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444 results for “social networks”
Data from: Across-year social stability shapes network structure in wintering migrant sparrows
Migratory birds often form flocks on their wintering grounds, but important details of social structure such as the patterns of association between individuals are virtually unknown. We analysed networks of co-membership in short-term flocks for wintering golden-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia atricapilla) across three years and discovered social complexity unsuspected for migratory songbirds. The population was consistently clustered into distinct social communities within a relatively small area (~ 7 ha). Birds returned to the same community across years, with mortality and recruitment leading to some degree of turnover in membership. These spatiotemporal patterns were explained by the combination of space use and social preference – birds that flocked together in one year flocked together again in the subsequent year more often than were expected based on degrees of home range overlap. Our results suggest that a surprising level of social fidelity across years leads to repeatable patterns of social network structure in migratory populations.
Data from: Consistency of animal social networks after disturbance
Social networks encompass both individual and group phenotypes that have been shown to covary with fitness in several species. In order for network characters to be evolutionarily important, they must reliably reflect properties of an individual or groups of individuals; however, it is unknown whether network traits are consistently expressed at either level. To determine if measurable components of individual social network position were repeatable and if the network structure as a whole was consistent in Bolitotherus cornutus (the forked fungus beetle) we constructed eight experimental populations. Half of the populations were disturbed between two observation periods. Two individual network metrics (strength and betweenness) were significantly repeatable across time in all treatments; a third (clustering coefficient) was not. At the network level, all three metrics changed more in undisturbed than disturbed networks. These findings suggest that individual network position can be a consistent property of individuals that is resilient to disturbance and could experience selection in a predictable fashion. However, group network structure seems to change over time unless reset by disturbance.
Data from: Agonistic reciprocity is associated with reduced male reproductive success within haremic social networks
While individual variation in social behaviour is ubiquitous and causes social groups to differ in structure, how these structural differences affect fitness remains largely unknown. We used social network analysis of replicate bluebanded goby (Lythrypnus dalli) harems to identify the reproductive correlates of social network structure. In stable groups, we quantified agonistic behaviour, reproduction and steroid hormones, which can both affect and respond to social/reproductive cues. We identified distinct, optimal social structures associated with different reproductive measures. Male hatching success (HS) was negatively associated with agonistic reciprocity, a network structure that describes whether subordinates 'reciprocated' agonism received from dominants. Egg laying was associated with the individual network positions of the male and dominant female. Thus, males face a trade-off between promoting structures that facilitate egg laying versus HS. Whether this reproductive conflict is avoidable remains to be determined. We also identified different social and/or reproductive roles for 11-ketotestosterone, 17β-oestradiol and cortisol, suggesting that specific neuroendocrine mechanisms may underlie connections between network structure and fitness. This is one of the first investigations of the reproductive and neuroendocrine correlates of social behaviour and network structure in replicate, naturalistic social groups and supports network structure as an important target for natural selection.
Data from: A human subcortical network underlying social avoidance revealed by risky economic choices
Social interactions have a major impact on well-being. While many individuals actively seek social situations, others avoid them, at great cost to their private and professional life. The neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in social approach or avoidance tendencies are poorly understood. Here we estimated people's subjective value of engaging in a social situation. In each trial, more or less socially anxious participants chose between an interaction with a human partner providing social feedback and a monetary amount. With increasing social anxiety, the subjective value of social engagement decreased; amygdala BOLD response during decision-making and when experiencing social feedback increased; ventral striatum BOLD response to positive social feedback decreased; and connectivity between these regions during decision-making increased. Amygdala response was negatively related to the subjective value of social engagement. These findings suggest a relation between trait social anxiety / social avoidance and activity in a subcortical network during social decision-making.
Data from: Learning and robustness to catch-and-release fishing in a shark social network
Individuals can play different roles in maintaining connectivity and social cohesion in animal populations and thereby influence population robustness to perturbations. We performed a social network analysis in a reef shark population to assess the vulnerability of the global network to node removal under different scenarios. We found that the network was generally robust to the removal of nodes with high centrality. The network appeared also highly robust to experimental fishing. Individual shark catchability decreased as a function of experience, as revealed by comparing capture frequency and site presence. Altogether, these features suggest that individuals learnt to avoid capture, which ultimately increased network robustness to experimental catch-and-release. Our results also suggest that some caution must be taken when using capture–recapture models often used to assess population size as assumptions (such as equal probabilities of capture and recapture) may be violated by individual learning to escape recapture.
