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426 results for “stimuli”
Data from: The effect of early burn injury on sensitivity to future painful stimuli in dairy heifers
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Data from: Central place foragers and moving stimuli: a hidden-state model to discriminate the processes affecting movement
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Using a new video rating tool to crowd-source analysis of behavioural reaction to stimuli
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A method for identifying environmental stimuli and genes responsible for genotype-by-environment interactions from a large-scale multi-environment data set
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Data from: Ongoing habenular activity is driven by forebrain networks and modulated by olfactory stimuli
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All single period stimuli for the low-instrument experiment
<p>All single period stimuli for low-instrument experiment by Jussi Jaatinen and Jukka Pätynen.</p>
Data from: Alcoholism gender differences in brain responsivity to emotional stimuli
Men and women may use alcohol to regulate emotions differently, with corresponding differences in neural responses. We explored how the viewing of different types of emotionally salient stimuli impacted brain activity observed through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) from 42 long-term abstinent alcoholic (25 women) and 46 nonalcoholic (24 women) participants. Analyses revealed blunted brain responsivity in alcoholic compared to nonalcoholic groups, as well as gender differences in those activation patterns. Brain activation in alcoholic men (ALCM) was significantly lower than in nonalcoholic men (NCM) in regions including rostral middle and superior frontal cortex, precentral gyrus, and inferior parietal cortex, whereas activation was higher in alcoholic women (ALCW) than in nonalcoholic women (NCW) in superior frontal and supramarginal cortical regions. The reduced brain reactivity of ALCM, and increases for ALCW, highlighted divergent brain regions and gender effects, suggesting possible differences in the underlying basis for development of alcohol use disorders.
Data from: Microglia responses to pro-inflammatory stimuli (LPS, IFNγ+TNFα) and reprogramming by resolving cytokines (IL-4, IL-10)
Microglia respond to CNS injuries and diseases with complex reactions, often called "activation." A pro-inflammatory phenotype (also called classical or M1 activation) lies at one extreme of the reactivity spectrum. There were several motivations for this study. First, bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is the most commonly used pro-inflammatory stimulus for microglia, both in vitro and in vivo; however, pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFNγ, TNFα) rather than LPS will be encountered with sterile CNS damage and disease. We lack direct comparisons of responses between LPS and such cytokines. Second, while transcriptional profiling is providing substantial data on microglial responses to LPS, these studies mainly use mouse cells and models, and there is increasing evidence that responses of rat microglia can differ. Third, the cytokine milieu is dynamic after acute CNS damage, and an important question in microglial biology is: How malleable are their responses? There are very few studies of effects of resolving cytokines, particularly for rat microglia, and much of the work has focused on pro-inflammatory outcomes. Here, we first exposed primary rat microglia to LPS or to IFNγ+TNFα (I+T) and compared hallmark functional (nitric oxide production, migration) and molecular responses (almost 100 genes), including surface receptors that can be considered part of the sensome. Protein changes for exemplary molecules were also quantified: ARG1, CD206/MRC1, COX-2, iNOS, and PYK2. Despite some similarities, there were notable differences in responses to LPS and I+T. For instance, LPS often evoked higher pro-inflammatory gene expression and also increased several anti-inflammatory genes. Second, we compared the ability of two anti-inflammatory, resolving cytokines (IL-4, IL-10), to counteract responses to LPS and I+T. IL-4 was more effective after I+T than after LPS, and IL-10 was surprisingly ineffective after either stimulus. These results should prove useful in modeling microglial reactivity in vitro; and comparing transcriptional responses to sterile CNS inflammation in vivo.
Data from: Automatic facial mimicry in response to dynamic emotional stimuli in five-month-old infants
Human adults automatically mimic others' emotional expressions, which is believed to contribute to sharing emotions with others. Although this behaviour appears fundamental to social reciprocity, little is known about its developmental process. Therefore, we examined whether infants show automatic facial mimicry in response to others' emotional expressions. Facial electromyographic activity over the corrugator supercilii (brow) and zygomaticus major (cheek) of four- to five-month-old infants was measured while they viewed dynamic clips presenting audiovisual, visual and auditory emotions. The audiovisual bimodal emotion stimuli were a display of a laughing/crying facial expression with an emotionally congruent vocalization, whereas the visual/auditory unimodal emotion stimuli displayed those emotional faces/vocalizations paired with a neutral vocalization/face, respectively. Increased activation of the corrugator supercilii muscle in response to audiovisual cries and the zygomaticus major in response to audiovisual laughter were observed between 500 and 1000 ms after stimulus onset, which clearly suggests rapid facial mimicry. By contrast, both visual and auditory unimodal emotion stimuli did not activate the infants' corresponding muscles. These results revealed that automatic facial mimicry is present as early as five months of age, when multimodal emotional information is present.
