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334 results for “shale”
Data from: The Fezouata Shale Formation biota is typical for the high latitudes of the early Ordovician – a quantitative approach
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SGS-LTER Historical LTER Soil water - neutron probe: field data (1984-1992) in Section 25, Shale on the Central Plains Experimental Range, Nunn, Colorado, USA, ARS Study Number 10
This data package was produced by researchers working on the Shortgrass Steppe Long Term Ecological Research (SGS-LTER) Project, administered at Colorado State University. Long-term datasets and background information (proposals, reports, photographs, etc.) on the SGS-LTER project are contained in a comprehensive project collection within the Digital Collections of Colorado (http://digitool.library.colostate.edu/R/?func=collections&collection_id=3429). The data table and associated metadata document, which is generated in Ecological Metadata Language, may be available through other repositories serving the ecological research community and represent components of the larger SGS-LTER project collection. Long-term (1985-1992) dynamics and spatial variations in soil water below the evaporative zone were evaluated for a shortgrass steppe with a low and variable precipitation regime. Each of sandy loam, clay loam, and two sandy clay loam sites compromised a toposequence with upland, midslope, and lowland positions. Soil water was monitored at 15cm intervals providing estimates covering 22.5 to 97.5 cm depths. Soil water throughout the profile was highest in the clay loam and lowest in the sandy loam. However, stored soil water did not vary systematically among slope positions. Additional information and referenced materials can be found: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/82912
Data from: The Collins' monster, a spinous suspension-feeding lobopodian from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia
Lobopodians, a paraphyletic group of Palaeozoic vermiform animals bearing metameric appendages, are key to the origin of extant panarthropods. First discovered in 1983 on Mount Stephen (Yoho National Park, British Columbia), the Cambrian (Wuliuan) Burgess Shale lobopodian nicknamed "Collins' monster" is formally described as <i>Collinsovermis monstruosus</i> gen. et sp. nov. A formal systematic revision of the poorly known lobopodian <i>Acinocricus stichus</i> from Utah is also provided. The body of <i>Collinsovermis</i> is plump and compact, lacking space between lobopod pairs but shows the diagnostic suspension-feeding characters of luolishaniid lobopodians. The six anterior lobopod pairs are elongate, adorned with long and slightly curved ventral spinules arranged in a chevron-like pattern. The eight posterior lobopod pairs, which attach to a truncated body termination, are stout and smooth, each terminated by a single strong recurved claw. Each somite bears a pair of dorsal spines; somites 4 and posteriad bear an additional median spine. The spines on somites 1–3 are much shorter than the spines on the remaining somites. The head is short, bears a pair of antenniform outgrowths, and is covered by an oblong sclerite. <i>Collinsovermis</i> plus <i>Collinsium</i> and <i>Acinocricus</i> comprise a sub-group of stout luolishaniid lobopodians with remarkably long spinules on the front lobopods, interpreted here as a clade (Teratopodidae). This clade is distinct from both the comparatively slenderer <i>Luolishania</i> and a sub-group composed of <i>Facivermis</i> and <i>Ovatiovermis</i> with posterior lobopods reduced or absent. Luolishaniids were mostly sessile forerunners of arthropods that had coupled efficient suspension-feeding devices and, as in <i>Collinsovermis</i> defensive features.
Data from: Analysis of local-scale background concentrations of methane and other gas-phase species in the Marcellus Shale
The Marcellus Shale is a rapidly developing unconventional natural gas resource found in part of the Appalachian region. Air quality and climate concerns have been raised regarding development of unconventional natural gas resources. Two ground-based mobile measurement campaigns were conducted to assess the impact of Marcellus Shale natural gas development on local scale atmospheric background concentrations of air pollution and climate relevant pollutants in Pennsylvania. The first campaign took place in Northeastern and Southwestern PA in the summer of 2012. Compounds monitored included methane (CH4), ethane, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide, and Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) measured volatile organic compounds (VOC) including oxygenated and aromatic VOC. The second campaign took place in Northeastern PA in the summer of 2015. The mobile monitoring data were analyzed using interval percentile smoothing to remove bias from local unmixed emissions to isolate local-scale background concentrations. Comparisons were made to other ambient monitoring in the Marcellus region including a NOAA SENEX flight in 2013. Local background CH4 mole fractions were 140 ppbv greater in Southwestern PA compared to Northeastern PA in 2012 and background CH4 increased 100 ppbv from 2012 to 2015. CH4 local background mole fractions were not found to have a detectable relationship between well density or production rates in either region. In Northeastern PA, CO was observed to decrease 75 ppbv over the three year period. Toluene to benzene ratios in both study regions were found to be most similar to aged rural air masses indicating that the emission of aromatic VOC from Marcellus Shale activity may not be significantly impacting local background concentrations. In addition to understanding local background concentrations the ground-based mobile measurements were useful for investigating the composition of natural gas emissions in the region.