Data from: Social network analysis of psychological morbidity in an urban slum of Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study based on a community census
Background Social ties are believed to play important roles in mitigating depression and anxiety, as well as fostering mental health in the population. We test this association for young urban men in Bangladesh. Methods Using a locally adapted GHQ-12 instrument, we enumerate self-reported mental health outcomes for 824 post-adolescent young men between the ages of 18 and 29 in a low-income urban community in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We further measure the social network for all our subjects and estimate the association of social network of the respondents with self-reported mental health outcomes controlling for possible confounders. Results We find there are considerable variations in both the mental health outcomes and social network across respondents. The GHQ scores (mean = 9.2, SD = 4.9) suggest significant psychological morbidity among the respondents. However, our findings imply better social ties and connections can potentially mitigate negative mental health outcomes (0.05-0.65 lower standardized GHQ score). Among other factors, being married and a recent migrant are also associated with better mental health status (0.17-0.20 and 0.16-0.17 lower standardized GHQ scores respectively). Conclusion Our results underscore the importance of social connection in providing buffer against stress and anxiety through psychosocial support from one's peer in a resource constraint urban setting. Our findings also suggest incorporating social network and ties in designing mental health policies and interventions.
Data from: Social network analysis shows direct evidence for social transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees.
Claims of culture in animals have been stimulated by studies on a wide range of taxa revealing group-specific behavior patterns that remain stable through generations, consistent with different behavioral innovations spreading within groups by social transmission in a manner similar to human culture. In chimpanzees, 39 behaviors have been identified as 'cultural', because alternative genetic and environmental explanations for the observed regional variation appear less plausible. This interpretation is supported by experimental data from captive chimpanzee groups. However, there is no experimental evidence for social learning in the wild, nor has there been direct observation of social diffusion of spontaneously occurring behavioral innovations. Here, we document the spread of two novel tool-use variants, 'moss-sponging' and 'leaf-sponge re-use', in the Sonso chimpanzee community of Budongo Forest, Uganda. We use traditional network-based diffusion analysis (NBDA) to test whether these novel behaviors spread by social learning, as well as a newly developed dynamic version of NBDA, capable of capturing temporal aspects of acquisition, i.e. how each successive personal observations impact the subsequent acquisition of behavior. Both models provide strong evidence that diffusion patterns of moss-sponging, but not leaf-sponge re-use, are significantly better explained by social than asocial learning, therefore showing that wild chimpanzees socially learned moss-sponging from each other. The most conservative estimate of social transmission accounts for 85% of observed events with an estimated 11-fold increase in learning rate for each time a novice observed an informed individual performing moss-sponging. We conclude that group-specific behavioral variants in chimpanzees can be socially learned, suggesting this prerequisite for culture originated in a common ancestor of great apes and humans, long before the advent of modern humans.
Data from: Wild birds respond to flockmate loss by increasing their social network associations to others
Understanding the consequences of losing individuals from wild populations is a current and pressing issue, yet how such loss influences the social behaviour of the remaining animals is largely unexplored. Through combining the automated tracking of winter flocks of over 500 wild great tits (Parus major) with removal experiments, we assessed how individuals' social network positions responded to the loss of their social associates. We found that the extent of flockmate loss that individuals experienced correlated positively with subsequent increases in the number of their social associations, the average strength of their bonds and their overall connectedness within the social network (defined as summed edge weights). Increased social connectivity was not driven by general disturbance or changes in foraging behaviour, but by modifications to fine-scale social network connections in response to losing their associates. Therefore, the reduction in social connectedness expected by individual loss may be mitigated by increases in social associations between remaining individuals. Given that these findings demonstrate rapid adjustment of social network associations in response to the loss of previous social ties, future research should examine the generality of the compensatory adjustment of social relations in ways that maintain the structure of social organization.
Data from: Building genetic networks using relatedness information: a novel approach for the estimation of dispersal and characterization of group structure in social animals
Natal dispersal is an important life history trait driving variation in individual fitness and, therefore, a proper understanding of the factors underlying dispersal behaviour is critical to many fields including population dynamics, behavioural ecology and conservation biology. However, individual dispersal patterns remain difficult to quantify despite many years of research using direct and indirect methods. Here, we quantify dispersal in a single intensively-studied population of the cooperatively breeding chestnut-crowned babbler (Pomatostomus ruficeps) using genetic networks created from the combination of pairwise relatedness data and social networking methods and compare this to dispersal estimates from re-sighting data. Not only does this novel approach identify movements between social groups within our study sites but also provides an estimation of immigration rates of individuals originating outside the study site. Both genetic and re-sighting data indicated that dispersal was strongly female-biased, but the magnitude of dispersal estimates was much greater using genetic data. This suggests that many previous studies relying on mark-recapture data may have significantly underestimated dispersal. An analysis of spatial genetic structure within the sampled population also supports the idea that females are more dispersive, with females having no structure beyond the bounds of their own social group while male genetic structure expands for 750 meters from their social group. Although the genetic network approach we have used is an excellent tool for visualising the social and genetic microstructure of social animals and identifying dispersers, our results also indicate the importance of applying them in parallel with behavioural and life history data.
