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Figure 6 in Multiple 2D approaches to human sexual dimorphism of the distal end of femur

Figure 6. Size variation between genders. Quantile plots of size variation between genders. Each box shows the median as a line across the middle and the quartiles (10th and 90th percentiles) as its ends. Units are pixels. A. Centroid size computed from 5 landmarks. B. Centroid size computed from 5 landmarks and 23 semilandmarks. C. Size computed from outlines, as the square root area of the first harmonic ellipse. (2-line represent male and 1-represent female).

Figure 8 in Multiple 2D approaches to human sexual dimorphism of the distal end of femur

Figure 8. Superposition of left and right sides. A, C, E. Shape superposition of left and right sides in females. B, D, F. Shape superposition of left and right sides in males. A–B. Obtained with 5 landmarks. C–D. Obtained with 5 landmarks and 23 semilandmarks. E–F. Obtained with pseudo-landmarks describing the contours.

Figure 3. The figures A in Multiple 2D approaches to human sexual dimorphism of the distal end of femur

Figure 3. The figures A to E show semilandmark points (yellow circles) as generated by the CLIC program to generate semilandmark between each successive landmark. A. 3 semilandmarks between LM1 and LM2. B. 5 semilandmarks between LM2 and LM3. C. 5 semilandmarks between LM3 and LM4. D. 5 semilandmarks between LM4 and LM5. E. 5 semilandmarks between LM5 and LM1.

Figure 4 in Multiple 2D approaches to human sexual dimorphism of the distal end of femur

Figure 4. The distal end of femur with scale attached, illustrating the pseudolandmarks plotting around the contour of distal femur.

Figure 2 in Multiple 2D approaches to human sexual dimorphism of the distal end of femur

Figure 2. Picture of distal end of femur and five landmarks were defined in number 1–5, the most anterior points of lateral and medial condyle (1, 2 respectively), the most posterior points of medial and lateral condyle (3, 5 respectively) and the deepest point of the intercondylar fossa (4).

Figure 1 in Multiple 2D approaches to human sexual dimorphism of the distal end of femur

Figure 1. Setting for image taking, the femoral shaft was place parallel to the camera holding arm of stand by distal end of the femur faced up towards the camera 10 cm constantly apart with centimeter calibration scale.

Fig. 5 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 5. Left lateral view of head of: (A) Leiognathus robustus, holotype, UMMZ 242144, adult male, 183.4 mm SL; (B) Leiognathus equulus, UMMZ 238805, adult male, 173.4 mm SL. Arrow indicates nuchal spine.

Fig. 6 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 6. Comparative radiographs of similarly sized (A) Leiognathus robustus, holotype, UMMZ 242144, adult male, 183.4 mm SL, and (B) Leiognathus equulus, UMMZ 238805, adult male, 173.4 mm SL.

Fig. 8. A in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 8. A. Scomber equula Forsskål, lectotype, ZMUC P48219, dry skin, 131 mm SL, Yemen: Red Sea: Luhaiya. B. Scomber edentulus Bloch, holotype, ZMB 8756, dry left skin, India: Tranquebar.

Fig. 1 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 1. Comparison of light organs (circled) and associated features of the LOS in male leiognathids exhibiting both sexually dimorphic and nondimorphic states. Leiognathus elongatus, extreme sexual dimorphism: (A) external anatomy illustrating expansive transparent lateral flank patch characteristic of males, which is located just external to the clear gasbladder wall and enlarged dorsal lobes of the male light organ; (B) internal anatomy illustrating lateral clearing of the silvery gasbladder lining (arrow) and hypertrophied dorsal lobes of the light organ, which lie internal to the gasbladder lining (removed). Leiognathus aureus, moderate to extreme sexual dimorphism: (C) external anatomy illustrating transparent pectoralaxil patch characteristic of males, which lies just exterior to the hypertrophied dorsolateral lightorgan lobes; (D) internal anatomy illustrating enlarged dorsolateral lightorgan lobes that abut lateral clearing of the integument just internal to the pectoralfin axil. Leiognathus equulus, nondimorphic: (E) external anatomy; (F) internal anatomy. In members of the L. equulus species complex the light organ is not enlarged in males and there is no corresponding lateral clearing of the silvery gasbladder lining (arrow indicates posterior clear region common to all leiognathids) or integument proximal to the light organ.

Fig. 2 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 2. Single optimal tree of leiognathid relationships recovered by combined analysis of mitochondrial (16S and COI) nucleotide characters. L. = Leiognathus; G. = Gazza; S. = Secutor. Numbers above branches represent Bremer support and numbers below branches represent Jackknife resampling percentages (>50%). Letters at nodes correspond to clades discussed in text: clade A = Leiognathidae; clade B = leiognathids with nonsexually dimorphic LOS; clade C = leiognathids bearing sexually dimorphic LOS. LOS features characteristic of members of recovered clades (Sparks and Dunlap, in review) are indicated on the topology.

