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FIGURE 8 in A new species of poison-dart frog (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from Manu province, Amazon region of southeastern Peru, with notes on its natural history, bioacoustics, phylogenetics, and recommended conservation status
FIGURE 8. Habitat at Manu Learning Centre, Manu, Madre de Dios, Peru, where several individuals of Ameerega shihuemoy were observed calling on July 2015. Photos by Katie Lin.
FIGURE 1 in The tadpole of the bamboo-breeding poison frog Ranitomeya biolat (Anura: Dendrobatidae)
FIGURE 1. Oral disc (top left), lateral view (top right), and dorsal view (bottom right) of preserved tadpole of R. biolat stage 34 (MUSM–27564). A live tadpole (bottom left) in stage 40 (Photo by Jennifer Jacobs).
Conspecific cues elect distinct behavioural responses in cannibalistic poison frog tadpoles dataset
<p>In cannibalistic species, conspecifics can be both predators and prey. As a result, conspecifics present a unique conflict at the intersection of predation, competition and nutritional resources in these species. To better understand how individuals respond to the complex information of conspecific chemical cues, we studied aggressive and cannibalistic tadpoles of the dyeing poison frog, <em>Dendrobates tinctorius</em>. We used a standardized open field test to compare behavioural responses to a positive cue (food), a negative cue (predator) and two conflicting cues (conspecific density and injured conspecifics). We specifically used chemical cues to understand how individuals respond in the absence of additional information that would disambiguate their status as conspecific predator versus prey. We found that the injured conspecific cue elicited a response distinct from either the food cue or the predator cue: tadpoles explored more relative to baseline and predator cues but spent less time moving compared to the food cue. We suggest that these patterns reflect cue-dependent behavioural strategies that maximize exploration while minimizing detection in the presence of conspecific cannibals. In addition to cue-specific changes in behaviour, we observed consistent differences in individuals' behaviour across environments and found that activity and exploratory behaviour were positively correlated across environments. Taken together, our results demonstrate that conspecific cues are interpreted as distinct from either food cues or predator cues in a cannibalistic species where they can represent both.</p>
Under pressure: Evidence for selection on color-related genes in poison frogs of the genus Ranitomeya
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FIGURE 2 in The tadpole of the endemic poison frog Ameerega pulchripecta (Silverstone, 1976) with the description of its chondrocranium (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)
FIGURE 2. Chondrocranium (UFMG 2445, Stage 25) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views, suprarostral in frontal view (C), and hyobranchial apparatus (D). Abbreviations: a, ala; alpc, anterolateral process of ceratohyal; apc, anterior process of ceratohyal; app, articular process of palatoquadrate; asp, ascending process; c, corpora; cb I–IV, ceratobranchial I–IV; cf, carotid foramen; ch, ceratohyal; cpf, craniopalatine foramen; hp, hypobranchial plate; ic, infrarostral cartilage; ff, frontoparietal fenestra; lt, lateral process of trabecular horn; mc, Meckel's cartilage; mp, muscular process; oc, otic capsule; pp, pseudopterygoid process; ppc, posterior process of ceratohyal; pq, palatoquadrate; pr, pars reuniens; qcc, quadratocranial commissure; s, spicule; sc, suprarostral cartilage; th, trabecular horns; ts, tectum synoticum; ttm, taenia tecti marginalis. Scale bars, A and B = 1.0 mm; C and D = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in The tadpole of the endemic poison frog Ameerega pulchripecta (Silverstone, 1976) with the description of its chondrocranium (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)
FIGURE 1. Tadpole Ameerega pulchripecta at Stage 25 in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views (CECC 2675), collected in the Parque Natural Municipal do Cancão, municipality of Serra do Navio, state of Amapá, Brazil. Open oral disc (D) and frontal view (E) of another specimen at Stage 25 (UFMG 2445). Scale bars, A–C = 3 mm; D = 0.5 mm; E = 1 mm.
