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270 results for “permafrost”
Cryoturbation leads to iron-organic carbon associations along a permafrost soil chronosequence in northern Alaska
<p>In permafrost soils, substantial amounts of organic carbon (OC) are potentially protected from microbial degradation and transformation into greenhouse gases by association with reactive iron (Fe) minerals. As permafrost environments respond to climate change, increased drainage of thaw lakes in permafrost regions is predicted. Soils will subsequently develop on these drained thaw lakes, but the role of Fe-OC associations in future OC stabilization during this predicted soil development is unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we have examined Fe-OC associations in organic, cryoturbated and mineral horizons along a 5500-year chronosequence of drained thaw lake basins in Utqiaġvik, Alaska. By applying chemical extractions, we found that ~17 % of the total OC content in cryoturbated horizons is associated with reactive Fe minerals, compared to ~10 % in organic or mineral horizons. As soil development advances, the total stocks of Fe-associated OC more than double within the first 50 years after thaw lake drainage, because of increased storage of Fe-associated OC in cryoturbated horizons (from 8 to 75 % of the total Fe-associated OC stock). Spatially-resolved nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry showed that OC is primarily associated with Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides which were identified by <sup>57</sup>Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy as ferrihydrite. High OC:Fe mass ratios (>0.22) indicate that Fe-OC associations are formed via co-precipitation, chelation and aggregation. These results demonstrate that, given the proposed enhanced drainage of thaw lakes under climate change, OC is increasingly incorporated and stabilized by the association with reactive Fe minerals as a result of soil formation and increased cryoturbation.</p>
Mauna Kea permafrost survey, Geophysical Data
<p>Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Survey raw data at Puu Wekiu, Puu Hau Kea, Puu Waiau, and Puu Pohaku, Mauna Kea, Hawaii. See README.txt for more information and cited references for context and results.</p>
Data for: The start of frozen dates over northern permafrost regions with the changing climate
<p>The soil freeze-thaw cycle in the permafrost regions has a significant impact on regional surface energy and water balance. Although increasing efforts have been made to understand the responses of spring thawing to climate change, the mechanisms controlling the global interannual variability of the start date of permafrost frozen (SOF) remain unclear. Using long-term SOF from the combinations of multiple satellite microwave sensors between 1979–2020, and analytical techniques, including partial correlation, ridge regression, path analysis, and machine learning, we explored the responses of SOF to multiple climate change factors, including warming (surface and air temperature), start date of permafrost thawing (SOT), soil properties (soil temperature and volume of water), and the snow depth water equivalent (SDWE). Overall, climate warming exhibited the maximum control on SOF, but SOT in spring was also an important driver of SOF variability; among the 65.9% significant SOT and SOF correlations, 79.3% were positive, indicating an overall earlier thawing would contribute to an earlier frozen in winter. The machine learning analysis also suggested that apart from warming, SOT ranked as the second most important determinant of SOF. Therefore, we identified the mechanism responsible for the SOT-SOF relationship using the SEM analysis, which revealed that soil temperature change exhibited the maximum effect on this relationship, irrespective of the permafrost type. Finally, we analyzed the temporal changes in these responses using the moving window approach and found an increased effect of soil warming on SOF. Therefore, these results provide important insights into understanding and predicting SOF variations with future climate change.</p>
Resources for "Disaggregating the carbon exchange of degrading permafrost peatlands using Bayesian deep learning"
<p>This dataset contains all predictors, fluxes, and footprint weights used and described in our manuscript.</p>
Permafrost thaw causes large carbon loss in boreal peatlands while changes to peat quality are limited
<p>Rapid, ongoing permafrost thaw of peatlands in the discontinuous permafrost zone is exposing a globally significant store of soil carbon (C) to microbial processes. Mineralisation and release of this peat C to the atmosphere as greenhouse gases is a potentially important feedback to climate change. Here we investigated the effects of permafrost thaw on peat C at a peatland complex in western Canada. We collected 15 complete peat cores (between 2.7 abd 4.5 m deep) along four chronosequences, from elevated permafrost plateaus to saturated thermokarst bogs that thawed up to 600 years ago. The peat cores were analysed for peat C storage and peat quality, as indicated by decomposition proxies (FTIR and C/N ratios) and potential decomposability using a 200-day aerobic incubation. Our results suggest net C loss following thaw, with average total peat C stocks decreasing by ~19.3 +/- 7.2 kg C m<sup>-2</sup> over <600 years (~13% loss). Average post-thaw accumulation of new peat at the surface over the same period was ~13.1 +/- 2.5 kg C m<sup>-2</sup>. We estimate ~19% (+/- 5.8%) of deep peat (>40 cm below surface) C is lost following thaw (average 26 +/- 7.9 kg C m<sup>-2</sup> over <600 years). Our FTIR analysis shows peat below the thaw transition in thermokarst bogs is slightly more decomposed than peat of a similar type and age in permafrost plateaus, but we found no significant changes to the quality or lability of deeper peat across the chronosequences. Our incubation results also showed no increase in C mineralisation of deep peat across the chronosequences. While these limited changes in peat quality in deeper peat following permafrost thaw highlight uncertainty in the exact mechanisms and processes for C loss, our analysis of peat C stocks shows large C losses following permafrost thaw in peatlands in western Canada.</p>