Data from: The effect of static versus dynamic stimuli on visual processing of sexual cues in androphilic women and gynephilic men
Models of sexual response posit that attentional processing of sexual cues is requisite for sexual responding. Despite hypothesized similarities in the underlying processes resulting in sexual response, gender differences in sexual arousal patterns are abundant. One such gender difference relates to the stimulus features (e.g., gender cues, sexual activity cues) that elicit a response in men and women. In the current study, we examined how stimulus modality (static visual images versus dynamic audiovisual films) and stimulus features (gender, sexual activity, and nonsexual contextual cues) influences attentional (i.e., gaze) and elaborative (i.e., self-reported attraction, self-reported arousal) processing of sexual stimuli. Men's initial and controlled attention was consistently gender-specific (i.e., greater attention towards female targets), and this was not influenced by stimulus modality or the presence of sexual activity cues. In contrast, gender-specificity of women's attention patterns differed as a function of attentional stage, stimulus modality, and the features within the stimulus. Degree of specificity was positively predictive of self-reported attraction in both genders; however, it was not significantly predictive of self-reported arousal. These findings are discussed in the context of gendered processing of visual sexual information, including a discussion of implications for research designs.
Data from: Computerized stimuli for studying oddity effects
Visually hunting predators must overcome the challenges that prey groups present. One such challenge is the confusion effect where an overburdened visual system means predators are unable to successfully target prey. A strategy to overcome confusion is the targeting of distinct, or odd, individuals (the oddity effect). In live prey experiments, manipulation of group member phenotypes can be challenging and prey may differ on more than the single feature one intends to define as odd. The use of highly controllable computerized stimuli to study predator-prey interactions is increasingly popular in the field of behavioral ecology. However, to our knowledge, the validity of computerized stimuli to study the oddity effect has not been established. Predator choice experiments were conducted using naive stickleback predators to ascertain whether the oddity effect could be demonstrated in the absence of live prey. We found evidence for both the oddity effect and preferential targeting of group edges and low density regions, as would be predicted if predators targeted prey individuals to minimize confusion. The oddity effect was evident at a low threshold, above which dots were no longer perceived as odd, and no longer attacked more often than expected by chance. We conclude that computerized stimuli are an improved, practical method for studying oddity effects while further validating the use of similar methods for studying other aspects of visual predation. In addition to higher control of 'prey' appearance, the replacement of live prey animals with digital stimuli is ethically beneficial and reusing code improves experimental efficiency.
Data from: Behavioural flexibility in spider mites: oviposition site shifts based on past and present stimuli from conspecifics and predators
Predator-experienced individuals often change their predation avoidance response when they re-encounter the same predators or their cues. Recent reports show that behavioural change sometimes occurs even before the re-encounter. To function as an adaptive strategy in the wild, such prospective experience-induced behaviour should change flexibly in response to changing situations. We assessed flexibility of experience-induced oviposition site shift in two closely related species of spider mites, Tetranychus kanzawai and T. urticae, from the viewpoint of reducing future predation risk on their eggs. We found that: (i) individuals of T. kanzawai shifted oviposition site depending on the presence of conspecific eggs; (ii) after experiencing predation threat T. kanzawai females shifted oviposition site even in the absence of any current predation threat; (iii) this experience-induced shift of oviposition site was weakened in the presence of conspecific males; and (iv) experience-induced behaviour was retained for a shorter period in T. urticae than in T. kanzawai, possibly because the demand for learning may differ with regard to biological conditions encountered in the wild.
Data from: Opposite distortions in interval timing perception for visual and auditory stimuli with temporal modulations
When an object is presented visually and moves or flickers, the perception of its duration tends to be overestimated. Such an overestimation is called time dilation. Perceived time can also be distorted when a stimulus is presented aurally as an auditory flutter, but the mechanisms and their relationship to visual processing remains unclear. In the present study, we measured interval timing perception while modulating the temporal characteristics of visual and auditory stimuli, and investigated whether the interval times of visually and aurally presented objects shared a common mechanism. In these experiments, participants compared the durations of flickering or fluttering stimuli to standard stimuli, which were presented continuously. Perceived durations for auditory flutters were underestimated, while perceived durations of visual flickers were overestimated. When auditory flutters and visual flickers were presented simultaneously, these distortion effects were cancelled out. When auditory flutters were presented with a constantly presented visual stimulus, the interval timing perception of the visual stimulus was affected by the auditory flutters. These results indicate that interval timing perception is governed by independent mechanisms for visual and auditory processing, and that there are some interactions between the two processing systems.
