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Fig. 9 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 9. SEM photographs of phosphatized endolithic community of bryozoans and "fungi" (morphotype A) from the Early Devonian of Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. A. ZPAL Br XIV/067. Fragmentary colony showing a network of irregularly branched filaments and rare bryozoan zooids (A1). Oblique view showing partly preserved bryozoans autozooids and 'fungal' hyphae (A2). Oblique view showing fungal attack on supposed juvenile bryozoan autozooid (A3). Close−up showing "fungal" filaments with branches and irregularly shaped swellings, note imprints of host shell microstructure preserved on the coating layer (A4). B. ZPAL Br XIV/101. Pattern of fungal filaments and bryozoans zooids (B1). Close−up of partly preserved bryozoan zooids attached by "fungal" hyphae (B2). Oblique view showing partly preserved autozooid with accessory tubules visible, attacked by fungal branches (B3). Close−up of autozooid attacking by "fungal" branching (B4). Oblique view of "fungal" colony (B5). Close−up of irregularly shaped "fungal" swellings showing hollow interiors, note the host shell microstructure imprints preserved on the coating layer (B6, B7).

Fig. 8 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 8. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. A. ZPAL Br XIV/009. Lateral view of cylindrical−shaped heterozooid cavity, basal wall collapsed (A1). Close−up showing external coating layer and internal lamellae, basal wall collapsed (A2). B. ZPAL Br XIV/011. Oblique view of the partly preserved colony showing cylindrical heterozooids, basal wall collapsed. C. ZPAL Br XIV/112; Lateral view showing autozooids and ovate−shaped heterozooids (C1), lateral views of heterozooids showing layers infilling the interior of the cavity, visible in places where the coating layer has not been preserved (C2, C3), basal walls collapsed. D. ZPAL Br XIV/071. Fragmentary preserved colony in oblique view showing heterozooid cavity with basal wall preserved. E. ZPAL Br XIV/137. Oblique view of cylindrical heterozooid with basal wall collapsed (E1), close−up showing host shell microstructure preserved on the surface of the coating layer (E2).

Fig. 7 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 7. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. SEM photographs of zooids coated by micro−fibrils of host shell microstructure. A. ZPAL Br XIV/008. Basal view of partly preserved autozooid, cylindrical−heterozooid and "stolons" (A1). Lateral view of proximal part of autozooid showing partly preserved main tunnel−like stolon (A2). B. ZPAL Br XIV/009. Lateral view of side wall of autozooid (B1). Partly preserved autozooid with accessory tubules and internal view showing cuticle layer preserved inside the zooid and external coated layer with imprint of host shell microstructure (B2). Obliquely internal view of autozooid (vestibular part not preserved) showing cuticle with folds of longitudinal parietal muscles preserved (B3). Internal view of autozooid showing folds of circular and longitudinal muscles (B4).

Fig. 4 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 4. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. SEM photographs showing phosphatized soft−tissue preserved inside autozooids. ZPAL Br XIV/009. A. Internal view (A1) showing wrinkling frontal (arrow) and lateral cystid walls, setigerous collar twisted within the vestibulum, entrance of the main stolon into the autozood is preserved below the vestibulum, secondary−order "stolons" partly preserved in both sides of the autozooid, oblique lateral view (A2) showing accessory tubules and imprints of the host shell microstructure preserved on the surface of the coating layer. B. Internal view of autozooid (B1) and close−up showing longitudinal parietal muscles and irregular shape of autozooids occurring in dense colonies (B2). C. Internal view showing setigerous collar twisted within vestibulum.

Fig. 2 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 2. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. A. Lateral view of a single autozooid showing external morphological features, ZPAL Br XIV/102. B. Reconstruction in transverse section. C. Reconstruction in longitudinal section.

Fig. 1 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 1. Location map of the studied section, Lower Devonian, middle Lochkovian, Chortkiv Formation in Doroshiv, Podolia Ukraine. A. Map of Ukraine showing location of the study area; rectangle indicates general locality, enlarged in B and C. B. Distribution of the Silurian and Devonian deposits in Podolia, SW Ukraine; 1, Eastern extent of the Silurian deposits; 2, Eastern extent of the Devonian deposits; 3, Eastern extent of the Old Red Sandstone−type deposits; 4, Trans European Suture Zone. C. Location of the Doroshiv outcrop in the vicinity of Dniestr valley. Modified from Małkowski et al. (2009).