Fig. 3 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 3. Leiognathus robustus, holotype, UMMZ 242144, 183.4 mm SL, adult male; Singapore. A. External anatomy, illustrating general pigmentation pattern, and absence of transparent flank or opercular

Figure 2 in Powdering of egg nests with brochosomes and related sexual dimorphism in leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Figure 2. Egg nests of Oncometopia orbona: external appearance and structure. (A) intact nest coated with white brochosome powder on the abaxial side of a Helianthus sp. leaf. (B) nest of similar size soaked in alcohol. The eggs are visible through the leaf epidermis. White and black arrows point out incisions (ovipositional scars) made by the ovipositor to insert pairs of eggs or single eggs, respectively. Scale bar: 2 mm.

Figure 1 in Powdering of egg nests with brochosomes and related sexual dimorphism in leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Figure 1. Leafhopper females with pellets of egg brochosomes on the forewings (white). Proconiini: (A) Cuerna arida. (B) Oncometopia orbona. (C) Homalodisca ichthyocephala. (D) Dichrophleps despecta. (E) Acrogonia sp. 1. Cicadellini: (F) Pamplona sp. 1. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 5 in Powdering of egg nests with brochosomes and related sexual dimorphism in leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Figure 5. Powdering behaviour of two proconiine species, drawn after video records. The females are shown at the moment when the hindtibia just begins scraping the brochosome pellet in a downward stroke. Insets show the relative position of the hindtibia to the pellet. (A) Oncometopia orbona. (B) Homalodisca liturata.

Figure 11 in Powdering of egg nests with brochosomes and related sexual dimorphism in leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Figure 11. Specialization and sexual dimorphism in the anteroventral row of macrosetae in the hindtibia of Proconiini and Cicadellini. For each species, the male tibia is shown in its full anterior aspect in the foreground (white), and the female tibia with only its anteroventral row of macrosetae visible is shown in the background (shaded). Species are arranged approximately to show increase in the dimorphism. Non-powdering species: (A) Paraulacizes irrorata, rows of macrosetae: AV, anteroventral, AD, anterodorsal, PD, posterodorsal. (B) Homalodisca elongata. (C) Phera centrolineata. (D) Cuerna costalis. Powdering species: (E) Cuerna striata. (F) Egidemia inflata. (G) Pamplonoidea yalea. (H) Phera lanei. (I) Oncometopia orbona. (J) Pamplona sp. 2. (K) Homalodisca ignorata. (L) Homalodisca coagulata. (M) Acrogonia virescens. (N) Acrogonia sp. 3. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 10 in Powdering of egg nests with brochosomes and related sexual dimorphism in leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Figure 10. Distribution of size and density of setae along the length of the forewing in females and males of Oncometopia orbona. Mean values are shown based on measurement of ten specimens of each sex. Numbers along the horizontal axis correspond to grid tiles (see Appendix 1 and Fig. 12 for details). Values significantly different between sexes (ANOVA, P <0.01) are asterisked in females. (A) density of setae. (B) length of setae, adjusted for differences in body size between individuals.

Figure 4 in Powdering of egg nests with brochosomes and related sexual dimorphism in leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Figure 4. Making of an egg nest in three species of Proconiini: diagrammatic representation based on video records of individual females. Temporal succession of laying (white bars) and powdering (black bars) is shown on the horizontal axis. Each bout of laying includes all the activity between the insertion and subsequent withdrawal of the ovipositor and generally means making a chamber and inserting two eggs. Black circles connected with powdering bouts by vertical lines represent number of the hindleg strokes in each bout. Note variable time and stroke number scales in different species. (A) Oncometopia orbona, 22.0∞C. (B) Homalodisca liturata, 32.0 ∞C, laying of the first pair of eggs not observed (dashed line). (C) Cuerna striata, 24.5∞C.

Figure 7 in Powdering of egg nests with brochosomes and related sexual dimorphism in leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Figure 7. Egg brochosomes. Proconiini: (A) Egidemia fowleri. (A1) same, close-up. (B) Phera lanei. (C) Homalodisca ignorata. (D) Homalodisca insolita. (E) Homalodisca coagulata. (F) Homalodisca ichthyocephala. (G) Homalodisca lucernaria. (H) Homalodisca liturata. (I) Pseudophera atra. (J) Pseudophera contraria. (J1) same, close-up. (K) Dichrophleps despecta. (L) Cuerna obtusa. (M) Hyogonia sp.

Figure 6 in Powdering of egg nests with brochosomes and related sexual dimorphism in leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Figure 6. Integumental brochosomes of Proconiini. (A) Oncometopia orbona, male. (B) same, female. (C) Paraulacizes irrorata, female. (D) Homalodisca coagulata, male. (E) Homalodisca liturata, male. (F) Tapajosa spinata, male. (G) Diestostemma stesilea, male. (H) Proconia esmeraldae, male. (I) same, female. Scale bars: 1 Mm.