Modeling the impact of a potential shale gas industry in Germany and the United Kingdom on ozone with WRF-Chem
<p>Germany and the United Kingdom have domestic shale gas reserves which they may exploit in the future to complement their national energy strategies. However gas production releases volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>), which through photochemical reaction form ground-level ozone, an air pollutant that can trigger adverse health effects e.g. on the respiratory system. This study explores the range of impacts of a potential shale gas industry in these two countries on local and regional ambient ozone. To this end, comprehensive emission scenarios are used as the basis for input to an online-coupled regional chemistry transport model (WRF-Chem). Here we simulate shale gas scenarios over summer (June, July, August) 2011, exploring the effects of varying VOC emissions, gas speciation, and concentration of NO<sub>x</sub> emissions over space and time, on ozone formation. An evaluation of the model setup is performed, which exhibited the model's ability to predict surface meteorological and chemical variables well compared with observations, and consistent with other studies. When different shale gas scenarios were employed, the results show a peak increase in maximum daily 8-hour average ozone from 3.7 to 28.3 μg m<sup>-3</sup>. In addition, we find that shale gas emissions can force ozone exceedances at a considerable percentage of regulatory measurement stations locally (up to 21% in Germany and 35% in the United Kingdom) and in distant countries through long-range transport, and increase the cumulative health-related metric SOMO35 (maximum percent increase of ~28%) throughout the region. Findings indicate that VOC emissions are important for ozone enhancement, and to a lesser extent NO<sub>x</sub>, meaning that VOC regulation for a future European shale gas industry will be of especial importance to mitigate unfavorable health outcomes. Overall our findings demonstrate that shale gas production in Europe can worsen ozone air quality on both the local and regional scales.</p>
Data from: Skeletal microstructure of Stenopterygius quadriscissus (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from the Posidonienschiefer (Posidonia Shale, Lower Jurassic) of Germany
Ichthyosaurians (Ichthyosauria) are a major clade of secondarily aquatic marine tetrapods that occupied several major predatory niches during the Mesozoic Era. Multiple lines of evidence including isotopic, body shape and swimming modality analyses suggest they exhibited elevated growth and metabolic rates, and body temperatures. However, applications of osteohistological methods to test hypotheses regarding their physiology are few. Previous studies focused on the humeri, vertebrae and ribs from a small number of taxa. Here, we use osteohistological methods to describe the bone microstructure of over 30 cranial and post-cranial elements from a nearly complete, articulated individual of <i>Stenopterygius quadriscissus</i> from the Posidonienschiefer Formation (Posidonia Shale, Lower Jurassic) of Germany. The specimen shows highly vascularized primary bone and spongious secondary bone in its limbs, suggesting an overall shift to a lighter spongious structured skeleton was achieved through multiple developmental mechanisms. The modified perichondral ossification in elements of the limbs distal to the stylopodium informs our understanding of functional morphology, including hydrodynamic forces on the paddles. The ribs show variation in cortical thickness and trabecular organization along their length. Cyclical growth is inferred from changes in vascularization and osteocyte density as well as the presence of annuli in primary fibrolamellar bone. Cranial elements, due to their relative density and better preservation of growth marks, may prove to be of particular importance in future skeletochronological studies of post-Triassic ichthyosaurians. We infer and corroborate hypotheses of elevated growth rates and metabolic rates in ichthyosaurians, and the potential for thermoregulation similar to extant homeothermic ectotherms.