Fig. 10 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 10. SEM photographs of phosphatized endolithic community of bryozoans and "fungi" (morphotype B) from the Early Devonian of Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. ZPAL Br XIV/154. A. Fragmentary preserved colony in basal view. B. Oblique view showing filaments with perpendicular branches. C. Close−up of branching filaments. D–F. Side views of bryozoan autozooid perforated by endolithic "fungal" hyphae.

Fig. 3 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 3. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. Stereo−pairs of phosphatized colonies in basal view; frontal parts of the colonies and orifices are not visible as they opened onto the surface of the host shell. A–C. Internal views of partly preserved zooids with basal walls collapsed, soft−tissue preserved inside autozooids, and orifices visible at the distal ends of autozooids. A. ZPAL Br XIV/008. B. ZPAL Br XIV/009. C. ZPAL Br XIV/015. D–F. Basal views of the colonies with zooid completely preserved. D. ZPAL Br XIV/002. E. ZPAL Br XIV/155. F. ZPAL Br XIV/157.

Fig. 6 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 6. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. SEM photographs showing imprints of the molluscan host shell microstructures preserved on the surface of the coating layer (internal mould of the interstitial space). A. Basal part of the autozooid specimen, ZPAL Br XIV/155. B. Oblique lateral view showing the coating layer with host shell microstructure preserved; the external surface of cuticle is visible only in places where the coating layer have been damaged; arrow shows poorly visible micro−pore on the surface of cuticle, ZPAL Br XIV/002. H

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Fig. 4 in Preservation of soft tissues in an Ordovician linguloid brachiopod from China

Fig. 4. Pedicle of the Early Ordovician and Recent linguloid brachiopods. A. The most complete specimen of Leontiella sp. from the lower Ordovician Fenxiang Formation of Hubei Province, China (PKUM02−0614a); general view showing partially preserved shell (in upper right of the photograph) and pyritized vermiform pedicle (A1) and more detailed view (A2). B. External morphology of the pedicle of extant Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801, locality unknown (ZPAL Bp 70/6) (compare with A2). C, D. Two enlargements of pedicle from Fenxiang Formation, Hubei Province, China; PKUM02−0614b (C) and PKUM02−0615 (D). Note the surface fine transverse annuli and wider transverse wrinkles, as well as short longitudinal ridges well preserved in D. A slight damage in the upper part of D (arrowed) shows some thickness of the preserved pedicle. E. Fragment of pedicle with well preserved external morphology from Fenxiang Formation, Hubei Province, China (PKUM02−0616); a damage shows three−dimensional aspect of the preserved pedicle.

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Fig. 1 in Preservation of soft tissues in an Ordovician linguloid brachiopod from China

Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic location of the Ordovician linguloid fauna. A. Geological sketch map of Yichang area, Hubei Province, China, showing locality of the Tianjialing section. B. Position of the bed from which the present material was collected (arrow head) in the Fenxiang Formation rock column at the Tianjialing section (after Baliński et al. 2012, modified).

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Fig. 3 in Preservation of soft tissues in an Ordovician linguloid brachiopod from China

Fig. 3. Linguloid Leontiella sp. from the Early Ordovician Fenxiang Formation of Hubei Province, China. A. Incomplete ventral interior showing pseudointerarea and pedicle groove (ZPAL Bp 70/1). B. Incomplete dorsal internal mould showing median ridge (ZPAL Bp 70/2). C. Fragment of ventral valve showing left pseudointerarea and partly preserved pedicle groove (ZPAL Bp 70/3). D. External surface ornament (ZPAL Bp 70/4). C, D, SEM micrographs.

Fig. 8. Recent crustacean Euphausia superba Dana, 1852 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 8. Recent crustacean Euphausia superba Dana, 1852 (krill) from Gerlache Strait, Antarctica. A. Left lateral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Detail of stalked eyes after removing head shield. All light micrographs.

Fig. 9 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 9. Spiny shields in Recent crustaceans. A. Gnathophausia zoea Willemoes−Suhm 1873 (Malacostraca, Lophogastrida). B. Porcellanid larva (Decapoda). A from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean; B from www.zooplankton−online.net/gallery.html (courtesy of W.S. Johnson, Goucher College); both used with permission of the copyright holders.