Data from: Social networks predict gut microbiome composition in wild baboons
Social relationships have profound effects on health in humans and other primates, but the mechanisms that explain this relationship are not well understood. Using shotgun metagenomic data from wild baboons, we found that social group membership and social network relationships predicted both the taxonomic structure of the gut microbiome and the structure of genes encoded by gut microbial species. Rates of interaction directly explained variation in the gut microbiome, even after controlling for diet, kinship, and shared environments. They therefore strongly implicate direct physical contact among social partners in the transmission of gut microbial species. We identified 51 socially structured taxa, which were significantly enriched for anaerobic and non-spore-forming lifestyles. Our results argue that social interactions are an important determinant of gut microbiome composition in natural animal populations—a relationship with important ramifications for understanding how social relationships influence health, as well as the evolution of group living.
Data from: The effect of excluding juveniles on apparent adult olive baboons (Papio anubis) social networks
In recent years there has been much interest in investigating the social structure of group living animals using social network analysis. Many studies so far have focused on the social networks of adults, often excluding younger, immature group members. This potentially may lead to a biased view of group social structure as multiple recent studies have shown that younger group members can significantly contribute to group structure. As proof of the concept, we address this issue by investigating social network structure with and without juveniles in wild olive baboons (Papio anubis) at Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria. Two social networks including all independently moving individuals (i.e., excluding dependent juveniles) were created based on aggressive and grooming behaviour. We used knockout simulations based on the random removal of individuals from the network in order to investigate to what extent the exclusion of juveniles affects the resulting network structure and our interpretation of age-sex specific social roles. We found that juvenile social patterns differed from those of adults and that the exclusion of juveniles from the network significantly altered the resulting overall network structure. Moreover, the removal of juveniles from the network affected individuals in specific age-sex classes differently: for example, including juveniles in the grooming network increased network centrality of adult females while decreasing centrality of adult males. These results suggest that excluding juveniles from the analysis may not only result in a distorted picture of the overall social structure but also may mask some of the social roles of individuals belonging to different age-sex classes.
Data from: Knockouts of high-ranking males have limited impact on baboon social networks
Social network structures can crucially impact complex social processes such as collective behaviour or the transmission of information and diseases. However, currently it is poorly understood how social networks change over time. Previous studies on primates suggest that 'knockouts' (due to death or dispersal) of high-ranking individuals might be important drivers for structural changes in animal social networks. Here we test this hypothesis using long-term data on a natural population of baboons, examining the effects of 29 natural knockouts of alpha or beta males on adult female social networks. We investigated whether and how knockouts affected (1) changes in grooming and association rates among adult females, and (2) changes in mean degree and global clustering coefficient in these networks. The only significant effect that we found was a decrease in mean degree in grooming networks in the first month after knockouts, but this decrease was rather small, and grooming networks rebounded to baseline levels by the second month after knockouts. Taken together our results indicate that the removal of high-ranking males has only limited or no lasting effects on social networks of adult female baboons. This finding calls into question the hypothesis that the removal of high-ranking individuals has a destabilizing effect on social network structures in social animals.
Data from: A dedicated network for social interaction processing in the primate brain
Primate cognition requires interaction processing. Interactions can reveal otherwise hidden properties of intentional agents, such as thoughts and feelings, and of inanimate objects, such as mass and material. Where and how interaction analyses are implemented in the brain is unknown. Using whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging in macaque monkeys, we discovered a network centered in the medial and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex that is exclusively engaged in social interaction analysis. Exclusivity of specialization was found for no other function anywhere in the brain. Two additional networks, a parieto-premotor and a temporal one, exhibited both social and physical interaction preference, which, in the temporal lobe, mapped onto a fine-grain pattern of object, body, and face selectivity. Extent and location of a dedicated system for social interaction analysis suggest that this function is an evolutionary forerunner of human mind-reading capabilities.
Data from: Does detection range matter for inferring social networks in a benthic shark using acoustic telemetry?