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex drives the prioritization of self-associated stimuli in working memory
<p><span>Humans show a pervasive bias for processing self- over other-related information, including in working memory (WM), where people prioritize the maintenance of self- (over other-) associated cues. To elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying this self-bias, we paired a self- vs. other-associated spatial WM task with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Maintaining self- (over other-) associated cues resulted in enhanced delay-period activity in classic WM regions (frontoparietal cortex), and in superior multivoxel pattern decoding of the cue locations from visual cortex. Moreover, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) displayed enhanced functional connectivity with WM regions during maintenance of self-associated cues, which predicted individuals' behavioral self-prioritization effects. In a follow-up tDCS experiment, we targeted VMPFC with either excitatory (anodal), inhibitory (cathodal), or sham tDCS. Cathodal tDCS eliminated the self-prioritization effect. These findings provide strong converging evidence for a causal role of VMPFC in driving self-prioritization effects in WM.</span></p>
Set of basic stimuli used for our experiments
<p>Set of basic stimuli used for our experiments. Including a short description</p>
Stimuli used in the experiments reported by Wallis et al., "A parametric texture model based on deep convolutional features closely matches texture appearance for humans"
<p># Stimuli for "A parametric texture model based on deep convolutional features closely matches texture appearance for humans" by Wallis et al.</p> <p>This repository contains the stimuli used in</p> <p>Wallis, Funke, Ecker, Gatys, Wichmann and Bethge (submitted). A parametric texture model based on deep convolutional features closely matches texture appearance for humans. </p> <p>Code can be found in a complementary archive (http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.438029; stored separately due to license restrictions on images).</p> <p>The first experiment reported in the paper uses the stimuli in the subdirectory `stimulus_set_3`; the second experiment uses `stimulus_set_4`.</p> <p>## License</p> <p><strong>The original texture images (stored in `stimulus_set_3/raw_textures`) and their derivatives (`stimulus_set_3/preprocessed_ims/` and `stimulus_set_4/preprocessed_ims/`) remain copyright of www.textures.com (shared here with permission for scientific, non-commercial purposes).</strong></p> <p>Other images are shared under a CC-BY-NC license.<br> </p>
Low amplitude depths and high frequencies SSVEp stimuli for reactive BCI
<p>We have conducted two distinct study to systematically design more comfortable SSVEP stimuli, exploring both reduction of amplitude depth and the use of high frequency stimuli.<br> The participants did not report any of the exclusion criteria (neurological antecedents, usage of psychoactive medication). The study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Toulouse (CER approval number 2020-334) and was carried in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. Participants gave informed written consent prior to the experiment.<br> Experiment took place in ISAE-Supaero, Toulouse, FRANCE.</p> <p># EEG data acquisition</p> <p>EEG data was recorded from 32 electrodes fitted in an elastic cap according to the 10-20 international system and connected to a LiveAmp amplifier (Brain Products, Munich, Germany). The ground electrode was placed at the Fpz electrode location and all electrodes were referenced to FCz electrode. The electrode impedance were brought below 20kOhm prior recording. The signal was acquired at a rate of 500Hz with a digital band-pass filter ranging from 0.1 to 250Hz. At the onset of every stimulus presentation, an event trigger was generated by the stimulus presentation program and synchronized to the EEG data stream via Lab Streaming Layer(LSL).<br> Data are in .set/.fdt format from EEGLab.<br> <br> # High frequencies vs low frequencies</p> <p>The twelve helathy subjects (mean age=27, SD=6, 8 male and 4 female) underwent a single session that was cut in two separated parts. Firstly, we have presented sequentially and individually stimuli with twelve, low, frequencies from 8 to 30Hz with a range of 2Hz and then another, high, frequencies from 32 to 60 with a 2Hz range (48, 50, 52Hz were excluded because of power line noise). Half of the subjects started the session with low frequencies and the other half with high ones. Each stimulation was preceded by a red circling, visual cue, for 0.5s, it then lasted for 3s, followed by an inter-trial of 0.5s with a self-paced break (space bar press to continue) between blocks. A block consists of the presentation of the twelve corresponding frequencies of the condition. Each block was repeated 15 times.