Fig. 5 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 5. Bivalved arthropod Isoxys acutangulus (Walcott, 1908), Burgess Shale Formation, middle Cambrian, near Field, British Columbia, Canada (see Fig. 1), general morphology. A. ROM 57902A, headshield in dorsal view without soft parts, note the different angle of the contact between the pleural folds and the cardinal spines, which allows for the position of the stalked eyes. B. ROM 57907A, B; B1, part of unique specimen from WS locality, with eyes, telson and telson flaps; B2, counterpart; B3, line drawing of specimen. C. ROM 57904A; C1, specimen showing paired midgut glands and telson flaps; C2, line drawing of specimen. All dorsoventrally compressed specimens and photographed under polarized light; B2, in water. Midgut glands in gray tone.

Fig. 6 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 6. Reconstruction of the bivalved arthropod Isoxys acutangulus (Walcott, 1908), swimming in the water column. Note that the position of the mouth and the attachments of the appendages to the body are conjectural. Not to scale.

Fig. 7. Bivalved arthropod Isoxys longissimus Simonetta and Delle Cave 1975 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 7. Bivalved arthropod Isoxys longissimus Simonetta and Delle Cave 1975. Burgess Shale Formation, middle Cambrian, near Field, British Columbia, Canada (see Fig. 1), general morphology. A. USNM 18170, holotype. B. ROM 57910A. C. ROM 57911A. D. ROM 57909A. E. ROM 57908A, B; E1, part of slightly oblique specimen with soft−body preservation, including large eye, telson and some possible exopods; E2, counterpart; E3, line drawing of specimen. F. ROM 57919A. All laterally compressed specimens. A, low angle light from top left; B–F, polarized light.

Fig. 3 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 3. Bivalved arthropod Isoxys acutangulus (Walcott, 1908), Raymond Quarry Shale Member, Burgess Shale Formation, middle Cambrian, near Field, British Columbia, Canada (see Fig. 1), general morphology. A. ROM 57898A; A1, specimen showing large stalked eyes and the pair of raptorial frontal appendages; A2, line drawing of specimen. B. ROM 57914A; B1, partially decayed specimen with most of body and appendages rotated towards the front; B2, line drawing of specimen. C. ROM 57899A; C1, specimen with raptorial appendages oriented backwards and possible telson flaps; C2, line drawing of specimen. D. ROM 59871A; D1, considerably decayed specimen showing forward rotation of body and appendage remains; D2, line drawing of specimen. All laterally compressed specimens and polarized light. Midgut glands in gray tone.

Fig. 1. A in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 1. A. Topographic map of the Burgess Shale area near Field, British Columbia (Canada). The numbers indicate localities where specimens of Isoxys acutangulus (Walcott, 1908) and Isoxys longissimus Simonetta and Delle Cave, 1975 were collected by ROM parties. 1. West slope of Fossil Ridge: 1a, Greater Phyllopod bed, Walcott Quarry; 1b, Raymond Quarry; 1c, "persephone layer" (RQ +20 to +23); 1d, "Tuzoia layer" (TZ); 1e, Collins Quarry—"Ehmaniella Zone" (EZ) and "Upper Ehmaniella" (UE); 2, South face of Mt. Field; 3, North shoulder of Mt. Stephen (ESA, ESB); 4, S7 locality; 5, Mt. Stephen Collins Quarry (WS); 6, Mt. Stephen Trilobite Beds (ST); 7, Stanley Glacier. B. Stratigraphic section of the Burgess Shale and Stephen Formations (modified from Fletcher and Collins, 1998). Circles indicate the levels where specimens of Isoxys acutangulus (Walcott, 1908) and Isoxys longissimus Simonetta and Delle Cave, 1975 from the seven localities in A were collected.

Fig. 4 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 4. Bivalved arthropod Isoxys acutangulus (Walcott, 1908), Raymond Quarry Shale Member, Burgess Shale Formation, middle Cambrian, near Field, British Columbia, Canada (see Fig. 1). A. ROM 57905A, B; A1, part of specimen alternating midgut glands, possibly due to compaction, and narrow doublure; A2, specimen under low angle light from top left; A3, counterpart of specimen under low angle light from top left; A4, line drawing of specimen. B. ROM 57906B; B1, specimen with raptorial appendage, and 8 sets of midgut glands; B2, image showing endopod and exopod details; B3, specimen under low angle light from top left; B4, line drawing of specimen. All laterally compressed specimens. A1, B1, B2, polarized light; B2, in water; A2, A3, and B3 dry. Midgut glands in gray tone.