Ecological and metabolic traits of non-aposematic species challenge the crypsis-aposematic duality of Neotropical poison frogs
<p>Within the context of animal defence strategies, most species are believed to be either cryptic or aposematic. In this sense, dendrobatid frogs are among the best-studied vertebrate systems in terms of colouration, behaviour, and chemical defence. Though a dual criterium, cryptic-palatable and conspicuous-toxic, was used to classify species within this clade, there are notorious exceptions that do not fit into this duality. In particular, some species assigned to the cryptic-palatable category possess colourful spots that markedly contrast the rest of the body's dark coloration and contain toxic substances. Here, we investigate whether two pairs of syntopic dendrobatids, in which one of the members within each pair has colour spots and the other a homogeneous dark colour, differ in the activity pattern, dietary specialization, foraging activity, and metabolic rate. In agreement with our prediction, we found that the coloured species in one of the pairs is more active and has a higher dietary selectivity and prey accumulation capacity. However, no association was not found for the other species pair. Furthermore, contrary to our prediction, species with coloured spots have a lower metabolic rate than their syntopic homogenous peers. Overall, our findings suggest that species with coloured spots could be classified in a different category based on ecological and metabolic traits while opening exciting perspectives for understanding the evolution of aposematism in amphibians.</p>
Data from: Induced parental care in a poison frog: a tadpole cross-fostering experiment
Understanding the external stimuli and natural contexts that elicit complex behaviours, such as parental care, is key in linking behavioural mechanisms to their real-life function. Poison frogs provide obligate parental care by shuttling their tadpoles from terrestrial clutches to aquatic nurseries, but little is known about the proximate mechanisms that control these behaviours. In this study, we used Allobates femoralis, a poison frog with predominantly male parental care, to investigate whether tadpole transport can be induced in both sexes by transferring unrelated tadpoles to the backs of adults in the field. Specifically, we asked whether the presence of tadpoles on an adult's back can override the decision-making rules preceding tadpole pick-up and induce the recall of spatial memory necessary for finding tadpole deposition sites. We used telemetry to facilitate accurate tracking of individual frogs and spatial analysis to compare movement trajectories. All tested individuals transported their foster-tadpoles to water pools outside their home area. Contrary to our expectation, we found no sex difference in the likelihood to transport or in the spatial accuracy of finding tadpole deposition sites. We reveal that a stereotypical cascade of parental behaviours that naturally involves sex-specific offspring recognition strategies and the use of spatial memory can be manipulated by experimental placement of unrelated tadpoles on adult frogs. As individuals remained inside their home area when only the jelly from tadpole-containing clutches was brushed on the back, we speculate that tactile rather than chemical stimuli trigger these parental behaviours.
Molecular physiology of pumiliotoxin sequestration in a poison frog
<p><span>Poison frogs bioaccumulate alkaloids for chemical defense from their arthropod diet. Although many alkaloids are accumulated without modification, some poison frog species can metabolize pumiliotoxin (PTX <strong>251D</strong>) into the more potent allopumiliotoxin (aPTX <strong>267A</strong>). Despite extensive research characterizing the chemical arsenal of poison frogs, the physiological mechanisms involved in the sequestration and metabolism of individual alkaloids remain unclear. We first performed a feeding experiment with the Dyeing poison frog (<em>Dendrobates tinctorius</em>) to ask if this species can metabolize PTX <strong>251D</strong> into aPTX <strong>267A</strong> and what gene expression changes are associated with PTX <strong>251D</strong> exposure in the intestines, liver, and skin. We found that <em>D. tinctorius</em> can metabolize PTX <strong>251D</strong> into aPTX <strong>267A</strong>, and that PTX <strong>251D </strong>exposure changed the expression level of genes involved in immune system function and small molecule metabolism and transport. To better understand the functional significance of these changes in gene expression, we then conducted a series of high-throughput screens to determine the molecular targets of PTX <strong>251D</strong> and identify potential proteins responsible for metabolism of PTX <strong>251D</strong> into