Ptarmigan Bay (Yukon Coast, CA) POPs analysis on permafrost soils
<p>Arctic permafrost soils are important reservoirs of contaminants on time scales ranging from days to millennia. The extensive work in the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) on Arctic contaminants highlights an acute lack of data on contaminants in Arctic soils, particularly below the permafrost table. Here we describe the work carried out on analyses of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in permafrost soils, in the Canadian study area at Ptarmigan Bay (Yukon, CA). Hexachlorobenzene, 13 congeners of Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and 16 individual Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been analysed in 95 active layer and permafrost core samples. The concentrations have been determined by using Thermo Scientific Dionex ASE 350 and Gas Chromatography - Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (Trace 1310 GC coupled with TSQ9000 TQMS, Thermo Scientific), following previously reported methods for the determination of organic contaminants in the atmospheric matrix and dry and wet deposition in the Venice Lagoon and the Antarctic atmospheric gas and particle phase (Gambaro et al., 2009; Piazza et al., 2013).</p>
Dataset for Permafrost Thaw across the Tibetan Plateau
<p>This datasets include four directories, which are respectively:</p> <p>1. Historical Ta and P</p> <p>This directory includes the bias-corrected daily air temperature and precipitation data during 1980-2019 used as the input data for historical simulation. ERA5 reanalysis dataset is selected as the background field and quality-controlled observations at 97 meteorological stations within and surrounding the Tibetan Plateau have been used for bias correction.</p> <p>2. Permafrost Distribution</p> <p> The simulated historical permafrost distribution in 1980 and 2019, and the projected permafrost distribution in 2060 and 2100 respectively under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 in the Tibetan Plateau.</p> <p> 0: area without permafrost;</p> <p> 1: area underlain by permafrost without talik;</p> <p> 2: area underlain by permafrost with talik;</p> <p>3. Permafrost Table Depth</p> <p> The simulated spatial distribution of permafrost table depth in 1980 and 2019, and the projected spatial distribution of permafrost table depth in 2060 and 2100 respectively under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 in the Tibetan Plateau. For the area underlain by permafrost without talik, the permafrost table depth is equivalent to active layer thickness. The scope of near-surface permafrost is defined as the regions where permafrost table depth is less than 3 m, that is, permafrost exists in the top 3 m soil layer. (unit: m)</p> <p>4. TP Sub-region Scope</p> <p>A shape file for the scope of the 10 sub-regions in the Tibetan Plateau.</p>
Data set for model validation in "Simulating ice segregation and thaw consolidation in permafrost environments with the CryoGrid community model"
<p>This upload contains the data set for model validation in the manuscript "Simulating ice segregation and thaw consolidation in permafrost environments with the CryoGrid community model".</p>
Data from: No slowdown of growing season extension with warming in a permafrost-affected meadow on the Tibetan Plateau
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Permafrost thaw causes large carbon loss in boreal peatlands while changes to peat quality are limited
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Data from: Rate of permafrost thaw and associated plant community dynamics in peatlands of northwestern Canada
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Data from: Plant trait response of tundra shrubs to permafrost and nutrient addition
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Data for: The start of frozen dates over northern permafrost regions with the changing climate
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Spatial heterogeneity and environmental predictors of permafrost region soil organic carbon stocks
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Permafrost soil database with information on site, topography, geomorphology, hydrology, soil stratigraphy, soil carbon, ground ice isotopes, and vegetation at thermokarst features near Toolik and Noatak River, 2009-2013
This database contains soil and permafrost stratigraphy associated with thermokarst features near Toolik Lake and the Noatak River collected by Torre Jorgenson and Andrew Balser during summers 2009-2011. The Access Database has main data tables (tbl_) for site (environmental), soil stratigraphy, soil physical data, soil chemical data, soil isotopes (ground ice), soil radiocarbon dates, topography and bathymetry, and vegetation cover. The site data includes information of location, observers, geomorphology, topography, hydrology, soil summary characteristics, pH and EC, soil classification, and vegetation cover by species. Soil stratigrapy has information on soil texture and ground ice. Soil physical and chemical data includes lab data on bulk density, moisture, carbon, and nitrogen. The database has 37 reference tables (REF_) that have codes and descriptions for variables used in site, soil stratigraphy, and vegetation cover tables.
