gyrodactylus cyprini Diarova, 1964 in New Records of Monogeneans, Gyrodactylus cyprini (Gyrodactylidae) and Dactylogyrus extensus (Dactylogyridae), Parasitic on Reared Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in Mie Prefecture, Japan
Fig. 1. Gyrodactylus cyprini Diarova, 1964 (A–C, E: MPM Coll.-No. 21980; D: MPM Coll.-No. 19251). A, Central hook complex (ventral view); B, marginal hook; C, D, marginal hook sickle; E, male copulatory organ.
Fig. 2. Gyrodactylus kherulensis Ergens, 1974 in New Records of Monogeneans, Gyrodactylus cyprini (Gyrodactylidae) and Dactylogyrus extensus (Dactylogyridae), Parasitic on Reared Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in Mie Prefecture, Japan
Fig. 2. Gyrodactylus kherulensis Ergens, 1974 (A–C, E: MPM Coll.-No. 19606; D: MPM Coll.-No. 19251). A, Central hook complex (ventral view); B, marginal hook; C, D, marginal hook sickle; E, male copulatory organ.
Figure 1 in Amblyomma scutatum Neumann, 1899 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) parasitizing Ctenosaura similis (Gray, 1831) (Squamata: Iguanidae) in Costa Rica
Figure 1. Distribution of Amblyomma scutatum in Costa Rica. Past collection sites in descending order: Santa Rosa, Hacienda la Norma, Liberia, Parque Nacional Palo Verde, Bebedero, Monteverde, Puntarenas, Curú, Jacó, Quepos (red circles), and current collection site: Diriá (white triangle).
Fig. 4 in A New Species and a New Genus of the Family Pennellidae (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on North Pacific Lightfish Maurolicus japonicus (Actinopterygii: Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) Collected from Suruga Bay, Japan
Fig. 4. Pseudosarcotretes omorii gen. et sp. nov., copepodids, paratypes (3 and 4, NSMT-Cr 31579, 31580), from the egg string of paratype (2, NSMT-Cr 31578). A, Habitus, dorsal view; B, oral cone; C, antenna; D, antennule; E, leg 1; F, leg 2; G, caudal rami; H, leg 3. Arrows showing bearing parts of leg 3. Scale bars: A, 0.2 mm; B, H, 0.02 mm; C–F, 0.05 mm; G, 0.03 mm.
Fig. 5 in A New Species and a New Genus of the Family Pennellidae (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on North Pacific Lightfish Maurolicus japonicus (Actinopterygii: Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) Collected from Suruga Bay, Japan
Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree based on 18S rDNA sequences. INSD accession numbers are shown in parentheses. Arabic numbers of nodes indicate bootstrap values for analyses of maximum likelihood (left) and posterior probabilities (right) for Bayesian inference. The asterisks show that the hatching stages are copepodids.
Fig. 3 in A New Species and a New Genus of the Family Pennellidae (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on North Pacific Lightfish Maurolicus japonicus (Actinopterygii: Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) Collected from Suruga Bay, Japan
Fig. 3. Pseudosarcotretes omorii gen. et sp. nov., ovigerous adult females, holotype (A–F), and paratype (1, NSMT-Cr 31577: G–I). A, Antennule; B, antenna; C, maxillule, basal part; D, maxillule; E, mandible; F, caudal ramus; G, leg 1, anterior surface; H, leg 2, anterior surface; I, leg 3, anterior surface. Scale bars: A, 0.1 mm; B, 0.25 mm; C, D, F, G–I, 0.05 mm; E, 0.01 mm.
Fig. 2 in A New Species and a New Genus of the Family Pennellidae (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on North Pacific Lightfish Maurolicus japonicus (Actinopterygii: Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) Collected from Suruga Bay, Japan
Fig. 2. Pseudosarcotretes omorii gen. et sp. nov., ovigerous adult females, holotype (A–F), and paratype (1, NSMT-Cr 31577: G). A, Anteri- or part of cephalothorax, dorsal view; B, habitus, dorsal view (trunk twisted); C, pedigers 1–3, dorsal view; D, posterior part of trunk, lateral view; E, oral cone, lateral view; F, anterior part of trunk, dorsal view; G, anterior part of trunk, dorsal view. Abbreviations: oc, oral cone; pb, proboscis; sp, semicircular processes. Scale bars: A, D, F, G, 0.5 mm; B, 1 mm; C, 0.1 mm; E, 0.05 mm.
Fig. 1 in A New Species and a New Genus of the Family Pennellidae (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) Parasitic on North Pacific Lightfish Maurolicus japonicus (Actinopterygii: Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) Collected from Suruga Bay, Japan
Fig. 1. Pseudosarcotretes omorii gen. et sp. nov., adult females. A, Whole specimen (arrowed), in-situ on host, after fixation [above, paratype 1 (NSMT-Cr 31577); below, holotype]; B, whole specimen, dissected out of host, dorsal view [paratype 2 (NSMT-Cr 31578)]; C, body region of specimen (paratype 2). Abbreviations: ce, cephalothorax; es, egg strings; ne, neck; tr, trunk. Scale bars: A, 1 cm; B, 2 mm; C, 1 mm.
Fig. 1. Microcotyle pacinkar n in Description of a New Species, Microcotyle pacinkar n. sp. (Monogenea: Microcotylidae), Parasitic on Gills of Sebastes taczanowskii (Sebastidae) from off Usujiri, Hokkaido, Northern Japan
Fig. 1. Microcotyle pacinkar n. sp. from Sebastes taczanowskii. Whole body (ventral view, MPM Coll.-No. 25226). Scale bar: 500 µm.
Fig. 2. Microcotyle pacinkar n in Description of a New Species, Microcotyle pacinkar n. sp. (Monogenea: Microcotylidae), Parasitic on Gills of Sebastes taczanowskii (Sebastidae) from off Usujiri, Hokkaido, Northern Japan
Fig. 2. Microcotyle pacinkar n. sp. from Sebastes taczanowskii. A, Clamp (ventral view, MPM Coll.-No. 25227); B, reproductive organs (ventral view, MPM Coll.-No. 25227); C, genital atrium (ventral view, MPM Coll.-No. 25227). Scale bars: A, 20 µm; B, 1 mm; C, 50 µm.
Fig. 3 in Description of a New Species, Microcotyle pacinkar n. sp. (Monogenea: Microcotylidae), Parasitic on Gills of Sebastes taczanowskii (Sebastidae) from off Usujiri, Hokkaido, Northern Japan
Fig. 3. Bayesian inference (BI) tree for the Microcotyle based on partial cox1 (379 bp) data using Bivagina pagrosomi (Microcotylidae) as the outgroup. The corresponding INSD accession numbers are shown. The tree includes results for BI and maximum likelihood with PP/BS branch supports.
Fig. 3 in Rediscovery of a Deep-sea Fish Parasite Lophoura cornuta (Copepoda: Sphyriidae) in the Western North Pacific off Hokkaido, Northern Japan
Fig. 3. Lophoura cornuta, adult female, NSMT-Cr 31508. A, Habitus, ventrolateral view, ethanol-preserved specimen; B, cephalothorax and part of neck including holdfast organ, ventral view; C, D, anterior part of cephalothorax, ventrolateral and dorsolateral views, respectively. The specimen was fixed in 70% ethanol on 24 March 1983 and photographed on 9 October 2023. Abbreviations: c, cephalothorax; cp, conical protuberance; ho, holdfast organ; n, neck. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, 3 mm; C, D, 0.5 mm.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.