aPTX <strong>267A</strong>. Although screens of PTX <strong>251D </strong>binding human voltage-gated ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors were inconclusive, we identified human CYP2D6 as a rapid metabolizer of PTX <strong>251D</strong> in a cytochrome P450 screen. Furthermore, a CYP2D6-like gene had increased expression in the intestines of animals fed PTX, suggesting this protein may be involved in PTX metabolism. These results show that individual alkaloids can modify gene expression across tissues, including genes involved in alkaloid metabolism. More broadly, this work suggests that specific alkaloid classes in wild diets may induce physiological changes for targeted accumulation and metabolism.</span></p> <div></div>
Fig. 3 in How far do tadpoles travel in the rainforest? Parent-assisted dispersal in poison frogs
Fig. 3 Boxplot illustrating the difference in distance between the observed tadpole transport distances and the nearest known pool available for each tracked frog and species. Asterisks denote statistically significant differences based on Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tests (p <0.05). (Color figure online)
Fig. 1 in How far do tadpoles travel in the rainforest? Parent-assisted dispersal in poison frogs
Fig. 1 Photographs of the two study species: a Ameerega trivittata and b Dendrobates tinctorius transporting tadpoles while wearing a radio-transmitter. Ameerega trivittata typically transports 15–30 tadpoles while D. tinctorius only transport one or two tadpoles. The numbers and arrows indicate: (1) tadpoles, (2) radio-transmitter, and (3) a silicone waistband for attachment. (Color figure online)
Fig. 2 in How far do tadpoles travel in the rainforest? Parent-assisted dispersal in poison frogs
Fig. 2 Map of the study area showing the movements during the tadpole transport of a seven A. trivittata males and b 11 D. tinctorius males. Blue circles represent confirmed tadpole deposition sites; house symbols represent approximated start location of the tadpole transport; each line corresponds to a transport event and each color represents a different individual. a Blue solid and dashed lines mark creek beds, which provided most deposition sites; dotted area corresponds to the forest edge. The shown trajectories do not represent complete movement patterns because some frogs were first detected already outside their home areas and near the deposition sites. Note the difference in map scales between the two species. (Color figure online)
Figure 2 in Remote sensing and citizen science to characterize the ecological niche of an endemic and endangered Costa Rican poison frog
Figure 2. Land cover classification of the study area in the South Pacific of Costa Rica for 2019 using Sentinel-2 spatial data.
Figure 1 in Remote sensing and citizen science to characterize the ecological niche of an endemic and endangered Costa Rican poison frog
Figure 1. Map of the study area in the South Pacific of Costa Rica (1:1,250,000 scale and Coordinate Reference System (CRS) WGS84) for the analysis of the ecological niche of P. vittatus using data generated during 2020. Main towns are shown. Large protected areas are represented by their management category: 1: Corcovado National Park; 2: Piedras Blancas National Park; 3: Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve; 4: Paso de la Danta Biological Corridor. Sources: Costa Rica Atlas 2014, Costa Rica Conservation Areas National System (SINAC) 2016 and 2020. Photograph of Phyllobates vittatus by Marina Garrido-Priego.
Figure 3 in Remote sensing and citizen science to characterize the ecological niche of an endemic and endangered Costa Rican poison frog
Figure 3. Relative niche suitability for Phyllobates vittatus across its distribution in the South Pacific of Costa Rica. The suitability map was generated during 2020 through the combination of eleven different environmental predictors, with elevation, forest percentage, distance to lakes and distance to ASADAS explaining the greatest proportion of the variance. The legend shows niche suitability ranging from low suitability (0; white) to high suitability (1; dark green). We represent in white high-altitude areas (>1500 m) and large plantations identified during the classification of the land cover, which were not included in the model. This prediction was made with a model built using a 5 km buffer area around the known occurrence points. Large protected areas are represented by their management category: 1: Corcovado National Park; 2: Piedras Blancas National Park; 3: Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve; 4: Paso de la Danta Biological Corridor. Sources: Costa Rica Atlas 2014, Costa Rica Conservation Areas National System (SINAC) 2016 and 2020. This map is at a 1:1,150,000 scale and CRS WGS84.