<br> Naming of the files follow the convention: P{subject number}_high for high frequencies or P{subject number}_low for the low frequencies.<br> The data includes all the triggers and the corresponding label. Use for instance</p> <pre><code class="language-python">mne.io.read_raw_eeglab</code></pre> <p># Amplitude reduction</p> <p>We have studied amplitude depth reduction for both high and low frequency stimuli. Amplitude depth corresponds to the contrast, i.e. the difference between the two antagonist states of the stimuli. In our case we have reduced the maximum amplitude reachable and kept the minimum the same. For instance, full amplitude depth stimulus oscillates between white (minimum) and black (maximum). With reduced amplitude it oscillates between white (minimum) and gray (maximum that vary).<br> Twelve healthy individuals (mean age=27, SD=5, 8 male and 4 female) took part in this experiment. We have selected 12, 14, 16 and 18Hz as for the low frequencies condition and 32, 34, 36 and 38Hz frequencies. Each stimulation was preceded by a red circling, visual cue, for 0.5s, it then lasted for 3s, followed by an inter-trial of 0.5s with a self-paced break (space bar press to continue) between blocks. A block consists of the presentation of the four corresponding frequencies of the condition. Each block was repeated 15 times.<br> The amplitude depth was manipulated across six levels (100, 80, 60, 50, 40, 30).<br> The total duration of this experiment was twice as long as the first one and therefore was split in two sessions. The two sessions were separated by a maximum of one week.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>Fore more details on the data please contact simon.ladouce@isae-supaero.fr or ludovic.darmet@isae-supaero.fr.</p>
Binaural auralizations of listening experiment stimuli (acoustic source models / LEV)
<p>Binaural auralizations (two-channel wav files) of loudspeaker experiment stimuli. </p>
GENEA Challenge 2022 user-study video stimuli
<p>This Zenodo repository contains user-study video stimuli in mp4 format for all test-set motion submitted by teams participating in the GENEA Challenge 2022.</p> <p> </p> <p>Contents:</p> <p>The "full-body_videos" zip file corresponds to the full-body tier of the challenge and the "upper-body_videos" file to the upper-body tier.</p> <p>Video stimuli with mismatched motion are in the corresponding folders with the prefix "mismatched_".</p> <p>The "attention_check_examples" zip file contains examples of the attention-check videos used in the challenge.</p> <p> </p> <p>The release contains all videos used for the challenge evaluation, except for the attention-checks, where only a few examples are provided. Except the attention-check examples for the human-likeness studies, all videos contain speech audio. This audio needs to be removed to replicate the human-likeness evaluation.</p> <p> </p> <p>Attribution:</p> <p>If you use this material, please cite our latest paper on the GENEA Challenge 2022. At the time of writing (2022-08-16) this is our ACM ICMI 2022 paper:</p> <p>Youngwoo Yoon, Pieter Wolfert, Taras Kucherenko, Carla Viegas, Teodor Nikolov, Mihail Tsakov, and Gustav Eje Henter. 2022. The GENEA Challenge 2022: A large evaluation of data-driven co-speech gesture generation. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction (ICMI '22). ACM.</p> <p>You can find the latest information and a BibTeX file on the project website:</p> <p><a href="https://youngwoo-yoon.github.io/GENEAchallenge2022/">https://youngwoo-yoon.github.io/GENEAchallenge2022/</a></p> <p> </p> <p>Conditions FNA and UNA in the data contain motion from the Talking With Hands 16.2M dataset at <a href="https://github.com/facebookresearch/TalkingWithHands32M/">https://github.com/facebookresearch/TalkingWithHands32M/</a>. These are licensed under a CC BY NC 4.0 international license. The remaining material is available under a CC BY 4.0 international license, with the license text provided in LICENSE.txt.</p> <p> </p> <p>To find more GENEA Challenge 2022 material on the web, please see:</p> <p>*<a href="https://youngwoo-yoon.github.io/GENEAchallenge2022/"> https://youngwoo-yoon.github.io/GENEAchallenge2022/</a></p> <p>*<a href="https://genea-workshop.github.io/2022/challenge/"> https://genea-workshop.github.io/2022/challenge/</a></p> <p> </p> <p>If you have any questions or comments, please contact:</p> <p>* The GENEA Challenge & Workshop organisers <genea-contact@googlegroups.com></p>
Stimuli Data Experiment on LEV (IEM CUBE)
<p>Loudspeaker stimuli of experiment.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.