Accurately estimating contacts between animals can be critical in ecological studies such as examining social structure, predator–prey interactions or transmission of information and disease. While biotelemetry has been used successfully for such studies in terrestrial systems, it is still under development in the aquatic environment. Acoustic telemetry represents an attractive tool to investigate spatio-temporal behaviour of marine fish and has recently been suggested for monitoring underwater animal interactions. To evaluate the effectiveness of acoustic telemetry in recording interindividual contacts, we compared co-occurrence matrices deduced from three types of acoustic receivers varying in detection range in a benthic shark species. Our results demonstrate that (i) associations produced by acoustic receivers with a large detection range (i.e. Vemco VR2W) were significantly different from those produced by receivers with smaller ranges (i.e. Sonotronics miniSUR receivers and proximity loggers) and (ii) the position of individuals within their network, or centrality, also differed. These findings suggest that acoustic receivers with a large detection range may not be the best option to represent true social networks in the case of a benthic marine animal. While acoustic receivers are increasingly used by marine ecologists, we recommend users first evaluate the influence of detection range to depict accurate individual interactions before using these receivers for social or predator–prey studies. We also advocate for combining multiple receiver types depending on the ecological question being asked and the development of multi-sensor tags or testing of new automated proximity loggers, such as the Encounternet system, to improve the precision and accuracy of social and predator–prey interaction studies.
Social Network Data for Jones, The Decline and Fall of the Assyrian Court Scholar
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Women's empowerment and the Social Networking Site
<p>The data in the Dataset is organized into two groups: the first refers to the sociodemographic data of the interviewees and the second contains the questions asked of the interviewees. In this second group, the original questions are in Brazilian Portuguese and next to them is a version translated into British English.</p> <p><strong>Group 1:</strong></p> <p><strong>ID Interview: </strong>This column serves as a unique identifier for each interview, facilitating the organization and referencing of individual responses.</p> <p><strong>Age Range: </strong>Categorizes participants into specific age groups, providing insights into the distribution of respondents across different age demographics.</p> <p><strong>Marital Status: </strong>Records the marital status of participants, offering information on their relationship status.</p> <p><strong>Where Do You Live: </strong>Captures the geographical location or residence of each participant, providing a snapshot of the diverse locations represented in the study.</p> <p><strong>Number of Sons: </strong>Reflects participants' family composition by recording the number of sons they have.</p> <p><strong>Academic Background: </strong>Outlines the educational qualifications of participants, offering insights into their level of education and expertise.</p> <p><strong>Current Position Held: </strong>Highlights the current job roles or positions held by participants, providing an overview of the variety of professions within the sample.</p> <p><strong>Length of Time in Position: </strong>Records the duration for which participants have held their current positions, offering insights into their professional stability or career progression.</p> <p><strong>The Organization's Branch of Activity: </strong>Categorizes the type of industry or sector in which participants' organizations operate, offering insights into the diversity of business sectors.</p> <p><strong>Scope of the Organization's Operations: </strong>Delves into the extent and scale of the organization's activities, providing information on whether it operates locally, nationally, or internationally.</p> <p><strong>Number of Employees: </strong>Indicates the size of the organizations represented, offering insights into the range from small businesses to large corporations.</p> <p><strong>Monthly Income: </strong>Records the monthly income of participants, providing insights into the financial aspects of the respondents.</p> <p><strong>Group 2:</strong></p> <p>1. O que é empoderamento feminino para você? 1. What is women's empowerment to you? 2. Você acredita que seja uma mulher empoderada? Por quê? 2. Do you think you're an empowered woman? Why? 3. Como os sites de redes sociais podem contribuir para o processo de capacitação das mulheres? 3. How can social networking sites contribute to the process of women's empowerment? 4. E como elas (as mídias sociais) podem dificultar isso (o empoderamento das mulheres)? 4. And how can they (social medias) make it (women's emporwement) difficult? 5. Em sua opinião, o compartilhamento de conteúdo no grupo "Mulheres de negócios" ou o uso da ferramenta "Escrever um artigo" no LinkedIn pode influenciar/incentivar as mulheres de sua rede social a discutir o empoderamento das mulheres? Por quê? 5. In your opinion, can sharing content in the "Business Women" group or using the "Write an Article" tool on LinkedIn influence/encourage the women in your social network to discuss women's empowerment? Why? 6. Em sua opinião, como os sites de redes sociais profissionais, como o LinkedIn, podem ajudar as mulheres no mercado de trabalho? 6. In your opinion, how can professional social networking sites such as LinkedIn help women in the job market? 7. E como os grupos fechados do LinkedIn, como o "Mulheres de Negócios", podem ajudar? 7. And how can LinkedIn's closed groups, such as "Women in Business", help? 8. Em sua opinião, os sites de redes sociais profissionais, como o LinkedIn, prejudicam de alguma forma a carreira das mulheres no mercado de trabalho? 8. In your opinion, do professional social networking sites such as LinkedIn hinder women's careers in the job market in any way? 9. Você acha que, ao usar o LinkedIn para divulgar seu perfil profissional, as mulheres podem ter acesso a vagas de emprego que não encontrariam na maneira convencional de procurar/oferecer empregos? Comente. 9. Do you think that by using LinkedIn to publicize their professional profile, women can gain access to job vacancies that they wouldn't find in the conventional way of looking for/offering jobs? Comment. 10. Você chegou ao topo de sua carreira? Comente. 10. Have you reached the top of your career ladder? Comment. 11. Como você reconhece, na prática, os possíveis limites de sua carreira profissional? 11. How do you recognize, in practice, the possible limits of your professional career?</p> <p> </p>