Structure controlled earthquake behaviors induced by shale gas development in southern Sichuan basin, China
<p>This is the dataset available for the article titled "Structure controlled earthquake behaviors induced by shale gas development in southern Sichuan basin, China", including earthquake catalog, waveforms of 53 moderate earthquakes and three dimentional shear wave velocity model.</p>
Dataset files for 'Tan et al., Hydraulic Fracturing Induced Seismicity in the Changning Shale Gas Field: Evidence From 3-D Seismic Velocity Structure and Pore Pressure Field Models'
<p>These files are the data and result files for the manuscript entitled<strong> 'Hydraulic Fracturing Induced Seismicity in the Changning Shale Gas Field: Evidence From 3-D Seismic Velocity Structure and Pore Pressure Field Models'</strong> by Tan et al., including</p> <p>catalog.dat : the seismic phase catalog used in seismic tomography</p> <p>station.dat : the station coordinates of the local seismic network</p> <p>relocation.dat : the earthquake relocations obtained by double-difference seismic tomography</p> <p>1-D Vs.xlsx : the 1-D Vs model in the shale gas field</p> <p>3-D Vp.dat: the 3-D Vp model obtained by DD seismic tomography</p> <p>3-D Vs.dat: the 3-D Vs model obtained by DD seismic tomography</p> <p>3-D VpVs.sgy: the 3-D Vp/Vs model obtained by DD seismic tomography (3-5 km)</p> <p>3-D pressure.sgy: the 3-D pore pressure field model obtained by focal mechanism tomography (3-5 km)</p>
Dataset files for 'Tan et al., Hydraulic Fracturing Induced Seismicity in the Changning Shale Gas Field: Evidence From 3-D Seismic Velocity Structure and Pore Pressure Field Models'
<p>These files are the data and result files for the manuscript entitled<strong> 'Hydraulic Fracturing Induced Seismicity in the Changning Shale Gas Field: Evidence From 3-D Seismic Velocity Structure and Pore Pressure Field Models'</strong> by Tan et al., including</p> <p><strong>station.dat</strong> : the station coordinates of the local seismic network (including the station ID, longitude, latitude, elevation(negative)/depth(positive), X, Y)</p> <p><strong>catalog.dat</strong> : the seismic phase catalog used in double-difference (DD) seismic tomography</p> <p><strong>relocation.dat </strong>: the earthquake relocations obtained by DD tomography</p> <p><strong>1-D Vs.xlsx</strong> : the 1-D Vs model in the shale gas field</p> <p><strong>3-D Vp.dat</strong>: the 3-D Vp model obtained by DD tomography</p> <p><strong>3-D Vs.dat</strong>: the 3-D Vs model obtained by DD tomography</p> <p><strong>3-D VpVs.sgy</strong>: the 3-D Vp/Vs model (interpolated, within 3-5 km)</p> <p><strong>3-D pressure.sgy</strong>: the 3-D pore pressure field model (interpolated, within 3-5 km)</p>
Data files for 'Tan et al., (2023). Tomographic evidences for hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity in the Changning shale gas field, southern Sichuan Basin, China'
<p>station.dat : the station coordinates of the local seismic network (including the station ID, longitude, latitude, elevation(negative)/depth(positive), X, Y)</p> <p>catalog.dat : the seismic phase catalog used in double-difference (DD) seismic tomography</p> <p>relocation.dat : the earthquake relocations obtained by DD tomography</p> <p>1-D Vp&Vs.xlsx : the 1-D Vp and Vs models of the shale gas field</p> <p>3-D Vp.dat: the 3-D Vp model obtained by DD tomography</p> <p>3-D Vs.dat: the 3-D Vs model obtained by DD tomography</p> <p>3-D VpVs.dat: the 3-D Vp/Vs model obtained by DD tomography</p> <p>FMS&pore pressure.xlsx: the focal mechanism solutions and excessive fluid pressures of the selected earthquakes</p> <p>waveforms.rar: the waveforms of the earthquakes recorded by our local sparse array</p>
Failure and deformation characteristics of shale under true triaxial stress loading and unloading under water retention and seepage
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>A multifunctional true triaxial fluid-structure coupling system was used to conduct water retention and seepage tests of shale under true triaxial loading and unloading stress paths. The stress-strain evolution law of shale specimens under different experimental conditions was obtained, and the corresponding deformation and strength law was analyzed. The evolution law and failure characteristics of cracks in shale were obtained by CT scanning images before and after the experiment. The results show that under the condition of water retention, the volumetric strain of shale specimen increases first, then decreases and finally continues to increase with the increase of deviational stress, indicating that the volumetric change has experienced a process of compaction-expansion-compacting. The partial stress-maximum horizontal strain curve of the sample increases first and then decreases, while the deformation of the sample in the direction of intermediate principal stress shows the characteristics of repeated compression and expansion. In the seepage test, the permeability - maximum horizontal strain curve can be divided into two parts before and after fracture according to the deviant stress - maximum horizontal strain curve. Before fracture, the compression velocity of the specimen in the loading direction exceeds the expansion velocity <span>in the unloading direction, resulting in a decrease in volume and a decrease in permeability. With the increase of deviatoric stress, cracks occur inside the particles and continue to spread from the tip until the cracks break through the shale specimen. In this process, the pore fissure area increases and the permeability of the sample increases rapidly. In terms of fractur</span>e evolution, for the water-retaining test, dense tensile and shear cracks appear on the failure plane perpendicular to the direction of maximum and minimum principal stress, and complex shear fracture network appears on the failure plane perpendicular to the direction of intermediate principal stress. For the seepage test, heavy shear failure occurs throughout the original fracture of the sample. With the increase of the penetration depth, the crack shape on the failure surface perpendicular to the direction of intermediate principal stress gradually changes from single type to complex type.</span></p>
Fig. 10 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation
Fig. 10. Shell outlines of species discussed herein.