Data from: Mating status correlates with dorsal brightness in some but not all poison frog populations
Sexual signals are important for intraspecific communication and mate selection, but their evolution may be driven by both natural and sexual selection, and stochastic processes. Strawberry poison frogs (Oophaga pumilio) show strong color divergence among populations, but coloration also varies among individuals of the same population. The importance of coloration for female mate choice has been studied intensely, and sexual selection seems to affect color divergence in strawberry poison frogs. However, the effect of coloration on mating success under field conditions has received very little attention. Furthermore, few studies examined how phenotypic variation among individuals of the same color morph affects mate selection under natural conditions. We measured the spectral reflectance of courting and noncourting individuals and their background substrates in three geographically separated populations. In one population (Sarapiquí, Costa Rica), we found that naturally occurring courting pairs of males and females had significantly brighter dorsal coloration than individual males and females not engaged in courtship interactions. Our field observations suggest that, in the wild, females prefer brighter males while the reason for the higher courtship activity of brighter females remains unclear. Overall our results imply that brightness differences among individuals of the same color morph may actually affect reproductive success in some populations of strawberry poison frogs.
Mechanisms for color convergence in a mimetic radiation of poison frogs
<p class="western"><span>In animals, bright colors </span><span>often evolve to mimic other species when a resemblance is selectively favored. </span><span>Understanding the </span><span>proximate </span><span>mechanisms </span><span>underlying </span><span>such </span><span>color mimicry can give insights into how mimicry evolves, for example, whether </span><span>color convergence </span><span>evolve</span><span>s</span><span> from a shared set of mechanisms or through the evolution of novel color production mechanisms. </span><span>W</span><span>e studied color production mechanisms in poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), focusing on the mimicry complex of </span><i>Ranitomeya imitator</i><span>. Using </span><span>reflectance spectrometry, skin pigment analysis, electron microscopy, and color modeling, </span><span>we found that</span><span> </span><span>the bright colors of these frogs, both within and outside the mimicry complex, are</span><span> </span><span>largely </span><span>structural </span><span>and</span><span> </span><span>produced by</span><span> iridophores, </span><span>but </span><span>that color production depends</span><span> crucially on interactions with pigments. </span><span>Color variation </span><span>and mimicry </span><span>is regulated predominantly by iridophore platelet thickness </span><span>and, to a lesser extent, concentration of the red pteridine pigment drosopterin</span><span>. </span><span>Compared to </span><span>each of </span><span>the </span><span>four morphs of </span><span>model species which it resembles, </span><i>R. imitator </i><span>displays greater variation </span><span>in </span><span>both structural and pigmentary mechanisms, which </span><span>may have </span><span>facilitated phenotypic divergence in this species</span><span>. </span><span>Analyses of non-mimetic dendrobatids </span><span>in other genera demonstrate</span><span> </span><span>that </span><span>these </span><span>mechanisms are </span><span>widespread</span><span> within </span><span>the family,</span><span> </span><span>and </span><span>that</span><span> poison frogs share a </span><span>complex</span><span> physiological "</span><span>color </span><span>palette" </span><span>that can produce diverse and highly reflective colors</span><span>.</span></p>
FIGURE 1 in Molecular systematics of Malagasy poison frogs in the Mantella betsileo and M. laevigata species groups
FIGURE 1. Localities of the collected samples included in the molecular analyses of the Mantella betsileo and Mantella laevigata groups.
FIGURE 2. Phylogram from a Maximum Parsimony analysis, representing a 50 in Molecular systematics of Malagasy poison frogs in the Mantella betsileo and M. laevigata species groups
FIGURE 2. Phylogram from a Maximum Parsimony analysis, representing a 50% majority-rule consensus tree of 65700 equally most parsimonious trees. Mantella bernhardi was defined as outgroup. Specimens with identical haplotypes were merged; numbers in brackets after names of taxa give the number of specimens with the same haplotype. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap values in percent from a Maximum Parsimony bootstrap analysis with 250 replicates. Asterisks denote posterior probabilities from a partitioned Bayesian analysis: (*)>90%; *>95%; **>99%.
Figure 3 in Home range behaviour in male and female poison frogs in Amazonian Peru (Dendrobatidae: Ranitomeya reticulata)
Figure 3. Box plots illustrating the average distance of male and female individuals of Ranitomeya reticulata to the nearest ground bromeliad.
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