Social network connections are positively related to temperature in winter flocks of black-capped chickadees
<p>Social species often share with conspecifics the responsibilities of finding food, defending against predators or caring for young. Within a social group, individuals' roles can be influenced by age, sex, and personality. Black-capped chickadees, <em>Poecile atricapillus</em>, are nonmigratory passerine birds that spend their winters living in social flocks. Due to the intense metabolic stress placed on chickadees by low winter temperatures, the role of flocking in resource localization and allocation among flockmates is an important aspect of individual fitness, especially during winter. Understanding changes in flock structure in response to the environment may provide insight into the consequences of social behaviour variability on overwinter survival. Here, we used social network analysis to quantify the effects of ambient temperature on social foraging behaviour in winter flocks of black-capped chickadees over two winters in Massachusetts, USA. Contrary to our expectations, we found that two measures of social connection were higher on warm days than on cold days. We found no evidence that sex or dominance rank influenced birds' behavioural responses to temperature. Furthermore, contrary to previous research, we found male-biased sex ratios in most of our flocks. Our findings that birds had more and stronger social connections on warm days and that an individual's response to temperature was not related to their status in a flock beg further investigation as to the specific costs and benefits of flocking in chickadees and other birds.</p>
Fig. (3). Responses regarding the eating products widely advertised on television or social networks.
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D1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW ON SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS RELATED TO TRUST IN SCIENCE
<p>This document constitutes a part of the D1.4 Social Network Analysis and includes the literature review that was conducted to investigate the methodologies used for addressing the topic of trust in science in Online Social Networks (OSNs). This review contains studies that have approached the topic of trust in science from different perspectives in OSNs examining both data from OSNs and suveys related to OSNs providing useful insights about the factors that influence public trust in science. Important findings are derived from the literature review that affect public’s trust in science, such as the political ideology, educational level, and cultural factors. Also, different methods of the studies are described such as the analysis of the text of the messages, the reactions of users, and deep learning techniques. The findings of the literature review are provided to the final document of D1.4 as they address the further analysis of the Task 1.4 Social Network Analysis</p>
Foraging networks and social tolerance in a cooperatively breeding primate (Callithrix jacchus)
<p>Within-group competition over food resources can be a major cost of social living. In the wild, foragers are confronted with social (e.g. hierarchical rank) and ecological (e.g. food availability and distribution) challenges that affect their foraging decisions and feeding success. Exhibiting prosocial behaviors, such as tolerance at feeding sites, can benefit group members by developing affiliative social relationships, enhancing access to resources and maximizing fitness. We examined social tolerance at feeding sites in Callithrix jacchus, a cooperatively breeding primate species. We investigated the set of social (rank, age, sex) and ecological (food availability) factors that influence the structure and dynamics of within-group foraging association networks. We designed and conducted an experimental field study of four wild groups of common marmosets in which we controlled food distribution (concentrated or scattered) and productivity (high, medium, or low food rewards). Then, we used social network analyses to assess the number and strength of foraging associations among group members, their effects on individual food consumption, and whether recent experiences with conspecifics during foraging affected subsequent associations. Overall, common marmoset foraging association networks were cohesive, as group members jointly occupied feeding sites. The number and strength of associations varied depending on the ecological context. Associations were stronger during conditions in which food was concentrated at a single site. Individuals obtained greater access to food resources when sharing a feeding site with conspecifics, but once a food item was obtained, the forager moved to a nearby tree and consumed it away from others. Additionally, the strength of previous foraging associations and subsequent levels of social tolerance at feeding sites were positively related, a relationship compatible with the ability of memorizing associations over time and recalling the information in future decision-making. In sum, marmosets adjusted their partner choices and the strength of foraging associations in response to food availability. They exhibited increased social tolerance at feeding sites during conditions in which opportunities for contest competition were expected to be greatest. These cooperative breeding primates appear to mutually benefit by maintaining cohesive and strong affiliative relationships, and by increasing opportunities for coordinated behavior and offspring survival.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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