Data used in "Evaluation of topography and vegetation coverage impacts on watershed-scale active layer freeze-thaw processes with a simple algorithm in permafrost region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau"
<p>This is the data used in the manuscript "Evaluation of topography and vegetation coverage impacts on watershed-scale active layer freeze-thaw processes with a simple algorithm in permafrost region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau" (JGR earth surface 2020JF005564 ).</p>
Comparison of different gas extraction techniques to analyze CH4 and N2O compositions in gas trapped in permafrost ice wedges
<p>Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) compositions in ground ice may provide information on their production mechanisms in permafrost. However, existing gas extraction methods have not been well tested. We tested conventional wet and dry gas extraction methods using ice wedges from Alaska and Siberia, finding that both methods can extract gas from the easily extractable parts of the ice (e.g., gas bubbles), and yield similar results for CH4 and N2O mixing ratios. We also found insignificant effects of microbial activity during wet extraction. However, both techniques were unable to fully extract gas from the ground ice, presumably because gas molecules adsorbed onto or enclosed in soil aggregates are not easily extractable. Estimation of gas production in subfreezing environment of permafrost should consider such incomplete gas extraction.</p>
Permafrost thaw in boreal peatlands is rapidly altering forest community composition
<p>Boreal peatlands are frequently underlain by permafrost, which is thawing rapidly. A common ecological response to thaw is the conversion of raised forested plateaus to treeless wetlands, but unexplained spatial variation in responses, combined with a lack of stand-level data, make it difficult to predict future trajectories of boreal forest composition and structure. We sought to characterize patterns and identify drivers of forest structure, composition, mortality, and recruitment in a boreal peatland experiencing permafrost thaw. To do this, we established a large (10 ha) permanent forest plot (completed in 2014), located in the Northwest Territories, Canada, that includes 40,584 mapped and measured trees. In 2018, we conducted a comprehensive mortality and recruitment recensus. We also measured frost table depth, soil moisture, soil humification, and organic layer thickness within the plot between 2012 and 2018, and used habitat association tests to link these variables to forest characteristics and dynamics. Forest composition and structure varied markedly throughout the plot and were strongly governed by patterns in permafrost presence and organic layer thickness. Overall, there was a net loss of trees from the plot at a rate of 0.7% yr-1. Mortality of black spruce, the dominant tree species, was more than double that of recruitment and was strongly associated with permafrost thaw. In contrast, recruitment of larch was over four times greater than mortality, and occurred primarily in low-lying, permafrost-free wetlands with mineral soil near the surface. The trends in tree demography and underlying drivers suggest that spruce-dominated permafrost plateaus will be converted into larch-dominated wetlands as permafrost thaw progresses in boreal peatlands, particularly in areas where mineral soil is near the surface. In the longer term, thaw could increase the hydrologic connectivity of the landscape, resulting in widespread drainage and re-vegetation by spruce, but we did not find evidence that this is occurring yet. Given the increasing rates of permafrost thaw, and positive feedbacks between thaw and forest change, we predict that larch abundance will continue to increase in boreal peatlands over the coming decades, leading to shifts in ecosystem function, wildlife habitat, albedo, and snow dynamics.</p>
Data from: A comparative study of ancient sedimentary DNA, pollen and macrofossils from permafrost sediments of northern Siberia reveals long-term vegetational stability
Although ancient DNA from sediments (sedaDNA) has been used to investigate past ecosystems, the approach has never been directly compared to the traditional methods of pollen and macrofossil analysis. We conducted a comparative survey of 18 ancient permafrost samples spanning the Late Pleistocene (46–12.5 thousand years ago), from the Taymyr Peninsula in northern Siberia. The results show that pollen, macrofossils and sedaDNA are complementary rather than overlapping, and in combination reveal more detailed information on plant palaeocommunities than can be achieved by each individual approach. SedaDNA and macrofossils share greater overlap in plant identifications than with pollen, suggesting that sedaDNA is local in origin. These two proxies also permit identification to lower taxonomic levels than pollen, enabling investigation of temporal changes in species composition and the determination of indicator species to describe environmental changes. Combining data from all three proxies, reveals an area continually dominated by a mosaic vegetation of tundra-steppe, pioneer and wet-indicator plants. Such vegetational stability is unexpected, given the severe climate changes taking place in the northern hemisphere during this time, with changes in average annual temperatures of > 22ºC. This may explain the abundance of ice-age mammals such as horse and bison in Taymyr Peninsula during the Pleistocene, and why it acted as a refugium for the last mainland woolly mammoth. Our finding reveals the benefits of combining sedaDNA, pollen and macrofossil for palaeovegetational reconstruction and add to the increasing evidence suggesting large areas of the northern hemisphere remained ecologically stable during the Late Pleistocene.
Permafrost modeling in the Southern Carpathians
<p>The dataset contains:</p><ul><li>Python scripts to model permafrost in the Southern Carpathians, Romania</li><li>Predictor dataset: DEM, NDVI, Potential Incoming Solar Radiation, Snow persistence index</li><li>Model outputs permafrost prediction maps for the individual ML models and the ensemble map. All in Netcdf format.</li></ul><p>This dataset comes in support to the manuscript: Popescu and Filhol et al (in review). Permafrost Distribution in the Southern Carpathians, Romania, Derived from Machine Learning Modeling.</p>
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