Evolution of Hydromechanical Coupling from Quartz to Shale rich Faults and Implications for Slip stability
<p><span>Fault rock heterogeneity has a dominant effect on frictional and fluid flow properties of faults, yet the study of how fault hydromechanical properties are coupled, evolve with fault fabric and influence slip </span><span>behaviour</span><span> is still in its infancy. Here, we show that the increase in shale content within a quartz-rich experimental fault promotes a fabric ev</span><span>olution from a load-bearing granular framework to an interconnected foliated and clay-rich network. This fabric evolution causes a significant reduction in frictional strength, a marked decrease in permeability, and enhanced frictional stability. Fault sta</span><span>b</span><span>ility is enhanced by fault dilation associated to a reduction in pore fluid pressure within the low permeability, clay-rich faults. Our results indicate that fault rock fabric and associated hydromechanical properties exert a primary control on fault slip </span><span>behaviour</span><span>. The enhanced stability within pressurized clay-rich faults </span><span>matches</span><span> well with observations of aseismic slip during hydraulic stimulations of shales and models proposing dilation strengthening as a mechanism for the occurrence of slow slip events in shale rich sediments at shallow crustal levels. </span></p> <p> </p> <p><span>this repository contains the raw data for all experiments reported in Table 1. </span></p> <p><span>Furthermore, you are able to reproduce each figure by executing the Python code in each .zip file. </span></p> <p><span>For most of the codes you will have to install rawPy that is a specific Python package to manipulate our lab data and can be found at </span></p> <p><span>https://github.com/marcoscuderi/rawPy</span></p> <p><span>for any further request please do not hesitate to contact me at marco.scuderi@uniroma1.it</span></p>
FIGURE 3 in Anthropologically introduced biases in natural history collections, with a case study on the invertebrate paleontology collections from the middle Cambrian Spence Shale Lagerstätte
FIGURE 3. Percentage of taxonomic groups in the KUMIP Spence Shale collection by specimen counts.
Water Vapor Sorption Properties of Illinois Shales under Dynamic Water Vapor Conditions: Experimentation and Modeling
<p>Data sets for the Publication 'Water Vapor Sorption Properties of Illinois Shales under Dynamic Water Vapor Conditions: Experimentation and Modeling' in Water Resources Research.</p>
Examining the oil price and renewable energy price nexus: Comparative wavelet analysis for the aftermath of 2008 financial crisis, shale oil crisis and COVID-19 pandemic.
<p><span>In this study, we conducted a wavelet analysis on the dependence between renewable energy indices and Brent oil index (Brent) for the period of 21st November, 2003 till 24th May, 2024. The objective of the paper includes comparing the co-movement of renewable energy stock prices and oil prices during three different crises including the global financial crisis, shale oil crisis and the covid-19 pandemic. We found that the dependence is similar for both Europe and on a global scale during the pre-crises time, where renewable energy prices lead Brent oil prices in the short and medium term. Furthermore, results confirm that there is substitutability between oil prices and renewable energy prices before all crises which shows a positive correlation. The results further show that the short and medium term dependence disappears after the oil crisis and financial crisis which is supported by the sudden loss in demand for oil. These findings show that co-movement changes between the three crises where there is no dependence between the indices after the financial and oil crisis while there is a negative correlation after the covid-19 pandemic. These findings could have significant ramifications for investors seeking to mitigate risks and for policymakers making decisions about supporting the advancement of renewable energy while understanding the change of behaviour between the two crises.</span></p>
FIGURE 45 in Chancelloriids of the Cambrian Burgess Shale
FIGURE 45. Life reconstruction of Archiasterella coriacea, n.sp. Artwork Pollyanna von Knorring.
FIGURE 15 in Chancelloriids of the Cambrian Burgess Shale
FIGURE 15. Life reconstruction of Chancelloria eros, Walcott, 1920. Artwork Pollyanna von Knorring.
FIGURE 32. Allonnia tintinopsis n in Chancelloriids of the Cambrian Burgess Shale
FIGURE 32. Allonnia tintinopsis n.sp. 1. ROM 49615A, WT, dry/pol. 2. ROM 49621, UE, dry.
FIGURE 13. Chancelloria eros Walcott, 1920. 1. ROM 49578 in Chancelloriids of the Cambrian Burgess Shale
FIGURE 13. Chancelloria eros Walcott, 1920. 1. ROM 49578, ST, dry. 2. ROM 43126, ST, dry.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.