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Figure. The phylogenetic tree showing the relationship among Brevibacillus parabrevis strains SA2.2 and TJ2.3, Bacillus licheniformis MG4.2, and their phylogenetically closest type strains. The GenBank accession numbers of the type strains and studied strains are shown following species names. Distance matrix was calculated by Kimura's 2-parameter model. The scale bar indicates 0.02 substitutions per nucleotide position. Alicyclobacillus pohliae AJ564766 served as an out-group. in Distribution of extracellular enzyme-producing bacteria in the digestive tracts of 4 brackish water fish species

Figure. The phylogenetic tree showing the relationship among Brevibacillus parabrevis strains SA2.2 and TJ2.3, Bacillus licheniformis MG4.2, and their phylogenetically closest type strains. The GenBank accession numbers of the type strains and studied strains are shown following species names. Distance matrix was calculated by Kimura's 2-parameter model. The scale bar indicates 0.02 substitutions per nucleotide position. Alicyclobacillus pohliae AJ564766 served as an out-group.

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Figure. Mean pre-adult development time (in days) values for all strains. Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals. in Effects of artificial migration of susceptible individuals on resistance and fitness of a fenitrothion-resistant strain of Musca domestica (L.) Diptera

Figure. Mean pre-adult development time (in days) values for all strains. Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals.

Figure 1 in Selection and molecular characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis strains efficient against soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens) and Spodoptera species

Figure 1 Comparison of growth inhibitory symptoms of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis β-exotoxins after eight days of inoculation. a: Positive control (strain HD-125); b: Negative control (water); c: Strain 773.

Figure 5 in Selection and molecular characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis strains efficient against soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens) and Spodoptera species

Figure 5 Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains against three Spodoptera species. Means followed by the same letter do not differ statistically from one another by the Scott-Knott test at the 5% probability level.

Figure 4 in Selection and molecular characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis strains efficient against soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens) and Spodoptera species

Figure 4 Profile of total and digested trypsin proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis strains eficiente against Chrysodeixis includens. (D) Proteins digested with trypsin; MM: SeeBlue® Plus2 Pre-Stained Standard Marker (Invitrogen, USA).

Figure 3 in Selection and molecular characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis strains efficient against soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens) and Spodoptera species

Figure 3 Plasmid profiles of Bacillus thuringiensis efficient strains against Chrysodeixis includens. a: DNA extraction according to Fagundes et al. (2011); b: DNA extraction using QIAGEN kit (Invitrogen, USA).MM:1 Kb DNA ladder plus (Invitrogen, USA.The red rows indicate megaplasmids.

Fig. 1 in Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of wild birds in Arauca, Orinoquia region of Colombia

Fig. 1. Localities sampled in the municipalities of Arauca, Cravo Norte, and Tame and reports of Rickettsia spp. in the study area (▴Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest).

Fig. 2 in Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of wild birds in Arauca, Orinoquia region of Colombia

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree based on partial sequences of the outer membrane protein gene ompB present only in SFG Rickettsia species. The tree was inferred through Maximum Likelihood with the Tamura 3-parameter evolution model. The sequences obtained in this study appear in bold and the GenBank accessions numbers are provided within square brackets.

Fig. 1 in Activity and expression of midgut proteases from Mexican and US Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) strains exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis

Fig. 1. Zymogram of midgut proteins from Trichoplusia ni with casein as substrate. (A) 6-12% Z Blue casein (substrate in gel), or (B) 4-16% Tricine gel, incubated in casein solution postelectrophoresis. Migration of molecular markers is indicated on the lef, and proposed T. ni protease numbering (P1 – P7) on right, based on migration in the gel.

Fig. 2 in Activity and expression of midgut proteases from Mexican and US Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) strains exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis

Fig. 2. Zymogram of midgut proteins from Trichoplusia ni with either 2% Xen- Tari (A) or 1% Cry1Ac-HD73 (B) as substrate. GT and G represent the GTO strain. Migration of molecular markers is indicated on the lef, and proposed T. ni protease numbering (P1 – P7) on right, based on migration in the gel.

Fig. 4 in Activity and expression of midgut proteases from Mexican and US Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) strains exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis

Fig. 4. Relative DNA detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR using the imageJ sofware, comparing the tnapn1 versus the rs5 control transcript as amplification reference. Trichoplusia ni strains NLX, GTOX and USX represent NL, US and GTO afer 5 generations being exposed to XenTari.

Fig. 3 in Activity and expression of midgut proteases from Mexican and US Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) strains exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis

Fig. 3. Detection of protease activity in midgut extracts from different Trichoplusia ni strains using class-specific substrates. (A) N-a-benzolyl-L-arginine-pNA (BApNA) for detection of trypsin-like activity; (B) N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-phepNA (SAAPFpNA) for detection of chymotrypsin-like activity; and (C) N-succinylala-ala-pro-leu-pNA (SAAPLpNA) for detection of elastase-like activity.

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Fig. 1 in Isolation of Metarhizium guizhouense and Metarhizium robertsii strains from soil-exposed Amblyomma americanum (Acarina: Ixodidae) from northwest Arkansas, USA

Fig. 1. Metarhizium robertsii (A-C, E) and Metarhizium guizhouense (D, F) from Amblyomma americanum ticks collected from northwest Arkansas (Washington County). (A) Sporulating M. robertsii (Savoy P2AM1/ARSEF 14332) growing on an infected adult male tick. (B) Inset of infected tick showing sporulating conidia in addition to mouthparts and coxal spurs diagnostic of A. americanum. (C, D) Metarhizium robertsii (Savoy P2AM1/ARSEF 14432) and M. guizhouense (West Fork P9N2/ ARSEF 14330), respectively, 10 d old colony on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (plate diam = 60 mm). (E, F) Conidia of M. robertsii (Savoy P2AM1/ARSEF 14332) and M. guizhouense (West Fork P9N2/ARSEF 14330), respectively, viewed at 200× magnification (scale = 20 µm). Photos: Austin Goldsmith (A, B) and Louela Castrillo (C-F).

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Fig. 3 in Isolation of native strains of entomopathogenic fungi from agricultural soils of northeastern Mexico and their virulence on Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 3. Changes in the metamorphosis of Spodoptera exigua caused by isolates (HEB1, HIB-12) and collection strains (GHA, Ma) of entomopathogenic fungi under laboratory conditions (26 °C, 65 ± 5% RH, 14:10 h [L:D] photoperiod). (A) HEB1 (Beauveria bassiana); (B) GHA (Beauveria bassiana); (C) HIB-12 (Metharizium anisopliae); (D) Ma (Metharizium anisopliae). Lines in the bars indicate the standard error.

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Fig. 2 in Isolation of native strains of entomopathogenic fungi from agricultural soils of northeastern Mexico and their virulence on Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 2. Interruption of the metamorphosis of Spodoptera exigua caused by isolates (HEB1, HIB-12) and collection strains (GHA, Ma) of entomopathogenic fungi under laboratory conditions (26 °C, 65 ± 5% RH, 14:10 h [L:D] photoperiod). Lines in the bars indicate the standard error.

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Fig. 1 in Isolation of native strains of entomopathogenic fungi from agricultural soils of northeastern Mexico and their virulence on Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree reconstructed from internal transcribed spacer sequences of the isolates compared with referenced internal transcribed spacer sequences deposited in the NCBI GenBank. The phylogram size bar represents a 1% sequence divergence. Labelled branches represent referenced internal transcribed spacer sequences.

Fig. S2. E in Comparison of in vitro methods to inhibit growth of a virulent strain of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Longcore, Pessier, and Nichols 1999)

Fig. S2. E. coli-violacein transformations. Violacein gene transformations of E. coli. (A) Example of NEB5-alpha-pJP1000 colony growth after 24 h post heat shock transformation. Each week, transformants were passed by re-streaking onto fresh agar and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. (B) NEB5-alpha-pPSXvio+, (C) NEB5-alpha-pPSXvio++.

Fig. 3 in Comparison of in vitro methods to inhibit growth of a virulent strain of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Longcore, Pessier, and Nichols 1999)

Fig. 3. Microscopic images (40x) of Bd challenge assays. (A) Microbacterium, (B) Micrococcaceae, and (C) recombinant E. coli- vio+. Vertical arrows point to the Bd lawn and horizontal arrows point to the left side of the bacterial streak. Absence of Bd lawn within field of view indicates the inhibitory effect from the bacterial streak. Approximate diameter of field of view ~0.5 mm.

Fig. S1. Toad skin swab cultures. Culture plates from A in Comparison of in vitro methods to inhibit growth of a virulent strain of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Longcore, Pessier, and Nichols 1999)

Fig. S1. Toad skin swab cultures. Culture plates from A. boreas skin swabs after three days incubation at 25 °C.

Fig. 1. The Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test for the boxplot returned a in Comparison of in vitro methods to inhibit growth of a virulent strain of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Longcore, Pessier, and Nichols 1999)

Fig. 1. The Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test for the boxplot returned a chi-squared value = 2, degrees of freedom (df) = 2, and P = 0.3679. The Wilcoxon rank sum test for the positive control and the highest concentration of amphotericin B returned W = 9, P = 0.1. These analyses show that the alternative hypothesis is true and assumes that there is information in the magnitudes and signs of the differences between paired observations, because the mean (location shift) is not equal to 0. Observed differences in mean cell count between the three groups (0.0, 1.6, and 3.2 µg/mL) are not statistically significant (P> 0.05).